除了古埃及文物学,《埃及记》也载有尼罗河及近代城镇的精细地图、光塔与风景的印制版画、灌溉渠道的草绘、修道院和寺庙的图片、各种不同的柱子,并尽收船运、露天剧场、坟墓、清真寺、运河、要塞、宫殿与城寨风光。书中还有精确到最后一厘米的百科全书式建筑蓝图和高地经纬度平面图。多卷本《埃及记》虽无政治夸耀价值,但它代表法国文明的高峰,事实上,它代表拿破仑时代法国文明的高峰。《埃及记》深深影响了欧洲艺术赏玩、建筑品味、美学悟性与设计鉴赏。
此外,差点在底比斯某座洞穴被一条“有角蛇”(horned serpent)咬了的埃及学院图书馆管理员、公民里波(Ripaud)也给艺术委员会写了104页报告,论述尼罗河大瀑布至开罗一线的古迹现状。[103]学者们最大的发现是罗塞塔石碑,这座石碑(stele)从三角洲的拉希德出土,上刻三种文字。他们复制了碑上文本,译出希腊语部分后着手研究象形文字。[104]1801年,根据法军的撤军和约,英军得到石碑,并把它交给大英博物馆(British Museum),今天它仍安全地待在馆内。不幸的是,2011年,埃及爆发“阿拉伯之春”反抗运动,12月17日,位于开罗解放广场(Tahrir Square)附近的埃及学院起火。院内192000份书籍、日志及其他文稿几乎全毁,其中包括德农所著《埃及记》的唯一手稿。
[1] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4235 p.849,February 10,1799
[2] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4235 p.850,February 10,1799
[3] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4167 p.817,January 25,1799
[4] 巡洋舰(cruiser)并非军舰的种类,这个词指执行单舰巡航、护航、侦察等各类任务的军舰,包括巡航舰(frigate)、轻帆船(sloop)等多种军舰。——译者注
[5] 原文误作“中将”。——译者注
[6] 原文有误,韦尔斯利在1804年才封爵。——译者注
[7] 今斯里伦格伯德姆(Srirangapatna)。——译者注
[8] Derogy,Jacques and Carmel,Hesi,Bonaparte en terre sainte 1992,pp.102-4
[9] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4235 p.850,February 10,1799
[10] Shmuelevitz,Aryeh,Napoleon and the French in Egypt and the Holy Land(Istanbul)2010,p.19
[11] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4265 p.867,February 27,799
[12] ed. Noailles,Marquis de,The Life and Memoirs of Count Molé vol.Ⅰ 1923,p.140
[13] ed. Sanderson,Edgar,Bourrienne’s Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 1900,p.81
[14] 马格里布人来自阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥、突尼斯、毛里塔尼亚与利比亚。雇佣兵中最远的来自阿尔巴尼亚。
[15] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.54
[16] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4265 p.867,February 27,1799
[17] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.60
[18] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.64
[19] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.66
[20] Montefiore,Simon Sebag,Jerusalem 2011,p.316,ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.67,ed. Weit,Gaston,Nicolas Turc,chronique d’égypte l798-1804(Cairo)1950,p.53
[21] ed. Jourquin,Jacques,Journal de Capitaine Fran?ois 2 vols.19184,Ⅰ p.280
[22] 当时人们认为拒绝劝降的城市理应遭劫。1812年,英军在巴达霍斯(Badajoz)抢劫三日,并大肆强奸妇女,局面如此严重,以至于威灵顿在主广场上竖起绞刑架(并未使用),然后他才总算重振纪律。和拿破仑相比,威灵顿并非更纵容强暴与抢劫。
[23] 我们可以在1917年德军航拍的照片中找到屠杀地——旧雅法正南方的海滩。此地现在属于一座汽车公园,死者们想游去的礁石成了海滩防波堤的一部分。
[24] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4271 p.870,March 9,1797
[25] Berthier,Louis-Alexandre,Relation des campagnes du Général Bonaparte en égypte et en Syrie 1801,p.56 19.ed. Quentin,Roger,André Peyrusse 2010,p.55,Jonquière,Clément de la,L’Expédition d’égypte 1798-1801 4 vols.1908,Ⅳ p.271
[26] Coxe,Peter,The Exposé 1809,p.61
[27] ed. Millet,Stanislaw,Le Chasseur Pierre Millet 1903,p.262
[28] For the numbers debate,see ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4271 p.870 n.3,Jonquière,L’Expédition Ⅳ pp.270-71,Herold,C.,Bonaparte in Egypt 1962,p.306,eds. Tortel,Christian and Carlier,Patricia,Bonaparte de Toulon au Caire 1996,p.158,Rose,John Holland,The Life of Napoleon 2 vols.1903,Ⅰ p.201,Anon.,‘The French Expedition’
[29] p.197,ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.68,Plumptre,Anne,A Narrative of a Three Years’Residence in France 1802-1805 3 vols.1810,p.276,Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.52,Berthier,Louis-Alexandre,Relation des campagnes du Général Bonaparte en égypte et en Syrie 1801,p.56,ed. Millet,Stanislaw,Le Chasseur Pierre Millet 1903,Appendix ⅩⅤ p.262,Strathearn,Paul,Napoleon in Egypt 2007,p.328
[30] Ebrington,Lord,Memorandum of Two Conversations between the Emperor,pp.18-19
[31] Hobhouse,John Cam(Baron Broughton)Recollections of a Long Life 6 vols.1909,Ⅰ p.181
[32] Jonquière,Clément de la,L’Expédition d’égypte 1798-1801 4 vols.1908,Ⅳ p.273,Rose,John Holland,The Life of Napoleon 2 vols.1903,Ⅰ p.201
[33] Chandler,David,Campaigns of Napoleon 1965,p.236,Plumptre,Anne,A Narrative of a Three Years’Residence in France 1802-1805 3 vols.1810,p.286n
[34] ed. Bingham,D.A.,A Selection from the Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon 3 vols.1884,Ⅰ p.250
[35] 拿破仑从没去过耶路撒冷,但1996年时,以色列旅游局照样在巴黎地铁布设宣传海报:“拿破仑多次享受耶路撒冷的午休时光,你为何不来呢?”
[36] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4277,pp.872-3,March 9,1799
[37] 当年1月,亚历山大出现疫情,军医布瓦耶(Boyer)不肯照料病号。拿破仑发明了又一项特殊惩罚,强迫布瓦耶穿女装走在街上,还在他身上挂了块牌子,上书:“他怕死,不配当法国公民。”
[38] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.ⅹⅸ
[39] ed. Jourquin,Jacques,Journal de Capitaine Fran?ois 2 vols.19184,Ⅰ p.281
[40] ed. Bulos,A.,Bourrienne et ses erreurs voluntaires et involuntaires 2 vols.1830,Ⅰ p.44
[41] Cockburn,Sir George,Buonaparte’s Voyage to Saint Helena(Boston)1833,p.78
[42] Cockburn,Sir George,Buonaparte’s Voyage to Saint Helena(Boston)1833,p.78
[43] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4294 p.881,March 13,1799
[44] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.77
[45] Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.59
[46] ed. Davis,J.,Original Journals of the Eighteen Campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte 2 vols.1817,Ⅰ pp.215-16
[47] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4346 p.911,May 10,1799
[48] 今塔沃尔山(Mount Tavor)。——译者注
[49] Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.58
[50] Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,pp.60-61
[51] Lockhart,J.G.,The History of Napoleon Buonaparte 2 vols.1831,Ⅰ p.150
[52] Sparrow,Elizabeth,Secret Service 1999,p.191
[53] ed. Wilson,Sir Arnold,A Diary of St Helena,the Journal of Lady Malcolm 1929,p.88
[54] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.90,Coxe,Peter,The Exposé 1809
[55] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4346 p.910,May 10,1799
[56] ed. Davis,J.,Original Journals of the Eighteen Campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte 2 vols.1817,Ⅰ pp.215-16
[57] ed. Latimer,Elizabeth,Talks of Napoleon at St-Helena 1903,p.246
[58] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4362 p.920,May 27,1799
[59] ed. Latimer,Elizabeth,Talks of Napoleon at St-Helena 1903,pp.69-70
[60] Smith,Sir William Sidney,The French Expedition into Syria 1799,p.ⅹ
[61] 1982年,一些火炮出土,今陈列于泰勒多尔考古博物馆(Tel Dor Archaeological Museum),其中有一门加农炮铸造于1793年,其上刻有西班牙国王卡洛斯四世之冠。还有一门臼炮上刻有塞利姆三世书法化花押字,它是雅法之战的战利品。
[62] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.93
[63] Strathearn,Paul,Napoleon in Egypt 2007,p.6
[64] ed. Iung,Theodore,Lucien Bonaparte et ses mémoires 3 vols.1882,Ⅱ ch. 14
[65] Friedman,Elias,‘On the Affair of the Murder of the French Soldiers in the Carmelite Monastery during Napoleon’s Campaign’Ariel Journal on the Land of Israel no.37 March 1985(in Hebrew),pp.65-77
[66] Rose,John Holland,The Life of Napoleon 2 vols.1903,Ⅰ p.211
[67] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.99
[68] For the Jaffa plague debate see Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.63,Desgenettes,René-Nicolas,Histoire médicales de l’Armée d’Orient 1802,pp.104-5,ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,pp.99-106,ed. Bulos,A.,Bourrienne et ses erreurs voluntaires et involuntaires 2 vols.1830,Ⅰ pp.34-5,Cockburn,Sir George,Buonaparte’s Voyage to Saint Helena(Boston)1833,pp.83-5,Montefiore,Simon Sebag,Jerusalem 2011,p.317,Balcombe,Betsy,To Befriend an Emperor 2005,p.174,Ebrington,Lord,Memorandum of Two Conversations between the Emperor,p.18,Hobhouse,John Cam(Baron Broughton)Recollections of a Long Life 6 vols.1909,Ⅰ p.181,ed. Lewis,Theresa,Extracts from the Journals and Correspondence of Miss Berry vols.Ⅱ and Ⅲ 1866,p.235,Wilson,Sir Robert,History of the British Expedition to Egypt 1802,pp.91-2
[69] Balcombe,Betsy,To Befriend an Emperor 2005,pp.175-6
[70] Balcombe,Betsy,To Befriend an Emperor 2005,p.176
[71] ed. Lewis,Theresa,Extracts from the Journals and Correspondence of Miss Berry vols.Ⅱ and Ⅲ 1866,p.235
[72] ed. Bingham,D.A.,A Selection from the Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon 3 vols.1884,Ⅰ p.256
[73] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.102
[74] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4404 p.940,June 19,1799
[75] ed. Bingham,D.A.,A Selection from the Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon 3 vols.1884,Ⅰ p.256
[76] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.104
[77] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.105
[78] ed. Bingham,D.A.,A Selection from the Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon 3 vols.1884,Ⅰ p.254,Smith,Digby,The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book 1998,p.156,Smith,Sir William Sidney,The French Expedition into Syria 1799,p.9
[79] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4479 p.972,June 28,1799
[80] Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.65
[81] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4633 p.1032,July 21,1799
[82] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4638 p.1035,July 21,1799
[83] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.113
[84] Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.66
[85] ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,p.114
[86] Smith,Digby,The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book 1998,p.161,ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4666 p.1048
[87] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4758 pp.1086-8,August 22,1799
[88] Sauzet,Armand,Desaix,le sultan juste 1954,p.131
[89] Strathearn,Paul,Napoleon in Egypt 2007,pp.413-14
[90] ed. North,Jonathan,Napoleon on Elba 2004,p.30
[91] ed. Cottin,Paul,Souvenirs de Roustam 1911,p.75
[92] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4757 p.1085,August 22,1799
[93] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4758 p.1086,August 22,1799,ed. Brindle,Rosemary,Guns in the Desert 2002,pp.120 n.26
[94] Davis,J.,Original Journals of the Eighteen Campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte 2 vols.1817,Ⅰ p.263
[95] Denon,Vivant,Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt 3 vols.1803,Ⅲ p.119
[96] Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.68
[97] ed. Lentz,Thierry,Pacifications 1800-1802 2006,p.1216
[98] Lavalette,Count Marie,The Memoirs of Count Lavalette(Philadelphia)1832,p.69
[99] Simonetta,Marcello and Arikha,Noga,Napoleon and the Rebel 2011,p.50
[100] Henri Plon,Correspondance de Napoléon Ier,1858,7 no.15677 p.809,Horne,Alistair,The Age of Napoleon 2004,p.26
[101] ed. Lentz,Thierry,La Campagne d’égypte et l’Avènement 1798-1799 2005,no.4479 p.972 n.2,June 28,1799
[102] 古埃及象形文字中用来署法老或神明名讳的框。——译者注
[103] Ripaud,Citizen,Report of the Commission of Arts 1800
[104] Byrd,Melanie,‘The Napoleonic Institute of Egypt’Napoleonic Scholarship vol.1 no.2 December 1998,p.4