(3) 傅兰雅口译,应祖锡笔述:《佐治刍言》,第一百五十六节,页33。.22
We found that although the replacem ent of "gezhi" by " kexue" symbolizes the modern transformation of the knowledge system of Chinese culture(and its application)under the impact of the West,the relationship between the knowledge system and the new ideology(modern value system)remained isomorphic during the New Culture Movement.This proves that the positioning of the knowledge system and new ideologies(modern value systems)may vary according to the values of different civilizations while this positioning does not change with the modern transformation of knowledge systems and traditional cultures.
10.The Formation and Transformation of the Concept of Revolution in China
This essay presents a quantitative study aimed at investigating the formation and transformation of the concept of revolution." Geming"(revolution)is an ancient Chinese term for the predestined cycles governed by "tiandao"(the way of heaven).During the Han dynasty,it was used to express dynastic changes.Before the 1898 Reform Movement,the Chinese concept of revolution was usually used in a negative sense.The abortive 1898 Reform Movement was seen as the failure of the Qing governm ent's efforts to reform itself and the legitimacy of its rule was thus undermined.The concept of revolution began to gain momentum after the 1900 Boxer Uprising.The traditional Chinese concept of dynastic changes merged with the Western concept of revolution.This conceptual hybrid was seen as a justification for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of a new government.As the French Revolution and the Russian October Revolution were made known to the Chinese,the Western idea of revolution was incorporated into the traditional Chinese concept of revolution and the modern Chinese concept of revolution emerged.In addition to senses like radical change,progression,this Chinese concept of revolution was associated with the traditional notion of "tiandao",which distinguished it from its Western counterpart.In the new "tiandao ",progression was seen as a principle of the cosmos and egalitarianism in place of Confucianism became the morality of the new age.
The use of revolutionism as the mainstay for China's social integration was based on two historical backgrounds.First,the Chinese revolutionism aimed at creating a modern society different to Western models after China's failure to learn Western democracy and republicanism.Second,the Chinese concept of revolution contained certain traditional senses.Revolutions in twentieth-century China inherently bore the nature of dynastic changes(for instance,establishment of a new government by the peasant revolution).
In the wake of the upheaval of the Cultural Revolution,Chinese intellectuals came to realize the necessity of bidding farewell to the revolution.As the Chinese bid farewell to the revolution,the introduction of modern Western economic and political systems was once again placed in the forefront,but on the other hand,it also led to the disintegration of the new morality that took shape during China's modernization because such amorality was contained in the modern Chinese concept of revolution.In the late twentieth century,the fast growth of Chinese economy was accompanied by a general moral crisis.
11.Why Did the May-Fourth La Jeunesse Intellectuals Abandon "Liberalism": A Study of the Interaction between Socio-political Events and the Transformation of Ideas
How did socio-political events bring about changes in general concepts has been a blind spot and difficult area in the studies of the history of ideas?This essay illustrates how people's evaluations of certain socio-political events were influenced by general concepts.We found that database and quantitative methods are of great value in determining people's impression and opinion of an event.And we can also investigate the relationship between important socio-political events and general concepts by examining people's evaluations of events.In other words,we can study the interaction between socio-political events and general concepts by using the database approach.In order to have a better grasp of this interaction,in this essay we introduce a new concept that we call "the event in the panoram a of the history of ideas".By using the case of the May-Fourth intellectuals' abandoning of liberalism,we demonstrate the value and potential of the database approach in the studies of the interaction of socio-political events and general concepts.
12."Keju" and "Kexue": A Case Study of the Connection between Social Events and the Transformation of Ideas
By using the quantitative method of keyword analysis,this essay found that the replacement of the term "gezhi"(gaining knowledge by studying of the principle of matters)by "kexue"(science)coincided with the abolition of "keju"(the imperial civil service exam ination system)in late-Qing China.Thus,we discovered how the replacement of the term "gezhi" by "kexue" was facilitated by the abolition of the imperial civil service examination system.During the early twentieth century,"kexue" was used as a short form for "fenke xuetang"(schools with different academic disciplines).When these modern schools and new educational system were about to take over traditional schools and old educational system,the abolition of "keju" was inevitable and "kexue" quickly became the translation for "science".The case study presented in this essay shows that the creation of full-text databases and the adoption of the database approach are of great importance to the studies of the interaction between social events and general concepts.
13.On the Authenticity of History: Database Methods and Paradigm Shift in Historical Studies
This essay argues that the objects of historical studies should not be seen as an objective being independent of the subject.The principle of objectivity in historical studies should be replaced by the principle of judging empirical reality.This principle is based on the following assumption: the essential prerequisite of understanding the truth of history is to restore the concepts that governed the way of thinking of the recorders and participants of a particular historical incident.In order to grasp the reality of history,in this essay we explain "the event in the panorama of the history of ideas" and the necessary and sufficient conditions for determining the realities of the events in the panorama of the history of ideas.Only by ascertaining the mechanism of the formation and transformation of concepts can we see the real picture of the history of ideas and achieve a scientific causality interpretation of history.
On one hand,history unfolds as concepts are materialized into actions.On the other hand,the formation and reformation of concepts are influenced by social events.Thus,there is an interaction between concepts and social events and it constitutes the real historical memory.Our pursuit of the objectivity of the historical memory and the principle of value neutrality of history memory is not intended to exclude the concepts behind historical events,instead it is aimed at finding out the underlying values of the historical events,and producing a broader perspective by investigating the interaction between concepts and events,thereby transcending the view points of individual participants.
In this essay we will discuss the significance of the database method in determining the actual concepts behind major historical events.We believe that a new paradigm is in formation for the studies of the modern transition of Chinese society.In this paradigm the database method is adopted to study the events in the panorama of the history of ideas.This essay also discusses two existing oversim plifications in the studies of historical events: 1.treating them as social facts with classic objectivity; 2.seeing them as the subjective reality.These two over-simplifications are respectively seen in the Annales School and postmodern history.Therefore,the application of our new database-aided research method may overcome the limitations of the Annales School and postmodern history.By using this new research method to go beyond the principles of causality and statistical relationship emphasized in the studies of natural sciences and social sciences,we may discover some new patterns in the cause of history.
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赛班(George H.Sabine)著,李少华、尚新建译:《西方政治思想史》。台北:桂冠图书股份有限公司,1992。
怀特(Hayden v.White)著,刘世安译:《史元:十九世纪欧洲的历史意象》。台北:麦田出版股份有限公司,1999。
罗素(Bertrand Russell):“论历史”,罗素著,何兆武、肖巍、张文杰译:《论历史》。北京:三联书店,1991。
严可均辑:《全晋文》。北京:商务印书馆,1999。
苏云峰:《三(两)江师范学堂:南京大学的前身,1903—1911:近代中国高等教育研究》。台北:中央研究院近代史研究所,1998。
顾炎武撰,黄汝成集释:《日知录》。台北:台湾商务印书馆,1978。
顾颉刚:《汉代学术史略》。上海:东方书社,1941。
论文
“大美国事”,《万国公报》,同治十三年(1874)十月十二日。
“立宪纪闻”,《东方杂志》,1906年临时增刊《宪政初纲》,收入中国史学会主编:《辛亥革命》。第四册。上海:上海人民出版社,2001。
“列宁主义万岁”,《红旗》(北京),1960年4月16日。
“局外公法摘要”,《东方杂志》。第一卷第一期(1904年3月11日)。
“非十二子”,叶衡选注:《荀子》。台北:台湾商务印书馆,1966。
“为李给事让起覆尚书左丞兼御史大夫第四表”,董诰等编:《全唐文》。卷三百八十四。太原:山西教育出版社,2002。
“原道训”,刘殿爵等编:《淮南子逐字索引》。香港:商务印书馆,1992。
“班孟坚典引一首”,收入萧统选,李善注:《文选》。第四十八卷。香港:商务印书馆,1960。
“新书介绍”,《东方杂志》。第一卷第一期(1904年3月11日)。
“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”,《光明日报》,1978年5月11日。
“学界风潮愈闹愈大”,《晨报》,1919年5月20日。
“宪政编查馆会同民政部奏拟订结社集会律折(附片并清单)”,《东方杂志》。第五卷第四期(1908年5月)。
于式枚:“出使德国考察宪政大臣于式枚奏考察宪政谨议办法宗旨折”,《政治官报》。第三十七号(1907年12月1日)。