[15]Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. I, 401-402.
[16]William Wells Brown, Narrative of William W. Brown, A Fugitive Slave (Boston:Anti-Slavery Society, 1847), 41-43.
[17]For example, Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
[18]Thomas P. Kettell, On Southern Wealth and Northern Profits(1860).
[19]Ralph Waldo Emerson, Address Delivered in Concord on the Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Negroes in the British West Indies, August 1, 1844, in Edward Waldo Emerson (ed.), The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911) II, 125-126
[20]Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820.
[21]Abraham Lincoln, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois, ”June 16, 1858, in Basler (ed.), Collected Works ofAbraham Lincoln, II, 461.
[22]John C. Calhoun, Exposition and Protest, in W. Edwin Hemphill, Robert L. Meriwether, and Clyde Wilson (eds.), The Papers of John C. Calhoun 27 Vols. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1959-2001) Vol. 10, 1825-1829, 447.
[23]President Jackson's Proclamation to the People of South Carolina of December 10, 1832 can be accessed online at: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/proclamations/jack01.htm (January 26, 2010).
[24]24 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. I, 418, 420-421.
[25]Papers of John C Calhoun, Vol. XIII (1980) 394-395.
[26]James Henry Hammond, Selections from the Letters and Speeches of the Hon. James H. Hammond, of South Carolina (New York: John F. Trow ＆ Co., 1866) 311-322.
[27]“Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress to the People of the United States, ”Congressional Globe, 33rd Cong., 1st Session, 281-282.
[28]Dred Scott v. Sandford (60 U.S. 393 (1856)) can be accessed online at: http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme court/landmark/dredscott.html (January 25, 2010).
[29]Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address, ”in Basler, Collected Works, VIII, 332.
[30]Emerson, Address Delivered in Concord on the Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Negroes in the British West Indies.
[31]31 Abraham Lincoln, “Speech at Chicago, Illinois, ”July 10, 1858, in Basler, Collected Works, II, 484-500.
