1. Kevin Wilson and Jan van der Dussen,The History of the Idea of Europe (London: Routledge, 1993).
2. Frederick B. Artz,The Mind of the Middle Ages (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 275–80.
3. Heinrich Fichtenau,The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne, trans. Peter Munz (NewYork: Harper & Row, 1964), 60.
4. Hugh Thomas,The Golden Age: The Spanish Empire of Charles V (London: Allen Lane, 2010),23.
5. James Reston Jr.,Defenders of the Faith:Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520–1536 (New York: Penguin Press, 2009), 40,294–95.
