[1] Commandant Renier, L’Oeuvre civilisatrice au Congo. Héroisme et patriotisme des Belges, 1913
[2] Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa, 1998
[3] Quoted in M. Puel de Lobel, Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Gand, 1913, 1914
[4] The New York Times, 28 August 1913, 7 September 1913
[5] Laird McLeod Easton, The Red Count: The Life and Times of Harry Kessler, 2002
[6] Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed, 1983
[7] Ronald Storrs, The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs, 1972
[8] Thomas Mann, Tod in Venedig, 1912
[9] Michael S. Neiberg, Dance of the Furies: Europe and the Outbreak of World War I, 2011
[10] Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday, English edition, 1943
[11] Barbara W. Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890–1914, 1966
[12] Op. cit., McLeod Easton
[13] Futurist Manifesto, 1909
[14] Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 1886, quoted in Stefan Elbe, ‘“Labyrinths of the future”: Nietzsche’s genealogy of European nationalism’, Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 7, no. 1, 2002
[15] Lilliane Brion-Guerry, ed., L’année 1913: Les formes esthétiques de l’œuvre d’art à la veille de la première guerre mondiale, vols 1 and 2, 1971; vol. 3, 1973
[16] Quoted in David Blackbourn, ‘“As dependent on each other as man and wife”: Cultural Contacts and Transfers’, in Dominik Geppert and Robert Gerwarth, eds., Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity, 2008
[17] Romain Rolland, Jean Christophe, ten volumes, 1904–1912
[18] Quoted in E. Malcolm Carroll, French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs, 1870–1914, 1931
[19] The Daily Graphic, 22 May 1913
[20] Ibid.
[21] The Daily Graphic, 23 May 1913
[22] The Daily Graphic, 22 May 1913
[23] The Daily Graphic, 24 May 1913
[24] The Duke of Windsor, A King’s Story, 1951 (reprinted 1998)
[25] Frierich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, trans. Allen Powles, 1912 (original in German)
[26] Quoted in Charles. F. Horne, Source Records of the Great War, 1923
[27] The Daily Graphic, 24 May 1913
[28] The Daily Chronicle, 25 May 1913
伦敦
[1] Ford Maddox Hueffer, The Soul of London: A Survey of a Modern City, 1905
[2] The Nineteenth Century and After, February 1913
[3] F. O. Mathiessen and K. B. Murdock, eds., The Notebooks of Henry James, 1947 (entry from 1881)
[4] Karl Baedeker, London und Umgebung: Handbuch für Reisende, 1912
[5] The Economist, 24 May 1913
[6] Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 1902
[7] Humayun Ansari, The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present, 2004
[8] Felix Driver and David Gilbert, ‘Imperial Cities: overlapping territories, intertwined histories’, Felix Driver and David Gilbert, eds., Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity, 1999
[9] The Evening Standard, 1 January 1913
[10] The Fortnightly Review, August 1913
[11] Daily Express, 25 July 1913
[12] Op. cit., Baedeker (1912)
[13] Jan Rüger, ‘Revisiting the Anglo-German Antagonism’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 83, 2011
[14] The Daily Chronicle, 13 May 1913
[15] Dominik Geppert, ‘“The foul-visaged anti-Christ of journalism”?: The Popular Press between Warmongering and International Cooperation’, Dominik Geppert and Robert Gerwarth, eds., Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity, 2008
[16] Daily Mail, 17 June 1913, quoted in Virginia Cowles, 1913: An End and a Beginning, 1967
[17] Anthony Phillips, ed., Sergey Prokofiev Diaries: Prodigous Youth, 1907–1914, 2006
[18] Ramanujaswami, N., My Trip to England, 1912
[19] Theodore Dreiser, Traveller at Forty, 1913
[20] John Robert Seeley, The Expansion of England, 1883
[21] The Nineteenth Century and After, February 1913
[22] Dennis Hardy, ‘From Garden Cities to New Towns: Campaigning for Town and Country Planning’, in Stephen V. Ward, ed., Garden City: Past, Present and Future, 1992
[23] Ellis T. Powell, The Mechanism of the City: An Analytical Survey of the Business Activities of the City of London, 1910
[24] The Economist, 12 April 1913
[25] Op. cit., Powell
[26] E. M. Forster, Howard’s End, 1910
[27] The Economist, 4 January 1913
[28] David Kynaston, City of London: The History, 1815–2000, 2011
[29] The Economist, 4 January 1913
[30] Quoted in op. cit., Kynaston
[31] The Economist, 1 January 1913
[32] League of Nations statistics quoted in Aaron Friedberg, The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline 1895–1905, 1988
[33] The Economist, 4 January 1913
[34] John Dunning and Sarianna Lundan, Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, 2nd edition, 2008
[35] Charles Feinstein, ‘Britain’s Overseas Investments in 1913’, The Economic History Review, vol. 43, no. 2, 1990
[36] Gary B. Magee and Andrew S. Thompson, Empire and Globalisation: Networks of People, Goods and Capital in the British World, c. 1850–1914, 2010
[37] Quoted in op. cit., Kynaston
[38] Ibid.
[39] Quoted in Jean-Louis Robert, ‘Paris, London and Berlin on the Eve of War’, in Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert, eds., Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914–1919, 1997
[40] M. Pember Reeves, Round About a Pound a Week, 2nd edition, 1914
[41] Quoted in ibid.
[42] Thomas Holmes, London’s Underworld, 2nd edition, 1913
[43] Jérôme de Wiel, ‘Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and the Irish Crisis from 1899 to the Outbreak of the First World War’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 21, no. 2, 2006, quoted in Jack Beatty, The Lost History of 1914: How the First World War was not Inevitable, 2012
[44] The Daily Graphic, 25 June 1913
[45] Ibid.
[46] Laird McLeod Easton, The Red Count: The Life and Times of Harry Kessler, 2002
[47] The Economist, 28 June 1913
巴黎
[1] Op. cit., Dreiser
[2] J. F. V. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 1997
[3] Michael E. Nolan, The Inverted Mirror: Mythologizing the Enemy in France and Germany, 1898–1914, 2006
[4] David Clay Large, Berlin, 2000
[5] Op. cit., Neiberg
[6] Quoted in op. cit., Malcolm Carroll
[7] David Schoenbaum, Zabern 1913: Consensus Politics in Imperial Germany, 1982
[8] Maurice Barrès, La terre et les morts: Sur quelles réalités fonder la conscience française, 1899
[9] Owen Chadwick, A History of the Popes, 1830–1914, 1998
[10] Quoted in Robert Gildea, Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799–1914, 2008
[11] Eric Deroo, ‘Mourir: L’appel à l’Empire’, in Pascal Blanchard and Sandrine Lemaire, Culture Coloniale: La France conquise par son empire, 1871–1931, 2003
[12] Op. cit., Ramunajaswami
[13] Karl Baedeker, Paris and its Environs: Handbook for Travellers, 1910
[14] L. Houllevigue, ‘Le problème de l’heure’, La Revue de Paris, August 1913
[15] Ibid.
[16] Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880–1918, 1983
[17] Patrice Higonnet, Paris: Capital of the World, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, 2002
[18] Henri Murger, Scènes de la vie Bohème, 1851
[19] Claire Hancock, ‘Capitale du Plaisir: The Remaking of Imperial Paris’, in Felix Driver and David Gilbert, eds., Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity, 1999
[20] Otto Friedrich, Olympia: Paris in the Age of Manet, 1992
[21] Op. cit., Gildea
[22] Detlef Briesen, ‘Weltmetropole Berlin?’, in Gerhard Brunn and Jürgen Reulecke, eds., Metropolis Berlin: Berlin as deutsche Hauptstadt im Vergleich europäischer Hauptstädte 1871–1939, 1992
[23] Op. cit., Clay Large
[24] David McCullough, The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris, 2011
[25] Henry James, The Ambassadors, 1903
[26] Adelaide Mack, Magnetic Paris, 1913
[27] Op. cit., Phillips
[28] Ibid.
[29] Op. cit., Dreiser
[30] Op. cit., Baedeker (1910)
[31] Op. cit., Phillips
[32] Op. cit., Guerry
[33] The Daily Graphic, 26 June 1913
[34] Jacques-Emile Blanche in La Revue de Paris, December 1913
[35] Le Figaro, 20 February 1909
[36] Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age, 1989
[37] Liliane Brion-Guerry, ‘L’évolution des formes structurales dans l’architecture des années 1910–1914’, in op. cit., Guerry
[38] Op. cit., Blanche
[39] Jacques Bertillon, La dépopulation de la France: Ses conséquences – Ses causes – Mesures à prendre pour la combattre, 1911
[40] Op. cit., Beatty
[41] ‘Agathon’ (Henri Massis and Alfred de Tarde), Les jeunes gens d’aujourd’hui: Le goût de l’action, la foi patriotique, une renaissance Catholique, le réalisme politique, 1919 edition (first edition 1913)
柏林
[1] Op. cit., Dreiser
[2] Op. cit., Clay Large
[3] Baron Beyens, Deux Années à Berlin, 1912–1914, 1931
[4] Charles Huard, Berlin Comme je l’ai Vu, 1907
[5] Op. cit., Phillips
[6] Berlin für Kenner, 1912, quoted in Jürgen Schutte and Peter Sprengel, Die Berliner Moderne, 1885–1914, 1987
[7] Warren G. Breckman, ‘Disciplining Consumption: The Debate about Luxury in Wilhelmine Germany, 1890–1914’, Journal of Social History, vol. 24, no. 3, 1991
[8] Quoted in Charles W. Huxthausen, ‘“A New Beauty”: Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s Images of Berlin’, in Charles W. Huxthausen and Heidrun Suhr, eds., Berlin: Culture and Metropolis, 1990
[9] Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1913
[10] Peter Hall, ‘The Pioneer Technopolis: Berlin 1840–1930’, in Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization, 1998
[11] Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution (AAASI), Walter Kuhn and Kuhn family papers, letters from Walter Kuhn, Series 1/Box 1, Berlin, October 1912
[12] Op. cit., Beyens
[13] Op. cit., Dreiser
[14] Edith Siepen, Peeps at Great Cities: Berlin, 1911
[15] William Durick, ‘Berlin 1916’, in John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle, Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement, 2004
[16] Op. cit., Sieper
[17] Richard Evans, Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1987
[18] Gottfried Korff and Reinhard Rürup, Berlin, Berlin : die Ausstellung zur Geschichte der Stadt, 1987
[19] Quoted in op. cit., Schutte and Sprengel
[20] Op. cit., Dreiser
[21] Op. cit., Clay Large
[22] Op. cit., Robert
[23] Werner Sombart, Das Proletariat: Bilder und Studien, 1906, quoted in Joachin Schlör, Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London, 1840–1930, 1998
[24] Op. cit., Korff and Rürup
[25] Rosa Luxemburg, Im Asyl, 1912, quoted in op. cit., Schutte and Sprengel
[26] Madame de Staël, De l’Allemagne, 1810
[27] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, 1988
[28] Op. cit., Dreiser
[29] Op. cit., Clay Large
[30] Karl Scheffler, Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal, 1910
[31] Walter Rathenau, ‘Die Schönste Stadt der Welt’, Die Zukunft 26, 1899, quoted in op. cit., Schutte and Sprengel
[32] Op. cit., Robert
[33] Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 April 1892
[34] Karl Scheffler, Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal, 1910
[35] Karl Scheffler, Die Architektur der Großstadt, 1913
[36] Anne Topham, Memories of the Kaiser’s Court, 1913
[37] Op. cit., Clay Large
[38] Bernd Sösemann, ‘Hollow-sounding Jubilees: Forms and Effects of Public Self-display in Wilhelmine Germany’, in Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist, eds., The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II’s Role in Imperial Germany, 2003
[39] Ibid.
[40] Quoted in Jeffrey R. Smith, ‘The Monarchy versus the Nation: The “Festive Year” 1913 in Wilhelmine Germany’, German Studies Review, vol. 23, no. 2, 2000
[41] Ibid.
[42] Op. cit., Beyens
[43] Op. cit., Duke of Windsor
[44] The New York Times, 8 June 1913
罗马
[1] E. M. Forster, Where Angels Fear to Tread, 1905
[2] Futurist Manifesto, 1909
[3] Quoted in Christopher Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, 2008
[4] Op. cit., Forster (1905)
[5] Richard Bagot, My Italian Year, 1911
[6] Ibid.
[7] Michael Paris, ‘The First Air Wars: North Africa and the Balkans, 1911–1913’, The Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 26, no. 1, 1991
[8] Filippo Marinetti, Le Bataille de Tripoli, 1911
[9] Quoted in op. cit., Duggan
[10] Filippo Marinetti, Le Monoplan du Pape, 1912
[11] David Atkinson, Denis Cosgrove and Anna Notaro, ‘Empire in modern Rome: shaping and remembering an imperial city, 1870–1911’, in Felix Driver and David Gilbert, eds., Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity, 1999
[12] David Atkinson and Denis Cosgrove, ‘Urban Rhetoric and Embodied Identities: City, Nation, and Empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II Monument in Rome, 1870–1945’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 88, no. 1, 1998
[13] Op. cit., Duggan
[14] Op. cit., Dreiser
[15] Op. cit., Bagot
[16] Quoted in op. cit., Duggan
[17] Op. cit., Marinetti
维也纳
[1] Karl Baedeker, Austria-Hungary, with excursions to Cetinje, Belgrade, and Bucharest, 1911
[2] Alison Fleig Frank, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia, 2005
[3] Ibid.
[4] Archibald R. Colquhon and Ethel Colquhon, The Whirlpool of Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1907
[5] Deborah R. Coen, ‘Climate and Circulation in Imperial Austria’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 82, December 2010
[6] Henry Schnitzler, ‘ “Gay Vienna”: Myth and Reality’, Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 15, no. 1, 1954
[7] Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey, 1996
[8] Robert Musil, The Man Without Qualities, trans. Sophie Wilkins and Burton Pike, 1995 (originally published in German between 1930 and 1942)
[9] Op. cit., Brook-Shepherd
[10] John W. Mason, The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867–1918, 1985
[11] Brigitte Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man, 2010 (first published 1999)
[12] Ibid.
[13] Robert Service, Lenin: A Biography, 2000
[14] Frederic Morton, Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914, 1989
[15] Op. cit., Mason
[16] Op. cit., Kennedy
[17] Op. cit., Brook-Shepherd
[18] Op. cit., Zweig
[19] Op. cit., Mason
[20] David F. Good, ‘Stagnation and ‘Take-Off’ in Austria, 1873–1913’, The Economic History Review, vol. 27, no. 1, 1974
[21] H. Gordon Skilling, Masaryk: Against the Current, 1882–1914, 1994
[22] Op. cit., Musil
[23] Henry Wickham Steed, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1913
[24] Jill Steward, ‘The Potemkin City: Tourist Images of Late Imperial Vienna’, in op. cit., Driver and Gilbert
[25] Op. cit., Schnitzler
[26] Op. cit., Morton; Leon Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography, English translation, 1960
[27] Juliane Mikloetzky, ‘Die Wiener Sicht auf Berlin, 1870–1934’, in Gerhard Brunn and Jürgen Reulecke, eds., Metropolis Berlin: Berlin as deutsche Hauptstadt im Vergleich europäischer Hauptstädte 1871–1939, 1992
