[1] The New York Times, 18 May 1898; op. cit., Kennedy
[2] Ibid.
[3] Elizabeth Kendall, A Wayfarer in China, 1913
[4] Erik J. Zürcher, The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building, 2010
[5] Le Petit Journal, 16 January 1898
[6] Anon., China as it Really Is, 1912
[7] Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, 2002
[8] Quoted in ibid.
[9] Quoted in Carol Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period, 1985
[10] Peter H. Hoffenberg, An Empire on Display: English, Indian, and Australian Exhibitions from the Crystal Palace to the Great War, 2001
君士坦丁堡
[1] Quoted in Ebru Boyar and Kate Fleet, A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul, 2010
[2] Hermann Barth, Constantinople, 1906 (French version; original German published in 1901)
[3] H. G. Dwight, Constantinople Old and New, 1915
[4] Ibid.
[5] Stanford J. Shaw, ‘The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914’, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 1978; Servet Mutlu, ‘Late Ottoman Population and its Ethnic Distribution’, Turkish Journal of Population Studies, no. 25, 2003; Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1923, 1995
[6] Mary Poynter, When Turkey was Turkey, 1921
[7] Op. cit., Dwight
[8] Ibid.
[9] Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 2 January 1913
[10] Op. cit., Shaw
[11] Edmondo de Amicis, Constantinople, trans. Maria Horner, 1896 (originally published in Italian in 1877)
[12] Zeynep Çelik, The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century, 1986
[13] Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914, 1969
[14] Op. cit., Zürcher
[15] Renée Worringer, ‘“Sick man of Europe” or “Japan of the Near East?”: Constructing Ottoman Modernity in the Hamidian and Young Turk Eras’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, 2004
[16] Op. cit., Poynter
[17] Ibid.
[18] Op. cit., Ahmad
[19] Op. cit., Poynter
[20] Ibid.
[21] Ibid.
[22] Op. cit., Mansel
[23] Francis McCullagh, The Fall of Abd-Ul-Hamid, 1910
[24] Op. cit., Ahmad
[25] G. F. Abbott, Turkey in Transition, 1909
[26] Op. cit., Zürcher
[27] Op. cit., Poynter
[28] Op. cit., Mansel
[29] Op. cit., Abbott
[30] Robert Hichens, The Near East, 1913
[31] Ibid.
[32] Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, With the Turks in Thrace, 1913
[33] Henry Morgenthau, United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau 1913–1916, compiled by Ara Sarafian, 2004
[34] This and following from advertisements in the Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 6 and 9 January 1913
[35] Op. cit., Boyar and Fleet
[36] Andrew Mango, Atatürk, 1999
[37] Karl Baedeker, Konstantinopel und das Westliche Kleinasien, 1905
[38] Op. cit., Hichens
[39] Op. cit., Dwight
[40] Op. cit., Abbott
[41] Quoted in op. cit., Boyar and Fleet
[42] Ibid.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Zeyneb Hanoum, A Turkish Woman’s European Impressions, 1913
[45] Ibid.
[46] Alexander van Millingen, Constantinople, 1906
[47] Ibid.
[48] Ibid.
[49] Ibid.
[50] Nicola Guy, The Birth of Albania: Ethnic Nationalism, the Great Powers of World War I and the Emergence of Albanian Independence, 2012
[51] Quoted in Edith Durham, High Albania, 1909
[52] Richard C. Hall, The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War, 2000
[53] Op. cit., Dwight
[54] Op. cit., Poynter
[55] Pierre Loti, Turquie Agonisante, 1913
[56] The Nineteenth Century and After, March 1913
[57] Azmi Özcan, Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1997
[58] Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, 1996
[59] Leon Sciaky, Farewell to Salonica: City at the Crossroads, 2007
[60] Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, 1914
[61] Op. cit., McCarthy
[62] Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottamanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918, 1997
[63] The Economist, 5 July 1913
[64] Murat Gül, The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City, 2009
北京—上海
[1] Alphonse Favier, Péking: Histoire et Description, 1902
[2] Madeleine Yue Dong, Republican Beijing: The City and its Histories, 2003
[3] Katharine Carl, With The Empress Dowager, 1905
[4] Ibid.
[5] Ibid.
[6] Julia Boyd, A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking’s Foreign Colony, 2012
[7] B. L. Putnam Weale, Indiscreet Letter from Peking, 1907
[8] Op. cit., Boyd
[9] Op. cit., Putnam Weale
[10] A. Henry Savage Landor, China and the Allies, two volumes., 1901, vol. 2
[11] Op. cit., Bickers
[12] Anon., Letters from John Chinaman, 6th impression, 1904
[13] Julia Lovell, The Opium War, 2011
[14] Pierre Loti, Les Derniers Jours de Pékin, 1902
[15] Quoted in Patricia Buckley Ebrey, ed., Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 1993
[16] Ibid.
[17] Xu Guoqi, China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Nationalization, 2005
[18] Quoted in op. cit., Ebrey
[19] Op. cit., Bickers
[20] Op. cit., Lovell
[21] ‘Report of the International Opium Commission, Shanghai, China, February 1 to February 26 1909’, North China Daily News & Herald, 1909
[22] Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China, 2nd edition, 1999
[23] Ibid.
[24] H. T. Montague Bell and H. G. W. Woodhead, The China Year Book 1913, 1913
[25] Henri Borel, The New China: A Traveller’s Impressions, 1912
[26] Ibid.
[27] F. L. Hawks Pott, A Short History of Shanghai: Being an Account of the Growth and Development of the International Settlement, 1928
[28] Op. cit., Bell and Woodhead
[29] Op. cit., Spence
[30] Arnold Wright, ed., Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: eir History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources, 1908
[31] Op. cit., Bell and Woodhead
[32] Lu Hanchao, Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century, 1999
[33] Op. cit., Lovell
[34] Christian Henriot, ‘The Shanghai Bund in myth and history: an essay through textual and visual sources’, Journal of Modern Chinese History, vol. 4, no. 1, 2010
[35] Op. cit., Wright
[36] Op. cit., Hanchao
[37] Op. cit., Bickers
[38] Op. cit., Bell and Woodhead
[39] Ibid.
[40] Op. cit., Bickers
[41] Robert L. Jarman, Eed., Shanghai: Political and Economic Reports 1842–1943: British Governmental Records from the International City, vol. 11, 2008 (report dated 23 January 1913)
[42] Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore, Westward to the Far East: A Guide to the Principal Cities of China and Japan with a Note on Korea, 1900
[43] Op. cit., Hawks Pott
[44] Op. cit., Scidmore
[45] James E. Elfers, The Tour to End All Tours: The Story of Major League Baseball’s 1913–1914 World Tour, 2003
[46] North China Daily News, 22 January 1913
[47] North China Daily News, 23 January 1913
[48] Quoted in Catherine Yeh, Shanghai Love: Courtesans, Intellectuals and Entertainment Culture, 1850–1910, 2006
[49] Frederick McCormick, The Flowery Republic, 1913
[50] Paul S. Reinsch, An American Diplomat in China, 1922
[51] P’eng-yuan Chang and Andrew J. Nathan, ‘Political Participation and Political Elites in early Republican China: The Parliament of 1913–1914’, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, 1978
[52] Ching Chun Wang, The Atlantic, January 1913
[53] E. Backhouse and J. O. P. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking, 1914
[54] US National Archives, RG84/350/2/4 – 175, note, consular archives for Shanghai, 1 April 1913
[55] Ibid.
[56] Op. cit., US National Archives, 11 April 1913
[57] North China Daily News, 9 April 1913
[58] Note from Chargé d’Affaires Williams, op. cit., US National Archives, 11 April 1913
[59] Op. cit., Guoqi
[60] Op. cit., US National Archives, 25 February 1913
[61] Ibid.
[62] North China Daily News, 29 March 1913
[63] B. Atwood Robinson, ‘America’s Business Opportunity in China’, The Journal of Race Development, vol. 3, no. 4, April 1913
[64] St. Piero Rudiger, The Second Revolution in China, 1913: My Adventures of the Fighting around Shanghai, the Arsenal, Woosung Forts, 1914
[65] ‘Report for the Year 1913 on the Trade of Shanghai’, in op. cit., Jarman (2008)
[66] Robert L. Jarman, ed., China: Political Reports, 1911–1960, vol. 1, 2001, letter to Foreign Secretary, L/PS/11/65 P4217/1913, 12 September 1913
[67] Ibid., annual report from Sir John Jordan, FO 495/229, 23 January 1914
[68] Jedidiah Kroncke, ‘An Early Tragedy of Comparative Constitutionalism: Frank Goodnow and the Chinese Republic’, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, no. 533, 2012
[69] North China Daily News, 29 December 1913
[70] Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 1913
东京
[1] J. Charles Schencking, ‘The politics of pragmatism and pageantry: selling a national navy at the elite and local level in Japan, 1890–1913’, in Sandra Wilson, ed., Nation and Nationalism in Japan, 2002
[2] Ibid.; The Japan Times, 11 November 1913
[3] Op. cit., Kennedy
[4] The Japan Times, 6 November 1913
[5] Op. cit., Jansen
[6] The Japan Times, 11 November 1913
[7] Op. cit., Gluck
[8] Basil Hall Chamberlain and W. B. Mason, A Handbook for Travellers in Japan, 1913
[9] Eliza Rumahah Scidmore, Jinriksha Days in Japan, 1900 edition
[10] Jukichi Inouye, Home Life in Japan, 1910
[11] Quoted in op. cit., Gluck
[12] Op. cit., Gluck
[13] Joseph Henry Longford, The Evolution of New Japan, 1913
[14] André Sorensen, The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and planning from Edo to the twenty-first century, 2002
[15] Pierre Loti, Japoneries d’Automne, 1889
[16] Stephen Manssfield, Tokyo: A Cultural History, 2009
[17] Op. cit., Longford
[18] Op. cit., Sorensen
[19] Ibid.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Jukichi Inouye, Home Life in Japan, 1910
[22] Op. cit., Jukichi Inouye
[23] Op. cit., Gluck
[24] Sally Ann Hastings, Neighborhood and Nation in Tokyo, 1905–1937, 1995
[25] Quoted in Edward Seidensticker, Low City, High City, Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake, 1867–1923, 1983
[26] Ozaki Yukio, The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan, trans. Fujiko Hara, 2001
[27] The Japan Times, 11 February 1913
[28] R. L. Jarman, ed., Japan: Political & Economic Reports, 1906–1970, vol. 4: Economic Reports, 1913–1926, 2002
[29] Op. cit., Gluck
[30] Quoted in David John Lu, Japan: A Documentary History, two volumes, 1997, vol. 2
[31] Okakura Kakuzo, The Ideals of the East, 1903
[32] Rustom Bharucha, Another Asia: Rabindranath Tagore and Okakura Tenshin, 2006
[33] Africa Times and Orient Review, February 1913
[34] Op. cit., Jarman (2002), vol. 1: Political Reports, 1906–1922
[35] Op. cit., Wilson papers, 19 May 1913
[36] The Japan Times, 17 April 1913
[37] Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the International Challenge of Racial Equality, 2008
[38] Ibid.
[39] Japan Weekly Chronicle, quoted in Africa Times and Orient Review, June 1913
[40] The Japan Times, 13 April 1913
[41] Los Angeles Times, 21 April 1913
[42] William Elliot Griffis, The Japanese Nation in Evolution: Steps in the Progress of a Great People, 1907; William Elliot Griffis, ‘Japan and the United States: Are the Japanese Mongolian?’, North American Review, vol. 197, no. 691, June 1913
[43] The Japan Times, 5 September 1913
[44] Ibid.
[45] The Japan Times, 6 September 1913
[46] The Japan Times, 7 September 1913
[47] The Japan Times, 9 September 1913
[48] The Japan Times, 11 September 1913
[49] Op. cit., Ozaki
[50] The Japan Times, 12 October 1913
[51] The New York Times, 20 November 1913
伦敦
[1] The Evening Standard, 2 January 2 1913
[2] Ronald Hyam, ‘The British Empire in the Edwardian Era’, in Judith M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis, eds., in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, 1999
[3] James Louis Garvin, ‘The Maintenance of Empire: A Study in the Economics of Power’, The Empire and the Century: A Series of Essays on Imperial Problems and Possibilities by Various Writers, 1905
[4] Aaron L. Friedberg, The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905, 1988
[5] J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, 1902
[6] Simon J. Potter, ‘Richard Jebb, John S. Ewart and the Round Table, 1898–1926’, English Historical Review, vol. CXXII, no. 495, 2007; John E. Kendle, The Round Table Movement and Imperial Union, 1975
[7] Richard Jebb, Studies in Colonial Nationalism, 1905
[8] Op. cit., Friedberg
[9] Richard Jebb, The Britannic Question: A Survey of Alternatives, 1913
[10] Elie Halévy, L’Angleterre et son Empire, 1905
[11] Anon., The Decline and Fall of the British Empire: A brief account of those causes which resulted in the destruction of our late Ally, together with a comparison between the British and Roman Empires, 1905
[12] Deirdre McMahon, ‘Ireland and the Empire-Commonwealth, 1900–1948’, in op. cit., Brown and Roger Louis
[13] Jeremy Smith, ‘Bluff, Bluster and Brinkmanship: Andrew Bonar Law and the Third Home Rule Bill’, The Historical Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 1993
[14] Quoted in Alan Megaghey, ‘“God will defend the right”: The Protestant Churches and opposition to home rule’, in David George Boyce and Alan O’Day, Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism since 1801, 2000
[15] Rudyard Kipling, The Years Between, 1919 (poem from 1912)
[16] Daily Chronicle, 17 January 1913
[17] Quoted in Jonathan Scheer, Ben Tillet: Portrait of a Labour Leader, 1982
[18] House of Commons Debates, quoted in Chris Wrigley, ‘Churchill and the Trade Unions’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 11, 2001
[19] Op. cit., Schneer
[20] Andrew Rosen, Rise Up Women! The Militant Campaign of the Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903-1914, 1974, quoted in Krista Cowman ‘“Incipient Toryism”? The Women’s Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party, 1903–1914’, History Workshop Journal, issue 53, 2002
[21] Hansard, 5 May 1913
[22] Ibid.
[23] Ibid.
[24] The Daily Chronicle, 8 May 1913
[25] The Daily Chronicle, 3, 6 and 14 May 1913
[26] The Daily Graphic, 10 May 1913
[27] The Economist, 1 February 1913
[28] The Economist, 10 May 1913
[29] Daily Express, 5 June 1913
