1 The Complete Poetical Works of James Thomson, ed. J Logie Robertson (Oxford, 1908), p. 420. 不列塔尼亚的人物形象可以追溯到英国大部分地区都还是一个罗马行省的时候。她大概在1665年第一次出现在英格兰的硬币上，尽管要到1797年赢得一系列对法海战的胜利之后，她才获得了她那为人们熟悉的三叉戟。1821年，不列塔尼亚成了一个更军事化的形象，身披盔甲出现在英国的硬币上：参见C. Wilson Peck, English Copper, Tin and Bronze Coins in the British Museum 1558—1958 (2nd edn, 1964), pp. 110, 288, 295。对于她如何在18世纪的出版物中被用来代表作为一个整体的大不列颠，参见Herbert M. Atherton, Political Prints in the Age of Hogarth (Oxford, 1974), pp. 89—97。
2 关于联合的形成，见Bruce Galloway, The Union of England and Scotland, 1603—1608 (Edinburgh, 1986); T. I. Rae (ed. ), The Union of 1707: Its Impact on Scotland (1974); P. W. J. Riley, The Union of England and Scotland: A Study in Anglo-Scottish Politics in the 18th Century (Manchester, 1978); Denys Hays, “The Use of the Term ‘Great Britain’in the Middle Ages”, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 89 (1955—1956)。
3 Rosaland Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage: Scotland 1603—1745 (1983), pp. 1—129; T. M. Devine, “The Union of 1707 and Scottish Development”, Scottish Economic and Social History 5 (1985), p. 26.
4 Brian P. Levack, The Formation of the British State: England, Scotland, and the Union 1603—1707 (Oxford, 1987); Alexander Murdoch, The People Above: Politics and Administration in Mid-18th Century Scotland (Edinburgh, 1980).
5 关于这一记录特别狂躁的抱怨，见John Free, Seasonable Reflections upon the Importance of the Name of England (1755)。
6 Timothy J. McCann (ed. ), The Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle 1724—1750, Sussex Record Society, 73 (Trowbridge, 1984), pp. 204 and 236.
7 Kenneth O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880—1980 (Oxford, 1981), p. 20.
8 W. T. R. Pryce, “Wales as a Culture Region: Patterns of Change 1750—1971”, Transactions of the Honourable Sociery of Cymmrodorion (1978).
9 John Evans, The Christian Soldier: A Sermon Preached before the Most Honourable and Loyal Society of Ancient Britons (1751), p. 25.
10 见 Richard Rose, Understanding the United Kingdom: The Territorial Dimension in Government (1982), pp. 15 et seq。如 Rose 所提醒，意味着存在一个作为整体的凯尔特认同是Michael Hechter除此之外将十分吸引人的著作Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536—1966 (Berkeley, Ca., 1975)所存在的问题之一。
11 The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism (2nd edn, 1981), p. 147. 关于大不列颠不同地区的地域文化，见Hugh Kearney, The British Isles: A History of Four Nations (Cambridge, 1989)。
12 例如，见萨瑟兰女伯爵管家Patrick Sellar的观点, T. C. Smout and Sydney Wood, Scottish Voices, 1745—1960 (1990), pp. 292—293。沃尔特·司各特爵士决定把乔治四世1822年对苏格兰著名的访问，变成一场称颂高地人所有事物的庆典，这深深惹恼了许多苏格兰低地人。伊丽莎白·格兰特在当时写道：“场景设计者们犯了一个大错，一个惹恼了所有苏格兰南方人的错；国王在接见时穿着高地人的服装。我猜他认为这个国家全是高地，看不到富饶的平原，搞不清撒克逊人和凯尔特人之间的区别”，Memoirs of a Highland Lady (2 vols, Edinburgh, 1988), Ⅱ, pp. 165—166。
13 Philip Jenkins, The Making of a Ruling Class: The Glamorgan Gentry 1640—1790 (Cambridge, 1983), p. 11.
14 引自Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1991 edn), p. x。
15 见R. A. Houston, Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity (Cambridge, 1985)。
16 D. J. Withrington and I. R. Grant (eds), The Statistical Account of Scotland 1791—1799 (20 vols, Ilkley, 1975—1983), Ⅲ, p. 491.
17 G. L. Gomme (ed. ), The Gentleman’s Magazine Library (30 vols, 1883—1905)Ⅰ, p. 20.
18 John Clare’s Autobiographical Writings, ed. Eric Robinson (Oxford, 1983), p. 58.
19 Peter Sahlins, “National Frontiers Revisited: France’s Boundaries since the Seventeenth Century”, American Historical Review 95 (1990), p. 1435.
20 引自Peter Furtado, “National Pride in Seventeenth-Century England”, in Raphael Samuel (ed. ), Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity (3 vols, 1989), Ⅰ, p. 50。
21 见John Bossy, The English Catholic Community, 1570—1850 (1975), 这是一部出色的考察，但却没有处理好反天主教的规模。关于威尔士的反天主教情况，见Geraint H. Jenkins, Literature, Religion and Society in Wales, 1660—1730 (Cardiff, 1978)。然而，还几乎没有作品研究过苏格兰所存在的相似偏见，但可见Robert Kent Donovan, No Popery and Radicalism: Opposition to Roman Catholic Relief in Scotland, 1778—1782 (New York, 1987)。
22 Geoffrey Holmes, The Trial of Doctor Sacheverell (1973), p. 35.
23 见David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (1989)。尽管使用了这个标题，这本书提到了威尔士。另见James Caudle, “Measures of Allegiance: Sermon Culture and the Creation of a Public Discourse of Obedience and Resistance in Georgian Britain, 1714—1760”, Yale University Ph. D. dissertation, 1995。
24 William Keeling. Liturgiae Britannicae (Cambridge, 1851), p. 398.
25 引自in E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, 1990), p. 12。
26 本段与下一段基于Bernard Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press: English Almanacs 1500—1800 (1979)。
27 Ibid., p. 245.
28 Literature, Religion and Society in Wales, p. 47.
29 关于这一点，见Colin Haydon, “Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth Century England c. 1714—c. 1780”, Oxford University D. Phil. dissertation, 1985。
30 例如，见Defoe对于1720年代弗林特郡霍利韦尔新教徒与天主教徒融洽关系的评论, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, ed. P. N. Furbank, W. K. Owens and A. J. Coulson (New Haven and London, 1991), p. 199。
31 关于这类战时迫害运动的图例说明，见Haydon, “Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth Century England”, p. 199。
32 Ibid., p. 55.
33 “Religion and National Identity in Nineteenth-Century Wales and Scotland”, in Stuart Mews (ed. ), Religion and National Identity (Oxford, 1992), p. 502.
34 William J. Callahan and David Higgs (eds), Church and Society in Catholic Europe of the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1979).
35 引自Jeremy Black, “The Challenge of Autocracy: The British Press in the 1730s”, Studi Settecenteschi (1982—1983), p. 113。
36 Samuel Chandler, Plain Reasons for Being a Protestant (1735), pp. 63—64. 关于詹姆斯党威胁最透彻的分析，见Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689—1746 (1980)。
37 见Kenneth Bourne, The Foreign Policy of Victorian England (1970)。
38 Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History 1740—1830 (1987).
39 关于这一点，见Katharine R. Firth, The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain 1530—1645 (Oxford , 1979) ，该书应与William Haller这部早期出版但仍有价值的The Elect Nation: The Meaning and Relevance of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (New York, 1963)一同阅读。
40 The Book of Martyrs: Containing an Account of the Sufferings and Death of the Protestants in the Reign of Queen Mary the First (1732), preface.
41 Ibid., pp. 723—724.
42 The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come, ed. J. B. Wharey and R. Sharrock (Oxford, 1960), p. 65.
43 Christopher Hill, A Turbulent, Seditious, and Factious People: John Bunyan and his Church (Oxford, 1988); E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1965), pp. 26—54.
44 见Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975), pp. 137—144。在第一次世界大战期间，还有新教徒认同对于英国身份的更尖锐的表达。一些来自阿尔斯特（原为爱尔兰的一个地区，现在被北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国所分割）的团，据说高喊着“教皇去死”的口号，参与到对德作战当中。
45 关于敦刻尔克及关于它的传奇，见Nicholas Harman, Dunkirk, the Patriotic Myth (New York, 1980); Russell Plummer, The Ships that Saved an Army: A Comprehensive Record of the 1300‘Little Ships’of Dunkirk (Welling-borough, 1990)。
46 关于瑞典与荷兰的新教民族主义，见Michael Roberts, “The Swedish Church”, Sweden’s Age of Greatness (1973); Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (Berkeley, Ca., 1988), pp. 1—125。关于非常相似的跨大西洋的宗教与身份趋同，见Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven and London, 1977)。
47 Blake: The Complete Poems, ed. W. H. Stevenson (2nd edn, 1989), pp. 491—492. Firth, Apocalyptic Tradition, pp. 109 et seq.
48 引自 William Donaldson, The Jacobite Song: Political Myth and National Identity (Abe-rdeen, 1988), p. 45（重点标志由我添加）; Bonamy Dobree, “The Theme of Patriotism in the Poetry of the Early Eighteenth Century”, Proceedings of the British Academy ⅩⅩⅩⅤ (1949), p. 52。
49 Adam Ferguson, A Sermon Preached in the Erse Language to His Majesty’s First Highland Regiment of Foot (1746); Alexander Webster, The Substance of Two Sermons (1746),这条参考书目信息要感谢James Caudle的勤勉研究。
50 Haydon, “Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth Century England”, p. 199.
51 接下来的段落要感谢耶鲁大学Robert Forbes 的研究。
52 Christopher Hogwood, Handel (1984), p. 251 and passim.
53 Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, p. 157.
54 关于这一解释，来自两种不同政治视角，见Edward Thompson’s Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (1975) and J. C. D. Clack, English Society 1688—1832 (1985), pp. 42—118。
55 Ronald Paulson, Hogarth: His Life, Art and Times (2 vols, New Haven and London, 1971), Ⅱ, pp. 75—78.
56 引自Black, “Challenge of Autocracy”, p. 107。
57 Ralph A. Griffiths在This Royal Throne of Kings, This Sceptr’d Isle: The English Realm and Nation in the Later Middle Ages (Swansea, 1983) 中察觉到了百年战争期间同样的英格兰偏见。
58 引自Jeremy Black, The British and the Grand Tour (1985), p. 174; 关于布里斯托的标语Linda Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714—1760 (Cambridge, 1982), p. 155。
59 引自Black, British and the Grand Tour , pp. 193—194。
60 E. g., Clark, English Society , passim. 至于用“旧制度”这个词来描述1789年以前的欧洲大陆，则犯了年代错误，因为托克维尔和其他人只在反思过往的时候，才在这种意义上使用这个词。西蒙·夏玛评论道，因为它承载了“语义上大量过时的东西”，因此越来越被研究法国大革命之前历史的史学家弃用，不清楚英国史学家为何要重拾这一术语。
61 Fernand Braudel, The Identity of France. Ⅱ: People and Production (New York, 1990), pp. 371—384. 关于英国的观点，见K. E. Wrightson, “Kindred Adjoining Kingdoms: An English Perspective on the Social and Economic History of Early Modern Scotland”, in R. A. Houston and I. D. Whyte (eds), Scottish Society 1500—1800 (Cambridge, 1989), p. 255。 But cf. Roger Wells, Wretched Faces: Famine in Wartime England 1793—1801 (Gloucester, 1988).
62 此处要感谢E. A. Wrigley, “Society and the Economy in the Eighteenth Century”这篇未发表的文章。
63 见Eric Pawson, Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth-Century Britain (1977), pp. 134—69。
64 T. Hunter (ed. ), Extracts from the Records of the Convention of the Royal Burghs of Scotland 1738—1759 (Edinburgh, 1915), p, 256; Bibliography Lindesiana: Catalogue of English Broadsides 1505—1897 (Aberdeen, 1898), p. 302.
65 Jan de Vries , European Urbanization, 1500—1800 (1984).
66 P. J. Corfield, The Impact of English Towns 1700—1800 (Oxford, 1982); Peter Clark (ed.), The Transformation of English Provincial Towns (1984); Ian H. Adam, The Making of Urban Scotland (1978).
67 Wrigley, “Society and the Economy”; R. Houston, “Geographical Mobility in Scotland, 1652—1811: The Evidence of Testimonials”, Journal of Historical Geography Ⅱ (1985).
68 John Chamberlayne, Magnae Britanniae Notitia: or, the Present State of Great Britain (1716), p. 362.
69 关于这一信息感谢编写“18世纪短书名目录”的A. D. Sterenberg。
70 G. A. Cranfield, The Development of the Provincial Newspaper (Oxford, 1962); M. E. Craig, The Scottish Periodical Press, 1750—1789 (Edinburgh, 1931). 为了宣扬苏格兰启蒙运动大师们流传远远没那么广的作品，需要更多作品来研究苏格兰的报纸、期刊和宗教出版物，这些一直被忽视。
71 E. g., Scots Magazine I (1739), pp. 76—78, 486, 603.
72 Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy, p. 325n80.
73 Literature, Religion and Society in Wales, p. 54.
74 Scotland’s Opposition to the Popish Bill: A Collection of All the Declarations and Resolutions (Edinburgh, 1780), p. 191; John and Dorothea Teague, Where Duty Calls Me: The Experiences of William Green of Lutterworth in the Napoleonic Wars (West Wick-ham, 1975), p. 47.
75 引自The Collected Essays of Asa Briggs. Ⅱ: Images, Problems, Standpoints, Forecasts (Brighton, 1985), p. v。
76 Percy A. Scholes, God Save the Queen! The History and Romance of the World’s First National Anthem (1954).
77 见下文, p. 213。
78 Paulson, Hogarth, Ⅱ, p. 90.
79 E. N. Williams, The Eighteenth-Century Constitution (Cambridge, 1960), p. 56.
80 Graham C. Gibbs, “English Attitudes towards Hanover and the Hanoverian Succession in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century”, in Adolf M. Birke and Kurt Kluxen (eds), England und Hannover (Munich, 1986), p. 37; 另见Ragnhild Hatton, George I Elector and King (1978)。
81 他继续补充说：“我们也可以说一艘船是为了某位特定的领航员建造、装载和行驶，而无需认为领航员是为了船、其装卸的货物和全体船员（在政治航船上，他们总是主人）而生；就像说王国是为国王而创制，而不是国王为王国而生”，The Works of Lord Bolingbroke (4 vols, Philadelphia, 1841), Ⅱ, p. 380。
82 Richard Willis, The Way to Stable and Quiet Times: A Sermon Preached before the King (1715), p. 25.
83 关于这一点，见Donaldson, The Jacobite Song, and Paul Kleber Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, 1688—1788 (Cambridge, 1989)。
84 感谢Lois G. Schwoerer教授未发表的文章。
85 L. G. Wickham Legg, English Coronation Records (1901), p. xxx.
86 感谢James Caudle的研究。
87 John James Caesar, A Thanksgiving Sermon Preached the First Sunday after the Landing of his Majesty (1714), p. 6.
88 关于英格兰和威尔士，经典的叙述是W. A. Speck’s Tory and Whig: The Struggle in the Constituencies, 1701—1715 (1970)。18世纪苏格兰的选举体制更为狭小，并且仍旧困扰着历史学家。
89 见拙著Namier (1989), p. 86。
90 Ibid., p. 87.
91 A. R. Myers, Parliaments and Estates in Europe to 1789 (1975), passim.
92 W. Charles Townsend, Memoirs of the House of Commons, from the Convention Parliament of 1688—1689 to 1832 (2 vols, 1844),Ⅱ, p. 87; T. I. Jeffreys Jones, Acts of Parliament concerning Wales 1714—1901 (Cardiff, 1959).
93 The Pubilc General Statutes Affecting Scotland 1707—1847 (3 vols, Edinburgh, 1987).
94 Frank O’Gorman, Voters, Patrons and Parties: The Unreformed Electorate of Hanoverian England, 1734—1832 (Oxford, 1989), p. 182.
95 Ibid., passim.
96 Jacob M. Price, ‘The Excise Affair Revisited’in Stephen Baxter (ed. ), England’s Rise to Greatness 1660—1773 (1983), p. 293.
97 David Neave, “Anti-Militia Riots in Lincolnshire, 1757 and 1796”, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology Ⅱ(1976), p. 26(my emphasis).
98 John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688—1783 (1989), pp. 7—14.
