[2795] Ibid.,p.46.
[2796] Ibid.,p.47.
[2797] Ibid.,p.66.
[2798] 它将会改变。See Hourani,Op.cit.,pp.303ff和本书第35章。
[2799] Lewis,Op.cit.,p.79.
[2800] 关于贸易模式的改变，see Hourani,Op.cit.,p.261。
[2801] Lewis,Op.cit.,p.158.
[2802] O’Malley et al.(editors),Op.cit.,pp.241ff.
[2803] 关于对假装婆罗门苦修者的罗伯托·德·诺比利的审判，see Moynahan,Op.cit.,p.557。
[2804] Raymond Schwab,The Oriental Renaissance:Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East,1680—1880,New York:Columbia University Press,1984,p.11.
[2805] Ibid.,p.7.
[2806] Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron,translation of Zenda Avesta:Ouvrage de Zoroastre,Paris,1771.
[2807] Ibid.,p.xii.
[2808] Patrick Turnbull,Warren Hastings,London:New English Library,1975,pp.199ff.
[2809] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.35.
[2810] Lesley and Roy Adkins,The Keys of Egypt,New York:HarperCollins,2000,pp.180—181,书中复制了商博良取得突破时解读的真实的象形文字。
[2811] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.86.
[2812] Ibid.,p.41 and ref.
[2813] Ibid.,p.21.关于印度人的智慧，see the translation by E.J.Millington of The Aesthetic and Miscellaneous Works of Friedrich von Schlegel,London,1849。
[2814] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.21.
[2815] Ibid.,p.218.
[2816] H.G.Rawlinson,‘India in European literature and thought’,in G.T.Garratt,The Legacy of India,Oxford:The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press,1937,pp.35—36.
[2817] Ibid.,pp.171ff.
[2818] Robert T.Clark Jr,Herder:His Life and Thought,Berkeley,University of California Press,1955,pp.362f.
[2819] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.59.
[2820] M.von Hersfeld and C.MelvilSym,translators,Letters from Goethe,Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,1957,p.316.
[2821] Alphonse de Lamartine,Cours familier de litérature,Paris:privately printed,1856,vol.3,p.338.
[2822] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.161.
[2823] Ibid.,p.177.
[2824] Ibid.,p.179.
[2825] Paul R.Sweet,Wilhelm von Humboldt,Cincinnati:Ohio State University Press,vol.2,1980,pp.398ff,书中表明洪堡对印第安语言的兴趣同对梵语的兴趣一样大。
[2826] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.181.
[2827] Ibid.,p.217.
[2828] Ibid.,p.250.
[2829] Marc Citoleux,Alfred de Vigny,persistences classiques et affinitiesétrangères,Paris:Champion,1924,p.321.
[2830] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.468.
[2831] Clark Jr,Op.cit.,pp.130ff.
[2832] Schwab,Op.cit.,pp.273ff.
[2833] Ibid.,p.217.Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling,Philosophie der Mythologies,Munich:C.H.Beck,1842/1943.
[2834] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.201.
[2835] Ibid.,p.211.
[2836] 非德语读者应当参考：Franz Bopp,A Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit,Zend,Greek,Latin,Lithuanian,Gothic,German and Slavonic Languages.Translated from the German by Lieutenant Eastwick,conducted through the press by H.H.Wilson.Three vols,London:Madden and Malcolm,1845—1853。
[2837] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.213.
[2838] Ibid.,p.220.
[2839] Ibid.,p.219.
[2840] Rüdiger Safranski,Schopenhauer,London:Weidenfeld&Nicolson,1989,p.63.
[2841] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.427.
[2842] Ibid.
[2843] Arthur Schopenhauer,The World As Will and Idea(translated by R.B.Haldane and J.Kemp),London:Trübner,three vols,1883—1886,vol.3,p.281.
[2844] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.359.
[2845] Ibid.,p.357.
[2846] Ibid.,p.361.
[2847] Ibid.
[2848] Joanna Richardson,Victor Hugo,London:Weidenfeld&Nicolson,1976,pp.217ff.
[2849] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.373.
[2850] Ibid.,p.417.
[2851] Referred to in：Emile Carcassone,‘Leconte de Lisle et la philosophie indienne’,Revue de litérature comparée,vol.11,1931,pp.618—646.
[2852] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.431.
[2853] Michael D.Biddiss,The Father of Racist Ideology,London:Weidenfeld&Nicolson,1970,pp.175—176.
[2854] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.438.
[2855] Richard Wagner,My Life,two vols,New York:Dodds Mead,1911,vol.2,p.638.施瓦布有一整章论述了瓦格纳的佛教思想。
[2856] 他还说他“恨”美国，那是“一场可怕的噩梦”。Wilhelm Altman(editor and selector),Letters of Richard Wagner,London:Dent,1927,vol.1,p.293.
[2857] Schwab,Op.cit.,p.441.
[2858] Judith Gautier,Auprès de Richard Wagner,Paris:Mercure de France,1943,p.229.
[2859] Harold C.Schonberg,Lives of the Composers,London:Davis-Poynter/MacDonald Futura,1970/1980,p.124.
[2860] 关于柏辽兹与希勒的友谊，see David Cairns,Berlioz,London:Allen Lane The Penguin Press,1999,pp.263—278,passim。
[2861] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.126.
[2862] Menuhin and Davis,The Music of Man,Op.cit.,p.163.
[2863] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.126.
[2864] Jacques Barzun,Classical,Romantic,Modern,London:Secker&Warburg,1962,p.5.
[2865] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.124.
[2866] Berlin,The Sense of Reality,London:Chatto&Windus,1996.p.168.
[2867] Ibid.,p.168.
[2868] Ibid.,pp.168—169.
[2869] Ibid.,p.168.
[2870] Ibid.,p.169.
[2871] 关于因拿破仑而出现的德意志民族主义，see Howard Mumford Jones,Revolution and Romanticism,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1974,p.368。关于柏林沙龙，see Gerald N.Izenberg,Impossible Individuality:Romanticism,Revolution and the Origins of Modern Selfhood,1787—1802,Princeton,New Jersey,and London:Princeton University Press,1992,pp.45—47 and 94。
[2872] Berlin,Op.cit.,p.170.
[2873] Ibid.,p.171.
[2874] Ibid.
[2875] Ibid.,p.173.
[2876] Ibid.,p.175.
[2877] 关于维柯在哲学上反对自然主义这一观点，see Israel,Radical Enlightenment,Op.cit.,p.668。
[2878] Ibid.
[2879] Ibid.,p.666.
[2880] Ibid.,pp.344 and 665.
[2881] Ibid.,p.344.
[2882] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.242;see also Hawthorn,Enlightenment and Despair,Op.cit.,pp.32—33.
[2883] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,p.337.
[2884] Berlin,Op.cit.,p.176.
[2885] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.229.
[2886] Berlin,Op.cit.,p.178.
[2887] Ibid.,p.179.
[2888] 关于对意志思想发展的讨论，see Barzun,Op.cit.,pp.135ff。
[2889] Berlin,Op.cit.,p.179.
[2890] Hauser,A Social History of Art,Op.cit.,vol.3,p.174.
[2891] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,pp.346—347.
[2892] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.66.
[2893] Ibid.
[2894] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,p.347.
[2895] 正如奥尔特加·伊·加塞特后来所说：“人没有本性，他所有的只有历史。”Ortega y Gasset,‘History as a system’,in Philosophy and History,Essays Presented to Ernst Cassirer,edited by R.Klibonsky and J.H.Paton,1936,p.313.
[2896] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.100.
[2897] Ibid.
[2898] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,p.350.
[2899] Berlin,Op.cit.,p.179.
[2900] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.242说费希特关于意志的思想可能是早期的超我概念。
[2901] Berlin,Op.cit.,p.180.
[2902] Ibid.,pp.181—182;see also Hawthorn,Op.cit.,pp.238—239.
[2903] Berlin,Op.cit.,pp.182—183.
[2904] Ibid.,p.183.
[2905] 芒福德·琼斯在论述浪漫主义天才的章节（Op.cit.,p.274）中认为，该理论的一部分观点是：一个人尽最大可能自我实现就是对社会的最大帮助。
[2906] Berlin,Op.cit.,pp.185—186.
[2907] Ibid.,p.187.
[2908] 勿论德国人的民族主义如何，浪漫主义者感到其他文化的英雄可能“更接近人与造物主共享的自然”。Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.279.
[2909] Berlin,Op.cit.,p.188.
[2910] Mumford Jones,Revolution and Romanticism,第12章题名是“浪漫主义的反叛者”，Op.cit.。
[2911] Hauser,Op.cit.,p.166.
[2912] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,p.346.
[2913] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.274.
[2914] Hauser,Op.cit.,p.192.
[2915] Ibid.,p.188.
[2916] Ibid.,p.208.
[2917] Izenberg,Op.cit.,pp.142—143.
[2918] Ibid.,p.144.
[2919] 这个短语是豪泽尔的，Op.cit.,p.210。
[2920] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.288.
[2921] Hauser,Op.cit.,p.212.
[2922] Ibid.,pp.213—214.
[2923] Ibid.,p.216.
[2924] Ibid.,p.181.
[2925] 在讨论“个体性的两种概念”时，杰拉尔德·艾曾伯格探讨了浪漫主义对女性和男性差异的观点。Izenberg,Op.cit.,pp.18—53.
[2926] 关于诗歌作为净化，see Nicholas Boyle,Goethe:the Poet and the Age,vol.1,The Poetry of Desire,Oxford:The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press,1991,pp.329—331。
[2927] 芒福德·琼斯讨论了这一问题的各个方面，Op.cit.,p.264.
[2928] Ibid.,p.394.
[2929] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.83.
[2930] Ibid.
[2931] See,for example Alfred Einstein,A Short History of Music,London:Cassell,1953,p.143.
[2932] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.86.
[2933] 《英雄交响曲》起初是献给拿破仑的，但是据说贝多芬在波拿巴称帝之后改变了心意。George R.Marek,Beethoven,London:William Kimber,1970,p.343.
[2934] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.89.
[2935] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.146.Marek,Op.cit.,p.344.
[2936] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.293.
[2937] Schonberg,Op.cit.,pp.93—94.
[2938] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.394.
[2939] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.152.
[2940] Ibid.
[2941] Ibid.,p.154.
[2942] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.98.
[2943] Ibid.,p.109.
[2944] Barzun,Op.cit.,pp.545—546.关于萨克斯管的发展，see also Baines(editor),Musical Instruments Through the Ages,Op.cit.,p.260。
[2945] Menuhin and Davis,Op.cit.,p.165;Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.391;关于帕加尼尼以及小提琴的最后发展细节，see Baines(editor),Op.cit.,pp.124—125;关于英国和德国（维也纳）钢琴的区别，see p.91。
[2946] 据说，他能取得如此巨大的成就，是因为他把自己卖给了魔鬼（他的面容如死尸般惨白）。他也从来没有试着辩解。Menuhin and Davis,Op.cit.,p.165 and Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.410.
[2947] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.110.
[2948] 爱德华·登特说浪漫主义是在韦伯登上历史舞台时开启的。Winton Dean(editor),The Rise of Romantic Opera,Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,1976,p.145.
[2949] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.112.
[2950] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.152.
[2951] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.119.
[2952] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.410.
[2953] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.176.
[2954] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.410.
[2955] Cairns,Op.cit.,vol.2,p.1.
[2956] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.375.
[2957] Menuhin and Davis,Op.cit.,p.178.
[2958] Jeremy Siepmann,Chopin:The Reluctant Romantic,London:Gollancz,1995,pp.132—138,passim.
[2959] Ibid.,p.103.Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.153.
[2960] Menuhin and Davis,Op.cit.,p.180.
[2961] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.199.
[2962] Eleanor Perényi,Liszt,London:Weidenfeld&Nicolson,1974,p.56.See also Baines(editor),Op.cit.,p.100.
[2963] Menuhin and Davis,Op.cit.,p.165.
[2964] 尽管阿尔弗雷德·爱因斯坦提醒我们，李斯特挽救了19世纪的天主教教堂音乐。Einstein,Op.cit.,p.180.
[2965] Ibid.
[2966] Perényi,Op.cit.,p.11.
[2967] Einstein,Op.cit.,pp.158 and 178.
[2968] Ibid.,p.179.
[2969] Ibid.,p.158.
[2970] Ibid.,p.160.
[2971] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.183.
[2972] Ibid.,p.214.
[2973] Menuhin and Davis,Op.cit.,p.187.
[2974] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.325n and Menuhin and Davis,Op.cit.,pp.187—188.
[2975] Charles Osborne(selector,translator and editor),The Letters of G.Verdi,London:Gollancz,1971,p.596.
[2976] Mumford Jones,Op.cit.,p.216.
[2977] Einstein.Op.cit.,p.172.
[2978] Mary Jane Phillips-Matz,Verdi,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993,p.204.
[2979] Ibid.,p.715.
[2980] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.185.
[2981] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.230 and ref.
[2982] Ibid.,p.232.
[2983] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.185.
[2984] Ibid.,p.187;但是关于“《汤豪舍》问题”，see also Nike Wagner,The Wagners,London:Weidenfeld&Nicolson,2000,p.25。
[2985] The Nibelungenlied(new translation by A.T.Hatto),London:Penguin Books,1965.
[2986] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.188.
[2987] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.239.
[2988] John Louis Di Gaetani,Penetrating Wagner’s Ring,New York and London:Associated Universities Press,1978,pp.206—207,例如关于他对莱茵河的观点。
[2989] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.190;关于拜罗伊特可见到的新乐器，see Baines(editor),Op.cit.,pp.258—259。
[2990] Schonberg,Op.cit.,p.244.
[2991] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.191.
[2992] Nike Wagner,Op.cit.,p.172.
[2993] Einstein,Op.cit.,p.192.
[2994] Di Gaetani,Op.cit.,pp.219—238.关于希特勒发起的瓦格纳研究，see also Erik Levine,Music in the Third Reich,London:Macmillan,1994,p.35。
[2995] Frank McLynn,Napoleon,London:Jonathan Cape,1997,p.171.
[2996] Jacques Barzun,From Dawn to Decadence,500 Years of Western Cultural Life,New York and London:HarperCollins,2000,pp.442—444.
[2997] Ibid.,p.442.
[2998] Ibid.,pp.395—396.
[2999] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,p.372.
[3000] Ibid.,p.373.
[3001] Ibid.,p.374.
[3002] 关于伯特兰·罗素和本杰明·富兰克林对黑格尔的批评，see Boorstin,The Seekers,Op.cit.,p.210。
[3003] Paul R.Sweet,Wilhelm von Humboldt:A Biography,vol.2,Columbus:Ohio University Press,1980,pp.392ff.
[3004] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,p.379.
[3005] 这本身就非常现代，但是洪堡更进一步，他认为有些语言（德语势必为其中一种，尽管拿破仑取得了很多成就）更“适于”“较高”的目的。这将成为非常危险的思想的开端。
[3006] Roger Smith,Op.cit.,p.382.
[3007] Ibid.,p.385.
[3008] Ibid.,p.387.
[3009] David Friedrich Strauss,The Life of Jesus,Critically Examined,edited and with an introduction by Peter C.Hodgson,London:SCM Press,1972,p.xx.
[3010] 关于对施特劳斯以及神话和作假之间差异的讨论，see John Hadley Brooke,Science and Religion,Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,1991,p.266。See also Strauss/Hodgson,Op.cit.,p.xlix.
[3011] Vincent Cronin,Napoleon,London:Collins,1971,p.145.
[3012] C.W.Ceram,Gods,Graves and Scholars,London:Gollancz,1971 pp.207—208.
[3013] Ian Tattersall,The Fossil Trail,Op.cit.,p.14.H.Schaafhausen,‘On the crania of the most ancient races of Man’.Translated,with an introduction by G.Bush,in Natural History Review,vol.1,1861,pp.155—176.
[3014] Bowler,Evolution:The History of an Idea,Op.cit.,p.65.
[3015] Ibid.,p.65.
[3016] Ibid.,p.75.
[3017] Ibid.,p.26.
[3018] Suzanne Kelly,‘Theories of the earth in Renaissance cosmologies’,in Cecil J.Schneer(editor),Towards a History of Geology,Cambridge,Massachusetts:MIT Press,1969,pp.214—225.
[3019] Bowler,Op.cit.,p.31.
[3020] Ibid.,p.37.
[3021] Ibid.,p.40.
[3022] Ibid.,p.44.
[3023] Charles Gillispie,Genesis and Geology,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1949;Harper Torchbook,1959,p.48.
[3024] Ibid.,pp.41—42.
[3025] Nicholas Steno,The Prodromus of Nicholas Steno’s Dissertation concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature within a solid.Original 1669,translated into English by J.G.Winter in 1916,as part of the University of Michigan Humanistic Studies,volume 1,part 2,reprinted by Hafner publishing company,New York,1968.John Woodward,‘An Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth and terrestrial Bodyes’,originally London 1695,reprinted New York:Arno Press,1977.
[3026] Gillispie,Op.cit.,p.42.Jack Repcheck,The Man Who Found Time:James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth’s Antiquity,London:Simon&Schuster,2003.作者说赫顿的论文“非常费解”，当时的人对地球的古老不是很感兴趣。
[3027] See for example Gillispie,Op.cit.,p.46.
[3028] Ibid.,p.68.
[3029] Ibid.,p.84.
[3030] Bowler,Op.cit.,p.110.
[3031] Gillispie,Op.cit.,p.99.
[3032] Bowler,Op.cit.,p.116.
[3033] Gillispie,Op.cit.,p.101.
[3034] Bowler,Op.cit.,p.116.
[3035] Ibid.,p.119.
[3036] Brooke,Op.cit.,p.203认为，在有个场合，巴克兰把“英国科学促进协会”会议一直开到午夜，“详细阐述”大树懒的“结构”。
[3037] Gillispie,Op.cit.,p.107.
[3038] Bowler,Op.cit.,p.110.
[3039] Ibid.,p.124有一幅图表。
[3040] Gillispie,Op.cit.,pp.111—112 and 142.
[3041] Bowler,Op.cit.,p.130.
[3042] Ibid.,p.132.
[3043] Ibid.,pp.134ff.
[3044] Gillispie,Op.cit.,p.133.
[3045] Bowler,Op.cit.,p.138.
[3046] Gillispie,Op.cit.,p.210.
[3047] Ibid.,p.212.
[3048] Ibid.,p.214.
[3049] Secord,Victorian Sensation,Op.cit.,p.388.
[3050] Ibid.,chapter 3，pp.77ff.
[3051] 有关《创世的自然史遗迹》和《物种起源》出版史的比较，Ibid.,p.526。
[3052] 有关阿加西“大冰期”概念的发展由来，see Edward Lurie,Louis Agassiz:A Life in Science,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1960,pp.97ff。
[3053] J.D.Macdougall,A Short History of Planet Earth,New York and London:John Wiley&Sons,1996,p.210.
[3054] 但是还有别的东西。在冰渍石中发现了大量的钻石。钻石在地下深处形成并被火山运动产生的熔岩浆带出地表。这进一步证明了火山的持续活动，进一步说明，大冰期的发现既证实了地球的古老，也证实了地质学的均变说。Ibid.,pp.206—210.
