I.Abrams，‘The multinational campaign for Carl von Ossietzky’. A paper presented at the International Conference on Peace Movements in National Societies，1919-39，held in Stadtschlaining，Austria，25-9 September 1991，consulted at http：//www.irwinabrams.com/articles/ossietzky.html on 16/1/20：‘a trembling，deadly pale something...’
H.Arendt，Eichmann in Jerusalem，London，1963. Arendt（pp.28-9）mentions that Eichmann tried to join‘the Freemasons’Lodge Schlaraffia’in Austria early in 1932，before he joined the SS. However，Schlaraffia is not a Masonic organisation，and has more frivolous aims.
M.Berenbaum（ed.），A Mosaic of Victims，Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis，New York，1990.
D.L.Bergen，War and Genocide：A Concise History of the Holocaust，New York，2003.
C.Campbell Thomas，Compass，Square and Swastika：Freemasonry in the Third Reich，PhD thesis，Texas A&M University，2011. On Masonic informers，p.76. On the 2，000 membership of Leopold Müffelmann’s strand of Masonry，p.48.‘Poster child of Masonic victimization and courageous resistance’，p.17.
R.J.Evans，The Coming of the Third Reich，London，2003. Most writing by Freemasons on the Nazi repression lacks even a minimum understanding of the context. I have drawn mainly on Evans and Kershaw（below）to provide that context.
R.J.Evans，The Third Reich in Power，1933-1939：How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation，London，2006. On Carl von Ossietzky，passim.
R.J.Evans，The Third Reich at War：How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster，London，2008.
A.Hitler，Mein Kampf，translated by R.Manheim，London，1992（1943）. On Freemasonry，p.285.
A.Hitler，‘Rede Hitlers zur Neugründung der NSDAP am 27. Februar 1925 in München’，downloaded 31 January 2019 from：http：//www.kurt-bauer-geschichte. at/lehrveranstaltung_ws_08_09.htm.‘Either the enemy walks over our corpse’，p.6. On the importance of a single enemy，p.7.
C.Hodapp，Freemasons for Dummies，Hoboken，NJ，2013. The implausible claim of 200，000 Masons killed by the Nazis is on p.85. It should be said that Hodapp is an engaging and fair-minded Masonic writer，and this introduction is recommended.
E.Howe，‘The Collapse of Freemasonry in Nazi Germany，1933-5’，AQC，95，1982. On sales of Ludendorff’s book，p.26. On the attacks on Lodges in Düsseldorf and Landsberg an der Warthe，pp.29 and 32. Suicide of Walter Plessing，p.33.
J.Katz，Jews and Freemasons in Europe，1723-1939，Cambridge，MA，1970. On The Protocols，pp.180-94. On the proportion of Jews in German Lodges，pp.189-90.
I.Kershaw，Hitler：1889-1936：Hubris，London，1998. On Hitler’s speech at the Bürgerbräukeller in 1925，pp.266-7. Hitler accuses Ludendorff of being a Mason，p.269. On Hjalmar Schacht，p.356 and passim.
I.Kershaw，Hitler 1936-45：Nemesis，London，2000.
R.S.Levy（ed.），Antisemitism：A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution，Santa Barbara，CA，2005，vol.2. Entry on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion，pp.567-70.
E.Ludendorff，Destruction of Freemasonry Through Revelation of Their Secrets（trans.J.Elisabeth Koester），Los Angeles，1977.
Masonic Encyclopedia，‘Österreich 1938-1945：692 Freimaurer wurden Opfer des Nazi-Terrors’，which summarises research on the Nazi repression of Masonry in Austria. https：//freimaurer-wiki.de/index.php/%C3%96sterreich_1938-1945：_692_Freimaurer_wurden_Opfer_des_Nazi-Terrors，consulted 12 February 2019.
R.Melzer，‘In the Eye of a Hurricane：German Freemasonry in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich’，Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions，4（2），2003. For the number of Masons and Lodges in 1925，p.114.
R.Melzer，Between Conflict and Conformity：Freemasonry during the Weimar Republic and Third Reich，Washington DC，2014. By far the most systematic and authoritative study，which I have drawn on heavily for my interpretative framework and on many points of detail. May 1923，an Old Prussian Lodge invited Ludendorff，p.85. Old Prussian Lodge in Regensburg adopted the Nazi swastika as its badge，p.157. In 1926，two of the three Old Prussian Grand Lodges considered introducing‘Aryan’symbols，p.81. Göring snubbed the Masons’emissary，pp.99-100.‘Our German Order is völkisch’，quoted pp.95-6. In Hamelin Lodge，a Master appears in SS uniform，p.177. Letter to Hitler offers assurance that the
Lodges would stay true to their‘national and Christian tradition’，quoted p.151.‘You damned pigs，I need to throw you and this Jew-band in a pot！’，quoted p.153. Lodges adopt swastika as symbol，p.159.‘Grand National Lodge of Freemasons of Germany’becomes‘German Christian Order’，p.154.‘We are no longer Freemasons’，quoted p.156. Humanitarian Lodges Aryanised，pp.162-72. Confusion and hesitancy in Nazi policy，pp.188-91. On Adolf Eichmann，p.188. Hamburg Grand Lodge only open to‘German men of Aryan descent’，quoted p.170. On Leopold Müffelmann，pp.173-5.
S.Naftzger，‘“Heil Ludendorff”：Erich Ludendorff and Nazism，1925-1937’，PhD thesis，City University New York，2002. On von Kemnitz，pp.23-30 and passim.
R.M.Piazza，‘Ludendorff：The Totalitarian and Völkisch Politics of a Military Specialist’，PhD thesis，Northwestern University，1969.
L.L.Snyder，Encyclopedia of the Third Reich，London，1976. For the SA and its numbers，p.304.
R.Steigmann-Gall，The Holy Reich：Nazi Conceptions of Christianity，1919-1945，Cambridge，2003. On Ludendorff，pp.87-91.
C.Thomas，‘Defining “Freemason”：Compromise，Pragmatism，and German Lodge Members in the NSDAP’，German Studies Review，35（3），2012.
P.Viereck，Metapolitics：The Roots of the Nazi Mind，New York，1961（1941）. On Mathilde von Kemnitz，p.297.
