[1] “Islamic State Fighter Estimate Triples—CIA,”BBC News,September 12, 2014 （www.bbc.com/news/world-middleeast-29169914）.
[2] 作者对阿布·杜贾纳所做的访谈，2014年1月。
[3] Aaron Zelin, “The Massacre Strategy: Why ISIS Brags about Its Brutal Sectarian Murders,”Politico, June 17, 2014 （www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-massacrestrategy-107954_full.html#.U6DqY41dUnY）.
[4] Iraq at a Crossroads: Options for U.S. Policy, Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 113th Cong. （2014） [负责伊拉克和伊朗事务的美国副助理国务卿布雷特·麦格克（Brett McGurk）所做的声明]（www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/McGurk%20Testimony%20072414-Final%20Version%20 REVISED.pdf）。
[5] Mitchell Prothero, “How 2 Shadowy ISIS Commanders Designed Their Iraq Campaign,”McClatchy DC, June 30, 2014 （www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/06/30/231952/how-2-shadowy-isiscommanders.html）.
[6] Michael Knights, “ISIL's Political-Military Power in Iraq,” CTC Sentinel, August 27, 2014 （www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/isilspolitical-military-power-in-iraq）.
[7] “Islamic State Turns Radical Islam on Syria Muslims,” Reuters, August 26, 2014 （www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/us-syria-crisis-province-insight-idUSKBN0GQ1G120140826）.
[8] 作者对阿布·乌萨马所做的访谈，2014年5月。
[9] “Saddam's Deputy: Baghdad Will Soon Be Liberated,” AlArabiya, July 13, 2014 （http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/13/Report-Iraq-s-fugitive-Saddam-eradeputy-praises-ISIS.html）.
[10] Shane Harris, “The Re-Baathification of Iraq,”Foreign Policy, August 21, 2014 （www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/08/21/the_re_baathification_of_iraq）.
[11] Stathis Kalyvas, “The Logic of Violence in the Islamic State's War,”Washington Post, July 7, 2014 （http://m.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/07/the-logic-of-violencein-islamic-states-war/）.
[12] Ruth Sherlock, “Inside the Leadership of the Islamic State: How the New Caliphate Is Run,” The Telegraph, July 9, 2014 （www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10956280/Inside-the-leadership-of-Islamic-State-howthe-new-caliphate-is-run.html）; Matthew Barber, “New ISIS Leaks Reveal Particulars of Al-Qaida Strategy,”Syria Comment （blog）, January 12, 2014 （www.joshualandis.com/blog/new-isis-leaks-reveal-particulars-of-al-qaidastrategy/）; “Exclusive: Top ISIS Leaders Revealed,”AlArabiya, February 13, 2014 （http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/2014/02/13/Exclusive-Top-ISIS-leaders-revealed.html）.
[13] Sherlock, “Inside the Leadership.”
[14] 同上。
[15] Hannah Allam, “Records Show How Iraqi Extremists Withstood U.S. Anti-Terror Efforts,”McClatchy DC, June 23, 2014 （www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/06/23/231223_recordsshow-how-iraqi-extremists.html?rh=1）.
[16] 作者对阿布·奥斯曼·布里塔尼所做的访谈。
[17] 同上；Allam, “Records Show How Iraqi Extremists Withstood U.S. Anti-Terror Efforts.”
[18] Barber, “New ISIS Leaks Reveal Particulars.”
[19] Allam, “Records Show How Iraqi Extremists Withstood U.S. Anti-Terror Efforts.”
[20] Nour Malas and Maria Abi-Habib, “Islamic State Fills Coffers from Illicit Economy in Syria, Iraq,”Wall Street Journal, August 27, 2014 （http://online.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-fills-coffers-from-illicit-economy-in-syriairaq-1409175458）.
[21] Keith Johnson, “The Islamic State Is the Newest Petrostate,”Foreign Policy, July 28, 2014 （www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/07/28/baghdadis_hillbillies_isis_iraq_syria_oil_terrorism_islamic_state）.
[22] Martin Chulov, “Islamic State Militants Seize Four More Foreign Hostages in Syria,”The Guardian, August 20, 2014 （www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/20/islamic-state-isisforeign-hostages-syria-aleppo?CMP=twt_gu）.
[23] “France Denies It Paid Ransom for Syria Reporters,” Reuters, April 26, 2014 （www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/26/us-syria-crisis-france-ransom-idUSBREA3P0FE20140426）; Raheem Salman and Yara Bayoumy, “Islamic State's Financial Independence Poses Quandary for Its Foes,” Reuters, September 1 1, 2014 （www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/11/us-iraq-crisis-militants-funding-insightidUSKBN0H60BC20140911?utm_source=twitter）.
[24] Martin Chulov, “How an Arrest in Iraq Revealed Isis' $2bn Jihadist Network,” The Guardian, August 15 2014 （www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/15/iraq-isis-arrest-jihadistswealth-power）.
[25] Mitchell Prothero, “Islamic State Issues Fake Tax Receipts to Keep Trade Flowing,”McClatchy DC, September 3, 2014 （www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/09/03/238508_islamic-stateissues-fake-tax.html?rh=1）.
[26] Josh Rogin, “U.S. Ignored Warnings before ISIS Takeover of a Key City,”Daily Beast, July 10, 2014 （www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/10/u-s-ignored-warnings-before-isistakeover-of-a-key-city.html）.
[27] 作者对“伊斯兰国”指挥官所做的访谈。
[28] 作者对大马士革农村省部门官员代表所做的访谈，2014年6月。
[29] Dan Friedman, “Twitter Stepping Up Suspensions of ISISAffiliated Accounts: Experts,”New York Daily News, August 17, 2014 （www.nydailynews.com/news/world/twitterstepping-suspensions-isis-affiliated-accounts-experts-article-1.1906193）.
[30] Lorenzo Francheschi-Bicchierai, “Russia's Facebook Cracks Down on ISIS Accounts,”Mashable,September 12, 2014 （http://mashable. com/2014/09/12/isis-islamic-statevkontakte-russia/#:eyJzIjoidCIsImkiOiJfcHc2NHByOHE4OHdk NzQybiJ9）.
[31] Nico Prucja and Ali Fisher, “Is This the Most Successful Release of a Jihadist Video Ever?”Jihadica （blog）, May 19, 2014 （www.jihadica.com/is-this-the-most-successfulrelease-of-a-jihadist-video-ever/）.
[32] J. M. Berger, “How ISIS Games Twitter,”The Atlantic, June 16, 2014 （www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/isis-iraq-twitter-social-media-strategy/372856/）.
[33] Cahal Milmo, “ISIS Jihadists Using World Cup and Premier League Hashtags to Promote Propaganda on Twitter,” The Independent, June 22, 2014 （www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-crisis-exclusive-isis-jihadistsusing-world-cup-and-premier-league-hashtags-to-promoteextremist-propaganda-on-twitter-9555167.html）.
[34] Michael W. S. Ryan, “Dabiq: What Islamic State's New Magazine Tells Us about Their Strategic Direction, Recruitment Patterns, and Guerilla Doctrine,”Jamestown Foundation, August 1, 2014 （www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=42702&cHash=0efbd71af77fb92c064b9403 dc8ea838#.U9yARFYpTRp）.
[35] Greg Miller, “Fighters Abandoning al-Qaeda Affiliates to Join Islamic State, U.S. Officials Say,”Washington Post, August 9, 2014 （www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fighters-abandoning-al-qaeda-affiliates-to-join-islamicstate-us-officials-say/2014/08/09/c5321d10-1f08-11e4-ae540cfe1f974f8a_story.html）.
[36] Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Amichai Magen, “The Jihadist Governance Dilemma,”Washington Post, July 18, 2014 （www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/18/thejihadist-governance-dilemma/）.
[37] Goha's Nail [pseud.], “Manbij and the Islamic State's Public Administration,” Jihadology（blog）, August 22, 2014 （http://jihadology.net/2014/08/27/guest-post-manbij-andthe-islamic-states-public-administration/）.
[38] Jenan Moussa, Twitter post, June 12, 2014 （https://twitter.com/jenanmoussa/status/477042935821631490/photo/1）.
[39] 例如，参见“伊斯兰国”2014年2月下旬在拉卡颁布的齐米协定（http://justpaste.it/ejur）。
[40] “Convert, Pay Tax, or Die, Islamic State Warns Christians,” Reuters, July 18, 2014 （www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/isis-islamic-state-issue-ultimatum-to-iraqchristians）.
[41] Cathy Otten, “Last Remaining Christians Flee Iraq's Mosul,”Al Jazeera, July 22, 2014 （www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/last-remaining-christians-flee-iraqmosul-201472118235739663.html）.
[42] “The Revival of Slavery: Before the Hour,”Dabiq, issue 4, October 2014 （https://ia601403.us.archive.org/0/items/Dabiq04En/Dabiq_04_en.pdf）.
[43] “Al-Qaeda in Iraq Alienated by Cucumber Laws and Brutality,”The Telegraph, August 11, 2008 （www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/2538545/Al-Qaeda-inIraq-alienated-by-cucumber-laws-and-brutality.html）.
[44] Hassan Hassan, “Islamic State in Syria, Back with a Vengeance,”Sada, July 14 2014 (http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2014/07/14/islamic-state-in-syria-back-withvengeance/hfto.
[45] Jenna Lefler, “Life under ISIS in Mosul” （Washington: Institute for the Study of War, July 29 2014） （http://iswiraq.blogspot.com/2014/07/life-under-isis-in-mosul.html）.
[46] Aaron Zelin, “The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Has a Consumer Protection Office,”The Atlantic, June 13, 2014 （www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/the-isisguide-to-building-an-islamic-state/372769/）.
[47] “IS Instills Its Own Curriculum in A-Raqqa Schools,”Syria Direct, September 3, 2014 （http://syriadirect.org/main/37videos/1537-is-instills-ts-own-curriculum-in-a-raqqaschools; Sinan Salaheddin and Vivian Salama, “Islamic State Group Issues New Curriculum in Iraq,” Associated Press, September 15, 2014 (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/islamicstate-group-issues-new-curriculum-iraq）.
[48] 作者对阿布·杜贾纳所做的访谈。
