[1] Kristina Wong, “ISIS Now ‘Full-Blown Army,' Officials Warn,”The Hill, July 23, 2014 （http://thehill.com/policy/defense/213117-us-officials-warn-isis-worse-than-al-qaeda）.
[2] “伊斯兰国”首期官方英文杂志《达比格》中的概述。参见“A l-Ha yā t Me dia Cen t er P re sen t s a Ne w I s sue o f t he I s la mi c Sta te' s Ma ga zine: ‘D ā bi q #1,'” Ji ha do lo g y （ b lo g）, Ju l y 5, 2014 （http://jihadology.net/2014/07/05/al-hayat-mediacenter-presents-a-new-issue-of-the-islamic-states-magazinedabiq-1/）。
[3] Ishaan Tharoor, “A U.S.-Designated Terrorist Group Is Saving Yazidis and Battling the Islamic State,” Washington Post, August 11, 2014 （www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/11/a-u-s-designated-terrorist-group-is-savingyazidis-and-battling-the-islamic-state/）.
[4] 例如，“New Combatants Joined the Islamic State” （Coventry, United Kingdom: Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, September 26, 2014） （http://syriahr.com/en/2014/09/newcombatants-joined-the-islamic-state/）。
[5] 作者对阿布·奥马尔所做的访谈，2014年6月。
[6] “Islamic State Claims Lebanon Suicide Bombing,” Associated Press, June 27, 2014 （http://bigstory.ap.org/article/islamicstate-claims-lebanon-suicide-bombing）; “Kahwagi: Army Will Do Utmost to Free Hostages,”Daily Star （Lebanon）, August 12, 2014 （www.dailystar.com.lb/News/LebanonNews/2014/Aug-12/266928-army-removes-militants-bodiesfrom-arsal.ashx-axzz3ABS02nte）; “Captured Soldiers: They Will Kill Us, If Hezbollah Remains in Syria,”Daily Star（Lebanon）, August 23, 2014 （www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Aug-23/268253-capturedsoldiers-they-will-kill-us-if-hezbollah-remains-in-syria.ashx#axzz3BDF3z6Ht）.
[7] William Booth and Taylor Luck, “Jordan Fears Homegrown ISIS More than Invasion from Iraq,”Washington Post, June 27, 2014 （www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/jordan-fears-homegrown-isis-more-than-invasion-fromiraq/2014/06/27/1534a4ee-f48a-492a-99b3-b6cd3ffe9e41_story.html）.
[8] 参见2014年9月26日发布的一张照片，Charles Lister, Twitter post, September 27, 2014 （https://twitter.com/Charles_Lister/status/515813725706518528/photo/1）。
[9] Abigail Hauslohner, “Jihadist Expansion in Iraq Puts Persian Gulf States in a Tight Spot,”Washington Post, June 13, 2014 （www.washingtonpost.com/world/jihadist-expansion-in-iraqputs-persian-gulf-states-in-a-tight-spot/2014/06/13/e52e90acf317-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html）.
[10] Fakhri al-Arashi, “Senior Al-Qaeda Leader Calls for Followers to Support ISIS,”National Yemen, July 5, 2014 （http://nationalyemen.com/2014/07/05/senior-al-qaedaleader-calls-for-followers-to-support-isis/）.
[11] Ceylan Yeginsu, “ISIS Draws a Steady Stream of Recruits from Turkey,”New York Times, September 15, 2014 （www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/world/europe/turkey-is-a-steadysource-of-isis-recruits.html）.
[12] “I Did a Good Deed by Killing a Turkish Gendarme, Nigde Assailant Says,”Hurriyet Daily News, March 25, 2014 （www.hurriyetdailynews.com/i-did-a-good-deed-by-killing-aturkish-gendarme-nigde-assailant-says.aspx?pageID=238&nID=64060&NewsCatID=341）.
[13] 作者对奥马尔·法鲁克·坎特纳所做的访谈，2014年7月。
[14] Aya Elbrqawi, “ISIS Menace al-Qaeda in Derna,”Magharebia, June 13, 2014 （http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2014/06/13/feature-01）; J. M. Berger, “The Islamic State vs. al-Qaeda,” Foreign Policy, September 2, 2014 （www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/09/02/islamic_state_vs_al_qaeda_next_jihadi_super_power）.
[15] “AQIM Defectors Pledge Loyalty to ISIS,” Reuters, September 15, 2014 （www.dailystar.com.lb/News/MiddleEast/2014/Sep-15/270689-aqim-defectors-pledge-loyaltyto-isis.ashx#axzz3FRinsX2w）; Jonathan Spyer, “Behind the Lines: Under Gaza's Shadow, Islamic State Advances,” Jerusalem Post, August 3, 2014 （www.jpost.com/Features/Front-Lines/Behind-the-lines-Under-Gazas-shadow-IslamicState-advances-369670）; Patrick Kingsley, “Sinai Jihadist Group Says It Has Beheaded Four Men,”The Guardian, August 28, 2014 （www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/28/sinai-jihaidst-beheads-ansar-beit-al-maqdis）.
[16] Hamza Idris and Ronald Mutum, “Shekau Proclaims Islamic Caliphate,” Daily Trust, August 25, 2014 （www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/top-stories/32604-shekau-proclaims-islamiccaliphate）.
[17] Ihsanullah Tipu Mehsud and Declan Walsh, “Hardline Splinter Group, Galvanized by ISIS, Emerges from Pakistani Taliban,”New York Times, August 26, 2014 （www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/world/asia/hard-line-splinter-groupgalvanized-by-isis-emerges-from-pakistani-taliban.html）.
[18] “BIFF, Abu Sayyaf Pledge Allegiance to Islamic State Jihadists,” GMA Network, August 16, 2014 （www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abusayyaf-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state-jihadists）.
[19] “Jailed Indonesian Terrorist Abu Bakar Bashir Has Been Funding ISIS: Anti-Terrorism Chief,” Straits Times, July 15, 2014 （www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south-east-asia/story/jailed-indonesian-terorrist-abu-bakar-bashir-has-beenfunding-isis-a）.
[20] 作者所做的访谈和社交媒体追踪；作者对华盛顿近东政策研究所理查德·博罗（Richard Borow）研究员阿龙·泽林所做的访谈，2014年8月；Aaron Zelin, “Up to 11,000 Foreign Fighters in Syria; Steep Rise among Western Europeans,” ICSR Insight, December 2013 （http://icsr.info/2013/12/icsrinsight-11000-foreign-fighters-syria-steep-rise-amongwestern-europeans/）; Brian Bennett and Richard A. Serrano, “More Western Fighters Joining Militants in Iraq and Syria,”Los Angeles Times, July 19, 2014 （www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-foreign-fighters-20140720-story.html#page=1）。
[21] 根据以前的记录估计，在12年时间里共有5000~20000名外国战斗人员加入阿富汗圣战运动。Thomas Hegghammer, “The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad,”International Security35 （Winter 2010–11）: 53–94.
[22] Chams Eddine Zaougui and Pieter Van Ostaeyen, “Overblown Fears of Foreign Fighters,” New York Times, July 29, 2014 （www.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/opinion/dont-fear-jihadistsreturning-from-syria.html?_r=0）.
[23] 作者对阿布·杜贾纳所做的访谈。
[24] Thomas Hegghammer, “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Jihadists' Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting,”American Political Science Review107 （February 2013）: 1–15.
[25] Adam Taylor, “Could Syria's Islamist Fighters Hit Europe?”Washington Post, July 24, 2014 （www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/07/24/could-syrias-islamistfighters-hit-europe/）.
[26] 迈赫迪·内穆什（Mehdi Nemmouche），被控于2014年5月24日在布鲁塞尔的比利时犹太人博物馆（Jewish Museum of Belgium）杀害4人，疑在叙利亚战斗逾12个月，且疑为“伊斯兰国”成员之一。塔梅尔兰·察尔纳耶夫（Tamerlan Tsarnaev）,2013年4月15日波士顿马拉松爆炸案的涉案两兄弟之一，曾于2012年居住在俄罗斯北高加索的达吉斯坦共和国，联邦调查局声称他曾住在马哈奇卡拉一座信奉“激进伊斯兰教”的清真寺。迈克尔·阿德波拉杰（Michael Adebolajo）,2013年5月22日在英国伦敦杀害士兵的两名涉案嫌犯之一，曾因涉嫌于2010年参加肯尼亚极端组织“圣战者青年运动”（Harakat Al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen，简称“青年党”）的军事训练被捕。
[27] Umberto Bacchi, “France: ISIS Jihadi Mehdi Nemmouche to Be Extradited over Brussels Jewish Museum Attack,”International Business Times, June 26, 2014 （www.ibtimes.co.uk/france-isis-jihadist-mehdi-nemmouche-be-extraditedover-brussels-jewish-museum-attack-1454356）; Paul Cruickshank, “Raid on ISIS Suspect in the French Riviera,” CNN, August 28, 2014 （http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/28/world/europe/france-suspected-isis-link/）.
[28] Michael Holden, “Top UK Anti-Terrorism Official Says Syria-Related Arrests Soar,” Reuters, August 26 2014 （http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/uk-iraq-security-foleybritain-idUKKBN0GQ1IP 20140826）; “UK Terror Threat Raised to ‘Severe,'” BBC News, August 29, 2014 （www.bbc.com/news/uk-28986271）.
[29] Aaron Zelin, “Syria: The Epicenter of Future Jihad,”Policywatch2278 （Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 30, 2014） （www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/26142）.
[30] Yara Bayoumy, “Islamic State Urges Attacks on U.S., French Citizens, Taunts Obama,” Reuters, September 22, 2014 （www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/22/us-iraq-crisis-adnaniidUSKCN0HH1MB20140922）.
[31] Steve Grudgings and Trinna Long, “Malaysian Militants Bought Bomb Material for Planned Attack—Official,” Reuters, August 21, 2014 （www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/21/usmalaysia-islamicstate-idUSKBN0GL0BQ20140821）.
[32] Chip Le Grand, “Teen Terrorist Abdul Numan Haider May Not Have Acted Alone: Police,”The Australian, September 25, 2014 （www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/teenterrorist-abdul-numan-haider-may-not-have-acted-alonepolice/story-fnpdbcmu-1227070024066）; Shane Green, “The Young Faces of Terror,” Sydney Morning Herald, September 27, 2014 （www.smh.com.au/national/the-young-faces-ofterror-20140926-10mf9v.html）.
[33] 作者所做的访谈，2014年7月。
[34] 作者对一名大马士革“沙姆战士伊斯兰联盟”（al-Ittihad al-Islami Ajnad al-Sham）成员所做的访谈，2014年6月。
[35] Mitchell Prothero, “Expansion of ‘Secret' Facility in Iraq Suggests Closer US-Kurd Ties,” McClatchy DC, July 11, 2014 （www.miamiherald.com/2014/07/11/4231510/expansion-ofsecret-facility-in.html）.
[36] 作者对沙伊塔特领导人所做的访谈，2014年8月。
图书在版编目（CIP）数据
“伊斯兰国”简论 /（英）利斯特著；姜奕晖译.— 北京：中信出版社，2016.1
书名原文：The Islamic State: A Brief Introduction
ISBN 978–7–5086–5718–9
I. ①伊… II. ①利… ②姜… III. ①恐怖集团－概况－西亚IV. ①D737
中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2015）第294592号
The Islamic State: A Brief Introduction © 2015
The Brookings Institution
Simplified Chinese translation copyright © 2015 by CITIC Press Corporation
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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“伊斯兰国”简论
著者：[ 英] 查尔斯· 利斯特
译者：姜奕晖
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