[3498] Albrecht Hirschmüller,The Life and Work of Josef Breuer,New York and London:New York University Press,1978/1989,p.131.
[3499] Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen(translated by Kirby Olson in collaboration with Xavier Callahan and the author),Remembering Anna O.A Century of Mystification,New York and London:Routledge,1996,pp.29—48.
[3500] Morton Schatzman,‘Freud:who seduced whom?’,New Scientist,21 March 1992,pp.34—37.
[3501] Esterson,Op.cit.,p.52.
[3502] Anthony Clare,‘That shrinking feeling’,The Sunday Times,16 November 1997,pp.8—10.
[3503] T.J.Clark,The Painting of Modern Life,Princeton,New Jersey,and London:Princeton University Press,1984,p.25.
[3504] Ibid.,p.30.
[3505] Ibid.,pp.23ff.
[3506] Perkin,The Rise of Professional Society,Op.cit.,p.80有一张图表。这一论点也适用于德国，see Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H.Jarausch(editors),German Professions:1800—1950,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990。Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane(editors),Modernism:A Guide to European Literature,1890—1930,London:Penguin Books,1976/1991,p.47.
[3507] Ibid.,p.68.
[3508] Ibid.,p.100.
[3509] Johnston,The Austrian Mind,Op.cit.,pp.23 and 32 and Schorske,Fin-de-Siècle Vienna,Op.cit.,p.19.
[3510] Schorske,Op.cit.,p.19.
[3511] Bradbury and McFarlane(editors),Op.cit.,p.37.
[3512] Robert Ferguson,Henrik Ibsen,London:Richard Cohen Books,1996,p.321.
[3513] Everdell,The First Moderns,Op.cit.,p.290.Franz Servaes,‘Jung Berlin,I,II,III’,in Die Zeit(Vienna),21 and 28 November,5 December 1896.
[3514] Bradbury and McFarland(editors),Op.cit.,p.499.
[3515] 建立在易卜生对其同胞的愤怒之上。Ferguson.Op.cit.,pp.269ff.
[3516] John Fletcher and James McFarlane,‘Modernist drama:origins and patterns’,in Bradbury and McFarlane(editors),Op.cit.,p.502.
[3517] Ibid.,p.504.
[3518] Sandbach,Op.cit.,p.viii.
[3519] Ibid.,p.ix.
[3520] Frederich Marker and Lise-Lone Marker,Strindberg and Modernist Theatre,Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,2002,p.31;James McFarlane,‘Intimate theatre:Maeterlinck to Strindberg’,in Bradbury and McFarlane(editors),Op.cit.,pp.524—525.
[3521] Marker and Marker,Op.cit.,pp.23ff.
[3522] Bradbury and McFarlane(editors),Op.cit.,p.525.
[3523] AndréMalraux,Picasso’s Masks,New York:Holt,Rinehart&Winston,1976,pp.10—11.
[3524] Everdell,Op.cit.,p.252;Fletcher and McFarlane,Op.cit.,p.503.
[3525] Burrow,The Crisis of Reason,Op.cit.,p.148.
[3526] Ibid.
[3527] Ibid.,p.148.
[3528] Ibid.,p.149.
[3529] Ibid.
[3530] Ibid.,pp.162—163.
[3531] Roger Smith,The Fontana History of the Human Sciences,Op.cit.,p.851 and ref.
[3532] Ibid.,p.852 and ref.
[3533] Ibid.,p.853.尼采的传记作家柯蒂斯·凯特说，尼采认识到个人对待自己过去的态度本质上是模棱两可的，在这一方面，他是弗洛伊德、阿德勒和荣格的先声。这可能是一种刺激因素，也可能适得其反。过去可以提供灵感，获得意志的力量。Curtis Cate,Friedrich Nietzsche,London:Hutchinson,2002,p.185.
[3534] Burrow,Op.cit.,pp.189—190.
[3535] 有关现代主义是什么以及“可能不是什么”的讨论，see Everdell,Op.cit.,pp.1—12。有关修拉的《拉格兰德加特岛的星期日下午》画作为第一幅现代主义杰作候选，see p.63.Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane,‘The name and nature of modernism’,in Bradbury and McFarlane(editors),Op.cit.,p.28。
[3536] Bradbury and McFarlane(editors),Op.cit.,p.50.
[3537] James McFarlane,‘The Mind of Modernism’,in Bradbury and McFarlane(editors),Op.cit.,p.85.
[3538] 卡文迪许实验室的诺贝尔奖获得者包括：J.J.汤姆孙(1906),欧内斯特·卢瑟福(1908),W.L.布拉格(1915),F.W.阿斯顿(1922),詹姆斯·查德威克(1935),E.V.阿普尔顿(1947),P.M.S.布莱克特(1948),弗朗西斯·克里克和詹姆斯·沃森(1962),安东尼·休伊什和马丁·赖尔(1974),以及彼得·卡皮查(1978).See:Jeffrey Hughes,‘“Brains in their finger-tips”:physics at the Cavendish Laboratory,1880—1940’,see Richard Mason(editor),Cambridge Minds,Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press/Canto,1994,pp.160ff。
[3539] See the photograph on page 243 of J.G.Crowther,The Cavendish Laboratory,1874—1974,London:Macmillan,1974.
[3540] Mason(editor),Op.cit.,p.162.
[3541] Crowther,Op.cit.,p.48.
[3542] Steven Weinberg,The Discovery of Subatomic Particles,New York:W.H.Freeman,1983/1990,p.7.
[3543] Mason(editor),Op.cit.,p.161.
[3544] Paul Strathern,Mendeleyev’s Dream:The Quest for the Elements,London:Hamish Hamilton,2000,pp.3 and 286.See also Richard Rhodes,The Making of the Atomic Bomb,New York:Simon&Schuster,1986,p.30.
[3545] Ibid.,p.31.
[3546]电力之名来自希腊语中“ηλεκτρον”（elektron）一词，意即琥珀。古希腊时期，人们首次发现琥珀被摩擦后能吸引一切与之接近的物件。
[3547] Ibid.,pp.41—42.
[3548] Ibid.,pp.38—40.
[3549] Ibid.,pp.50—51 and 83—85.
[3550]然而，本书作者已在著作《20世纪思想史：惊骇之美》中对其影响作了充分讨论。
[3551] Roy Porter,Flesh in the Age of Reason,London:Allen Lane,The Penguin Press,2003,pp.69ff.
[3552] Ibid.,p.30.Wahrman,The Making of the Modern Self,Op.cit.,pp.182—184.
[3553] Bradbury and McFarlane(editors)Op.cit.,p.86 and Arnold Hauser,A Social History of Art,Op.cit.,vol.IV,p.224.在Augustine’s Invention of the Inner Self(Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,2003)一书中，菲利普·卡里认为，奥古斯丁发明了作为私人内心空间的自我概念，并因此而开启了西方的内心化传统。
[3554] Burrow,Op.cit.,pp.137—138.
[3555] Ibid.,p.153.
[3556] Robinson,‘Symbols at an Exhibition’,Op.cit.,p.12.
[3557] P.B.Medawar,The Hope of Progress,London:Methuen,1972,p.68.
[3558]在某种意义上，在当今世界基因已经延续了灵魂的性质。之所以这样说是因为基因是隐藏着的、不可破坏的物质，不管我们有意识地希望自己成为怎样的人，基因已经在一定程度上决定了我们的本性。基因不是灵魂，但很多人似乎将之视作灵魂。
[3559] John Maddox,What Remains to Be Discovered,London:Macmillan,1998,p.306.
[3560] John Cornwell(editor),Consciousness and Human Identity,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1998,p.vii.See Simon Blackburn,‘The world in your head’,New Scientist,11 September 2004,pp.42—45 and Jeffrey Gray,Consciousness:Creeping Up on the Hard Problem,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004.Benjamin Libet,Mind Time:The Temporal Factor in Consciousness,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2004.
[3561] See for example J.R.Searle,The Mystery of Consciousness,London:Granta,1996,pp.95ff.
[3562] Roger Penrose,Shadows of the Mind:A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1994.
[3563] Ibid.,p.87.
[3564] Cornwell(editor),Op.cit.,pp.11—12.Laura Spinney,‘Why we do what we do’,New Scientist,31 July 2004,pp.32—35;Emily Suiger,‘They know what you want’,Ibid.,p.36.
[3565] Robert Wright,The Moral Animal,New York:Pantheon,1994,p.321.
[3566] Olaf Sporns,‘Biological variability and brain function’,in Cornwell(editor),Op.cit.,pp.38—53.
[3567] John Gray,Straw Dogs,London:Granta,2002,p.151.
