[3264] Ibid.,p.3.But see also Geoffrey Hughes,A History of English Words,Oxford:Blackwell,2000,p.99.
[3265] Bragg,Op.cit.,p.28.
[3266] 关于英语的历史,see Hughes,Op.cit.,pp.xvii-xviii;see also Barbara A.Fennell,A History of English,Oxford:Blackwell,2001,pp.55—93。
[3267] Bragg,Op.cit.,p.23.
[3268] 关于殖民者如何影响(经常是破坏)被殖民者语言的讨论,see Osterhammel,Op.cit.,pp.103—104。
[3269] Bragg,Op.cit.,p.52.
[3270] Ibid.,p.58.
[3271] Ibid.,p.52.
[3272] Ibid.,p.67.
[3273] M.T.Clanchy,England and Its Rulers(second edition),Oxford:Blackwell,1998.
[3274] 不是所有的征服者都强加他们自己的语言。关于西班牙语和荷兰语(在印度尼西亚)在这方面的不同经历,see Osterhammel,Op.cit.,p.95。
[3275] Bragg,Op.cit.,p.85.
[3276] Ibid.,p.101.
[3277] Hughes,Op.cit.,pp.153—158.
[3278] Bragg,Op.cit.,p.148.
[3279] 关于美国人的“说话方式”,see Boorstin,The Americans,Op.cit.,pp.275ff。
[3280] John Algeo(editor),The Cambridge History of the English Language,Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,vol.VI,2001,pp.92—93 and 163—168,passim.See also Bragg,Op.cit.,p.169.
[3281] Bragg,Op.cit.,p.178.
[3282] Boorstin,Op.cit.,p.287说另一种起源可能来自老肯德胡克,这是马丁·范布伦在总统选举中使用的昵称。他受到纽约OK俱乐部民主党的支持。
[3283] Bragg,Op.cit.,p.241.
[3284] 关于世界各地的英语,see Robert Burchfield,The Cambridge History of the English Language,Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,vol.V,1994,especially chapter 10。
[3285] Boris Ford(editor),The New Pelican Guide to English Literature,vol.9,American Literature,London:Penguin Books,1967/1995,p.61.
[3286] Commager,The Empire of Reason,Op.cit.,pp.16f.
[3287] Louis Menand,The Metaphysical Club:A Story of Ideas in America,London:Harper Collins/Flamingo,2001.
[3288] Menand,Op.cit.,pp.x—xii.See also Hofstadter,Op.cit.,p.168,作者还确认了美国思想中的“文艺复兴”。
[3289] Morison et al.,Growth of the American Republic,Op.cit.,p.209.
[3290] Menand,Op.cit.,p.6.Harvey Wish,Society and Thought in Modern America,London:Longmans Green,1952,他的名单上还添加了范勃伦、萨姆纳、惠特曼、德莱赛和普利策、路易·沙利文和温斯洛·荷默。
[3291] Brogan,The Penguin History of the United States,Op.cit.,p.300.See also Boorstin,The Americans:The National Experience,Op.cit.,p.251.
[3292] Menand,Op.cit.,p.19.
[3293] Ibid.,p.26.有关爱默生对作家们的重要影响,see also Luther S.Luedtke,Making America:The Society and Culture of the United States,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1992,p.225。
[3294] Menand,Op.cit.,p.46.
[3295] Mark DeWolfe Howe,Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes:The Shaping Years,vol.1,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1957—1963,two vols,p.100.
[3296] Menand,Op.cit.,p.61.
[3297] 有关内战的武器和战术介绍,see Brogan,Op.cit.,pp.325ff。
[3298] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.209.See also Albert W.Alschuler,Law Without Values:The Life,Work and Legacy of Justice Holmes,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2000,pp.41ff,‘The battlefield conversion of Oliver Wendell Holmes’.
[3299] 有关达尔文对霍姆斯的影响,see Hofstadter,Op.cit.,p.32。
[3300] 霍姆斯说过著名的话,任何人都应当在他或她四十岁时取得令人瞩目的成就。他自己就做到了:他在三十九岁时制定了普通法。
[3301] Menand,Op.cit.,p.338.
[3302] Howe,Op.cit.,vol.2,p.137.
[3303] Menand,Op.cit.,p.339.
[3304] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.209.
[3305] Menand,Op.cit.,p.339.
[3306] Ibid.,p.340.
[3307] Ibid.,p.341.
[3308] Howe,Op.cit.,vol.2,p.140.
[3309] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.209.
[3310] Menand,Op.cit.,p.342.
[3311] Alschuler,Op.cit.,p.126.
[3312] Menand,Op.cit.,p.344.
[3313] 他说,他对人性怀有悲观主义观点。Op.cit.,pp.65 and 207.
[3314] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,pp.201—210.
[3315] Menand,Op.cit.,p.346.
[3316] Ibid.
[3317] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.209.
[3318] Menand,Op.cit.,p.79.
[3319] Hofstadter,Op.cit.,p.127.Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.199.
[3320] 他的自画像,see Gary Wilson Allen,William James:A Biography,London:Rupert Hart-Davis,1967,p.140。
[3321] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.297.
[3322] 米南德认为这“标明美国科学职业化的开始”,Menand,Op.cit.,p.100.
[3323] Linda Simon,Genuine Reality:A Life of William James,New York:Harcourt Brace,1998,p.90.
[3324] Menand,Op.cit.,p.127.
[3325] Ibid.,p.146.
[3326] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.199.
[3327] Allen,Op.cit.,p.25.
[3328] Menand,Op.cit.,p.154.
[3329] Ibid.
[3330] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.198.
[3331] Menand,Op.cit.,p.180.
[3332] Ibid.,p.186.
[3333] Joseph Brent,C.S.Peirce:A Life,Bloomington,Indiana:Indiana University Press,1993,p.208.
[3334] 关于赫伯特·斯宾塞同实用主义之间的联系,see Hofstadter,Op.cit.,pp.124ff。
[3335] Menand,Op.cit.,p.196.
[3336] Brent,Op.cit.,p.96.
[3337] Menand,Op.cit.,p.197.
[3338] Ibid.,p.199.
[3339] Ibid.,p.200.
[3340] Brent,Op.cit.,p.274.关于皮尔斯和斯宾塞对詹姆斯的影响,see Hofstadter,Op.cit.,pp.128ff。See also Boorstin,The Americans,Op.cit.,p.260.
[3341] Menand,Op.cit.,p.352.
[3342] Ibid.
[3343] 有关皮尔斯对詹姆斯的助益,see Simon,Op.cit.,pp.348ff。
[3344] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.199.
[3345] Menand,Op.cit.,p.355.
[3346] Ibid.
[3347] Ibid.,p.357.
[3348] 有关他的保守,see Allen,Op.cit.,p.321。
[3349] Menand,Op.cit.,pp.357—358.
[3350] Lovejoy,The Great Chain of Being,Op.cit.
[3351] See for example:Ellen Key,The Century of the Child,New York:Putnam,1909.
[3352] Boorstin,Op.cit.,p.201.
[3353] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.223.
[3354] 缺乏体系最后产生了事与愿违的后果,培养出的孩子更加遵循传统,因为他们缺乏偶尔的失败能教给他们的硬知识或独立的判断能力。把孩子们从父母的“专制”下解放出来毫无疑问是一种自由,但是在20世纪,它也会产生自己的一套问题。
[3355] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,pp.198—199.
[3356] Menand,Op.cit.,p.360.
[3357] Ibid.,p.361.See also Hofstadter,Op.cit.,p.136.
[3358] Menand,Op.cit.,p.361.
[3359] Robert B.Westbrook,John Dewey and American Democracy,New York:Cornell University Press,1991,p.349.
[3360] Morison et al.,Op.cit.,pp.199—200.
[3361] Fergal McGrath,The Consecration of Learning,Dublin:Gill&Son,1962,pp.3—4.
[3362] Ibid.,p.11.
[3363] Negley Harte,The University of London:1836—1986,Dublin:Athlone Press,1986,pp.67ff.
[3364] John Newman,The Idea of a University,London:Basil Montague Pickering,1873/New Haven,Connecticut Yale University Press,1996,p.88.
[3365] Ibid.,p.123.
[3366] Ibid.,p.133.
[3367] George M.Marsden,The Soul of the American University,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994,p.80.
[3368] Ibid.,p.91.丹尼尔·布尔斯廷说美国学院的一个特点是,它们更多是一个崇拜的地方,而不是教导的地方—对成长的个人的崇拜,这也是本章的两部分联结之处:实用主义和大学。See Boorstin,The Americans:The Democratic Experience,New York:Vintage,1973,该书还对包括许多设计的新学位在内的美国教育进行了有用的讨论,pp.479—481。
[3369] Marsden,Op.cit.,pp.51—52.
[3370] Brooks Mather Kelley,A History of Yale,New Haven,Connecticut:Yale University Press,1974,pp.162—165.然而,正在耶鲁大学,迟至1886年,学习古代语言占用了学生三分之一的时间。See Caroline Winter,The Culture of Classicism,Baltimore and London:Johns Hopkins University Press,2002,pp.101—102.
[3371] Ibid.,p.88.有关对美国大学发展的统计资料,see Morison et al.,Op.cit.,pp.224—225。
[3372] Marsden,Op.cit.,p.153.
[3373] Abraham Flexner,Universities:American,English,German,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1930,p.124.
[3374] Samuel Eliot Morison(editor),The Development of Harvard University,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1930,pp.11 and 158.
[3375] Thomas P.Hughes,American Genesis,London:Penguin,1990,p.14.
[3376] Ibid.,p.241.
[3377] Ibid.,p.16.Morison et al.,Op.cit.,p.53.
[3378] Hughes,Op.cit.,p.105.
[3379] Gillian Cookson,The Cable:The Wire That Changed the World,Stroud,Gloucestershire:Tempus,2003,p.152.
[3380] A.N.Wilson,God’s Funeral,London:John Murray,1999,p.133.
[3381] Ibid.,p.160.
[3382] Ibid.,p.4.
[3383] Ibid.,p.189.
[3384] Ibid.,p.193.
[3385] 对1905年出版的对自由思想家产生影响的书籍的调查证实了这一点。See Edward Royle,Radicals,Secularists and Republicans,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1980,p.173.
[3386] Wilson,Op.cit.,p.20.
[3387] Ibid.,p.22.
[3388] Ibid.,p.35.
[3389] Owen Chadwick,The Secularisation of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century,Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press/Canto,1975/1985,p.21.
[3390] Ibid.,p.23.
[3391] Ibid.,p.27.
[3392] Alfred Cobban,In Search of Humanity:The Role of the Enlightenment in Modern History,London:Cape,1966,p.236.See also Hawthorn,Enlightenment and Despair,Op.cit.,pp.82—84.
[3393] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.28.
[3394] Ibid.,pp.29—30 and Hawthorn,Op.cit.,p.87.
[3395] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.37.
[3396] Ibid.
[3397] Ibid.,p.38.
[3398] 但是两极化各有利弊。“1889年的教皇比1839年的教皇影响力大得多,因为后来的教皇有出版社,而早些时候的教皇没有。”Ibid.,p.41.
[3399] 大卫·兰德斯说穷人“进入市场的可能性微乎其微”。David Landes,Unbound Prometheus,Op.cit.,p.127.
[3400] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.46.
[3401] Ibid.,p.47.
[3402] 再一次,马克思在有影响力的作品目录上,同吉本名列前茅。(见上面的注释6。)Royle,Op.cit.,p.174.
[3403] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.57.Hawthorn,Op.cit.,p.85讨论了新教和天主教的区别,以及这种区别对马克思主义的意义。
[3404] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.59.
[3405] Ibid.,p.89.
[3406] Hofstadter,Op.cit.,p.24观察到,新教徒更容易成为无神论者。
[3407] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.92.
[3408] Ibid.,p.97.
[3409] Ibid.,p.144.
[3410] Cobban,Op.cit.,p.110.关于卡莱尔,see Boorstin,The Americans,Op.cit.,pp.246—247。
[3411] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.145.
[3412] Ibid.,p.151.
[3413] Royle,Op.cit.,p.220.
[3414] Ibid.,p.17.
[3415] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.155.Boorstin,The Americans,Op.cit.,p.195.
[3416] 有关19世纪对18世纪普遍悲观主义的态度,see Cobban,Op.cit.,p.215。
[3417] Chadwick,Op.cit.,pp.158—159.
[3418] Ibid.,p.159.
[3419] 有关英国世俗化的组织及其在1876年的复苏,see Royle,Op.cit.。有关法国,see Jennifer Michael Hecht,The End of the Soul:Scientific Modernity,Atheism and Anthropology in France,New York:Columbia University Press,2003。
[3420] Ibid.,p.177.
[3421] 接近19世纪末,当明斯特的一位天主教神学教授约瑟夫·鲍茨提出火山是炼狱存在的证明时,他受到严厉的嘲讽,被讽刺为“地狱教授”。Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.179.查德威克说,大多数父母不再相信地狱,但告诉孩子说自己相信,把这作为一种方便的控制手段。
[3422] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.212.
[3423] Ibid.,p.215.
[3424] Ibid.,p.220.同孔德一样,勒南认为实证主义可以成为一种新信仰的基础。Hawthorn.Op.cit.,pp.114—115.
[3425] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.224.
[3426] Lester R.Kurtz,The Politics of Heresy,Berkeley:University of California Press,1986,p.18.
[3427] Hecht,Op.cit.,p.182.See also Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.18.
[3428] Chadwick,Op.cit.,p.123.
[3429] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.25.
[3430] Ibid.,p.27.
[3431] Moynahan,The Faith,Op.cit.,p.655.
[3432] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.30.
[3433] Moynahan,Op.cit.,p.655.
[3434] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.30.
[3435] Ibid.,pp.30—31.
[3436] ‘Liberals and intransigents in France,1848—1878’,Chapter III of Alec R.Vidler,The Modernist Movement and the Roman Church,New York:Garden Press,1976,pp.25ff.
[3437] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.33.
[3438] Ibid.
[3439] Vidler,Op.cit.,pp.42 and 96.
[3440] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.34.
[3441] Ibid.,p.35.
[3442] Ibid.
[3443] 有关那一天的生动记述(包括特殊的天气),see Moynahan,Op.cit.,p.659。
[3444] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.37.
[3445] Ibid.,p.38.
[3446] Vidler,Op.cit.,pp.60—65 and 133f.
[3447] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.41.
[3448] Ibid.,p.42.
[3449] ‘The Biblical Question’,Chapter X,in Vidler,Op.cit.,pp.81ff.Moynahan,Op.cit.,p.661说利奥的“同情”民主和良知自由,只是相较于庇护而言。
[3450] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.44.
[3451] Ibid.,p.45.
[3452] 德国的文化争端使普鲁士的所有主教职位空缺,一百多万天主教徒无法接受圣礼。有关信息see Moynahan,Op.cit.,p.661。
[3453] Kurtz,Op.cit.,p.50.
[3454] Ibid.,p.148.
[3455] Hourani,History of the Arab Peoples,Op.cit.,chapter 18,‘The culture of imperialism and reform’,pp.299ff and Erik J.Zürcher,Turkey:A Modern History,London:I.B.Tauris,1993,pp.52—74.
[3456] Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu,Science,Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire,Op.cit.,especially chapters II,III,IV,V,VII,VIII,IX and X.
[3457] The Times(London),29 April 2004.See also Aziz Al-Azmeh,Islams and Modernities(second edition),London:Verso,1996,especially chapter 4,pp.101—127.
[3458] Hourani,Op.cit.,pp.307 and 346—347.
[3459] The Times,29 April 2004.Al-Azmeh,Op.cit.,pp.107—117.See also Francis Robinson,‘Other-worldly and This-Worldly Islam and the Islamic Revival’,Cantwell Smith memorial Lecture,Royal Asiatic Society,10 April 2003.
[3460] 对马基雅维里的研究在伊斯兰世界变得非常流行,它成为理解专制君主和独裁者的方式。
[3461] The Times,29 April 2004.Al-Azmeh,Op.cit.,pp.41ff.Hourani,Op.cit.,pp.254,302 and 344—345.See also Tariq Ramadan,Western Muslims and the Future of Islam,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003.改革大约由于第一次世界大战的爆发而终止,当时很多人对科学文化和物质主义都失去了信仰。战后伊斯兰世界目睹了两种平行思潮。现代主义在许多领域继续,但是开始于埃及“穆斯林兄弟会”的一种更加好战的思潮开始扎根。整个20世纪20、30和40年代,马克思主义和社会主义成为官方的统治信条,而宗教被贬低,伊斯兰教也没有容身之地。这在1968年的六日战争(第三次中东战争)中达到高潮,穆斯林国家在这场战争中大败。这在伊斯兰世界被视为社会主义的巨大失败,也正是从这时起,宗教极端主义开始填补此时的政治真空。
[3462] Ronald Clark,Freud:The Man and the Cause,New York Random House,1980,pp.20 and 504.
[3463] Everdell,The First Moderns,Op.cit.,p.129.
[3464] Mark D.Altschule,Origins of Concepts in Human Behavior:Social and Cultural Factors,New York and London:John Wiley,1977,p.199.Peter Gay,Schnitzler’s Century:The Making of Middle Class Culture 1815—1914,New York and London:W.W.Norton,2002,pp.132 and 137.
[3465] Guy Claxton,The Wayward Mind:An Intimate History of the Unconscious,London:Little,Brown,2005,passim.
[3466] Henri F.Ellenberger,The Discovery of the Unconscious,London:Allen Lane The Penguin Press,1970,pp.56—70.
[3467] Ibid.,pp.124—125.
[3468] Ibid.,p.142.
[3469] Reuben Fine,A History of Psychoanalysis,New York:Columbia University Press,1979,pp.9—10.
[3470] Ellenberger,Op.cit.,p.145.
[3471] 历史学家彼得·盖伊的著作,尤其是他的四卷本The Bourgeois Experience:Victoria to Freud(Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1984)认为整个19世纪从某种意义上在弗洛伊德身上达到鼎盛。他的作品涉及性、性别、品位、学术、隐私、对自我的变化的看法,内容太过广泛,无法以本书的篇幅进行合理地解读。古斯塔夫·杰里的书From the Unconscious to the Conscious(London:Collins,1920)提出了相反的观点:进化产生了意识。
[3472] Ellenberger,Op.cit.,p.205.
[3473] Ibid.,p.212.
[3474] Ibid.,p.219.
[3475] Ibid.,pp.218—223.
[3476] 一种完全不同的传统(在作者看来离题太远了),see David Bakan,Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition,Princeton,New Jersey:D.Van Nostrand,1958。
[3477] Ellenberger,Op.cit.,p.208.
[3478] Ibid.,p.209.
[3479] Quoted in Bryan Magee,The Philosophy of Schopenhauer,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1983,pp.132—133.
[3480] Ernest Gellner,The Psychoanalytic Movement,London:Paladin,1985,pp.21ff.
[3481] Allen Esterson,Seductive Mirage,Chicago and La Salle,Illinois:Open Court,1993,p.224.
[3482] Ernest Jones,Sigmund Freud:Life and Work,London:Hogarth Press,1953/1980,vol.1,p.410.
[3483] Ellenberger,Op.cit.,p.358.
[3484] Elton Mayo,The Psychology of Pierre Janet,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1951,pp.24ff给出了一份简洁的描述。
[3485] Ellenberger,Op.cit.,p.296.
[3486] Ibid.
[3487] Giovanni Costigan,Sigmund Freud:A Short Biography,London:Robert Hale,1967,p.100.
[3488] Johnston,The Austrian Mind,Op.cit.,p.235.
[3489] Esterson,Op.cit.,pp.2—3.Johnston,Op.cit.,p.236.
[3490] Johnston,Op.cit.,p.236.
[3491] Costigan,Op.cit.,p.42.
[3492] Ibid.,pp.68ff.
[3493] Ibid.,p.70.
[3494] Clark,Op.cit.,p.181.
[3495] Ibid.,p.185.
[3496] Gregory Zilboorg,‘Free association’,International Journal of Psychoanalysis,vol.33,1952,pp.492—494.
[3497] See also Hannah Decker,‘The medical reception of psychoanalysis in Germany,1894—1907:three brief studies’,Bulletin of the History of Medicine,vol.45,1971,pp.461—481.