T.Adeleke，‘Martin R.Delany’s Philosophy of Education：A Neglected Aspect of African American Liberation Thought’，The Journal of Negro Education，63（2），1994.
T.Adeleke，‘Race and Ethnicity in Martin R.Delany’s Struggle’，Journal of Thought，29（1），1994.
T.Adeleke，‘“Much learning makes men mad”：Classical Education and Black Empowerment in Martin R.Delany’s Philosophy of Education’，Journal of Thought，49（1-2），2015.
K.Allerfeldt，‘Murderous Mumbo-Jumbo：The Significance of Fraternity to Three Criminal Organizations in Late Nineteenth-Century America’，Journal of American Studies，50（4），2016.
T.Anbinder，Nativism and Slavery：The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850’s，New York，1992.
N.L.Bailey，et al.（eds），Biographical Directory of the South Carolina Senate，1776-1985，Columbia，SC，1986，vol.I. Entry on Gleaves.
R.Blackett，‘In Search of International Support for African Colonization：Martin R.Delany’s Visit to England，1860’，Canadian Journal of History/Annales Canadiennes d’Histoire，10（3），1975.
W.L.Brown，A Life of Albert Pike，Fayetteville，AR，1997.
The Builder，December 1922，reproduced at http：//www.masonicdictionary.com/mackey.html，consulted 29 April 2018. On Mackey：‘he made enemies’，‘he did not forgive’.
M.C.Carnes，Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America，New Haven，CT，1989.
G.M.Cazzaniga，‘Nascita del Grande Oriente d’Italia’，in G.M.Cazzaniga（ed.），Storia d’Italia. Annali，21.La Massoneria，Turin，2006.
M.R.Delany，The Condition，Elevation，Emigration，and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States（1852），New York，1968.
M.R.Delany，The Origin and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry：Its Introduction into the United States，and Legitimacy among Colored Men：A Treatise Delivered Before St.Cyprian Lodge No.13 June 24th AD 1853-AL 5853，in R.S.Levine，Martin R.Delany：A Documentary Reader，Chapel Hill，NC，2003.‘Africans were the authors of this mysterious’，p.55.‘Learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians’，p.53.‘All men，of every country，clime，color and condition’，p.57.‘Will it be denied that the man who appeared before Pharaoh’，p.64.
M.R.Delany，Blake；or，The Huts of America（ed.J.McGann），Cambridge，MA，2017（1861-2）.
P.L.Dunbar，‘Hidden in Plain Sight：African American Secret Societies and Black Freemasonry’，Journal of African American Studies，16（4），2012.
R.L.Duncan，Reluctant General：The Life and Times of Albert Pike，New York，1961.
L.F.Emilio，A Brave Black Regiment：The History of the 54th Massachusetts，1863-1865，Boston，MA，1894. For an account of the Lodge meeting after the attack on Fort Wagner，pp.129，313.‘The first colored regiment organized in the North’，quoted p.ⅹⅰ.‘Fort Wagner became a mound of fire’，p.80.‘You must remember you have not proved yourselves soldiers’，quoted p.130. Description of Montgomery，p.40.
M.W.Fitzgerald，Splendid Failure：Postwar Reconstruction in the American South，Chicago，2007.
E.Foner，Reconstruction：America’s Unfinished Revolution，1863-1877，New York，1988.‘A mass of black barbarism’，from J.S.Pike，The Prostrate State，quoted p.525.
E.Foner，‘South Carolina’s black elected officials during Reconstruction’，in J.L.Underwood and W.L.Burke Jr（eds），At Freedom’s Door：African American Founding Fathers and Lawyers in Reconstruction South Carolina，Columbia，SC，2000.
W.L.Fox，Lodge of the Double-Headed Eagle：Two Centuries of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in America’s Southern Jurisdiction，Fayetteville，AR，1997. On Northern and Southern Jurisdictions of the Scottish Rite，pp.30-1. On the Masonic affiliation of officers at Fort Sumter，p.70.‘We mean that the white race，and that race alone，shall govern’，quoted p.439. On Pike and KKK，pp.81-3. Pike’s move to Washington DC，pp.99-103.
R.Freke Gould，A Concise History of Freemasonry，London，1904. For Port-au-Prince，p.507，and for the spread of the Scottish Rite around the world，passim.
P.Gilroy，The Black Atlantic：Modernity and Double Consciousness，Cambridge，MA，1993.
C.E.Griffith，The African Dream：Martin R.Delany and the Emergence of Pan-African Thought，University Park，PA，1975.
R.B.Harris，Eleven Gentlemen of Charleston：Founders of the Supreme Council，
Mother Council of the World，Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Freemasonry，Washington DC，1959.
W.C.Hine，‘Black Politicians in Reconstruction Charleston，South Carolina：A Collective Study’，Journal of Southern History，49（4），1983.
T.Holt，Black over White：Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction，Urbana，IL，1977. On Mackey’s job as Collector of the Port，pp.117-18.
W.L.Jenkins，Seizing the New Day：African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston，Bloomington，IN，1998. On Delany’s role in establishing calm after Lincoln’s assassination，p.40.
R.M.Kahn，‘The Political Ideology of Martin Delany’，Journal of Black Studies，14（4），1984.
S.Kantrowitz，‘“Intended for the better government of man”：The Political History of African American Freemasonry in the Era of Emancipation’，The Journal of American History，96（4），2010.
S.Kantrowitz，More than Freedom：Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic，1829-1889，New York，2012. On Gleaves and the National Grand Lodge，pp.376-82.
S.Kantrowitz，‘Brotherhood denied：black freemasonry and the limits of reconstruction’，in P.Hinks and S.Kantrowitz（eds），All Men Free and Brethren：Essays on the History of Africa American Freemasonry，Ithaca，NY，2013. On accusations against Gleaves，pp.1019-20.
S.Kaplan and E.Nogrady Kaplan，The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution，revised edn，Amherst，MA，1989. For a biography of Prince Hall，pp.202-14.‘In the Bowels of a free & Christian country’，quoted p.202.‘They are ashamed of being on equality with blacks’，quoted p.212.‘Enjoins upon us to be peaceable subjects’，quoted p.205.
A.M.Kass，‘Dr Thomas Hodgkin，Dr Martin Delany，and the “return to Africa”’，Medical History，27，1983.
E.J.Kytle，‘African dreams，American realities：Martin Robison Delany and the emigration question’，in Romantic Reformers and the Antislavery Struggle in the Civil War Era，New York，2014.
P.D.Lack，‘An Urban Slave Community：Little Rock，1831-1862’，The Arkansas Historical Quarterly，41（3），1982.
R.S.Levine，Martin Delany，Frederick Douglass，and the Politics of Representative Identity，Chapel Hill，NC，1997.
R.S.Levine，Martin R.Delany：A Documentary Reader，Chapel Hill，NC，2003.‘Near-mystical sense of his potential as a black leader’，p.9.
D.Ligou，Histoire des francs-maçons en France，vol.1，1725-1815，Toulouse，2000. On de Grasse-Tilly，pp.230-2.
A.Mackey，The Principles of Masonic Law：A Treatise on the Constitutional Laws，Usages and Landmarks of Freemasonry，New York，1856.‘The slave，or even the man born in servitude’，ch.I：‘Of the Qualifications of Candidates’.
A.Mackey，The Voice of Masonry，Debate on‘The Color Question’，moderated by Mackey，January-June 1876.‘Masonry recognizes no distinction’，‘Here then，I rest my case，and bid adieu’，June 1876，pp.424-5.
A.Mackey，An Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and Its Kindred Sciences：Comprising
the Whole Range of Arts，Sciences and Literature as Connected with the Institution，new and revised edn，Philadelphia，PA，1884.
The News and Herald，Winnsboro，SC，‘In the toils’，11 June 1877. Among many newspapers that cover the Gleaves trial.
[A.Pike]，Thoughts on Certain Political Questions by A Looker On，Washington，DC，1859.‘The negro in his best condition’，pp.31-2.
A.Pike，‘The Ku-Klux Klan’，Memphis Daily Appeal，16 April 1868.
A.Pike，Morals and dogma of the Ancient and accepted Scottish rite of freemasonry：Prepared for the Supreme council of the thirty-third degree，for the Southern jurisdiction of the United States，and published by its authority，Charleston，SC，1871.‘The important manifestations of Occultism coincide’，p.823.
[A.Pike]，Liturgy of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States，part Ⅳ，Charleston，SC，1878.‘Whatever is worth doing at all in this world，is worth doing well’，p.247.‘To be true，just，and upright is the basis of all virtue’，p.243. Knight Kadosh Degree ending in‘No Apron is worn’，p.231.
A.Pike，Foulhouzeism and Cerneauism scourged：dissection of a manifesto，New York，1884.
A.Pike，Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig Veda（1872），Washington DC，1930.
J.Porter，Native American Freemasonry：Associationalism and Performance in America，Lincoln，NE，2011. On similarities between Masonry and Native-American belief systems，pp.140-52.‘At the vanguard of a historical movement that was preordained’，p.179.
B.E.Powers Jr，Black Charlestonians：A Social History，1822-1885，Fayetteville，AR，1994. Fifty-fourth Regiment paid in the Citadel and establishing school，p.139. Delany’s medical practice，p.171.
L.Reece，‘Righteous lives：a comparative study of the South Carolina scalawag leadership during Reconstruction’，in M.B.Bonner and F.Hamer（eds），Southern Carolina in the Civil War and Reconstruction Eras，Columbia，SC，2016.
F.A.Rollin，The Life and Public Services of Martin R.Delany，Boston，1883.‘I entered the city，which，from earliest childhood’，quoted pp.197-8.
A.G.Roundtree and P.M.Bessel，Out of the Shadows：The Emergence of Prince Hall Freemasonry in America-Over 225 Years of Endurance，Camp Springs，MD，2006.
A.G.Roundtree，‘Richard Howell Gleaves’，The Phylaxis，XLV（1），2018.
H.Rubin Ⅲ，South Carolina Scalawags，Columbia，SC，2006. On‘negro assembly’and Mackey as a money-grubbing，drunken fraud，pp.26-30.
T.Shelby，‘Two Conceptions of Black Nationalism：Martin Delany on the Meaning of Black Political Solidarity’，Political Theory，31（5），2003.
T.D.Smith，‘Indian territory and Oklahoma’，in F.E.Hoxie（ed.），The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History，Oxford，2016.
D.Sterling，The Making of an Afro-American：Martin Robison Delany-African Explorer，Civil War Major，& Father of Black Nationalism，New York，1971.‘The Moral Elevation of the Africo-American’，p.81.‘Damned nigger Democrat’，quoted p.312.
W.H.Upton，Negro Masonry：Being a Critical Examination of Objections to the Legitimacy of the Masonry Existing Among the Negroes of America，Cambridge，MA，1902. Pike’s views on‘negro Masonry’from 1875 quoted，pp.214-15.
W.C.Wade，The Fiery Cross：The Ku Klux Klan in America，New York，1987. On Pike as nominally KKK commander in Arkansas，p.58.
C.D.B.Walker，A Noble Fight：African American Freemasonry and the Struggle for Democracy in America，Chicago，IL，2008. For Blake and the influence of the Masonic model on it，pp.107-15.
J.A.Walkes Jr，Black Square and Compass：200 Years of Prince Hall Freemasonry，privately published，1979. For Vogelsang biography，pp.46-9.
M.O.Wallace，‘“Are we men？”：Prince Hall，Martin Delany，and the black masculine ideal in black Freemasonry，1775-1865’，in Constructing the Black Masculine：Identity and Ideality in African American Men’s Literature and Culture，1775-1995，Durham，NC，2002.
C.H.Wesley，The History of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio 1849 to 1971，Columbus，OH，1972.
