deforestation. See natural surroundings: trees
Deng Yuan 邓渊 (d. 403), 13–15
Di 氐 people, 89, 172–73
Di Cosmo, Nicola, xviiin.4, 36
Dien, Albert, xxiv, 117n.17
diplomacy, 39, 107–8, 120–21, 163–64, 189–90, 191–93, 194–95, 243, 273–74
tribute, 39, 41–43
vassalage, 39 See also marital politics; propaganda; seals
Disorders of the Eight Princes 八王之乱, 72, 118–22, 127
divine beast, 28–29, 55, 67, 72–73, 208–9 See also wolves
Divine Spring Pond (Lingquan chi 灵泉池), 212–13
Dong Hu 东胡 (“Eastern Hu”), 34–35, 37, 44–45
Dong Shou 佟寿 (d. 357), 214–15
Dong Zhuo 董卓 (d. 192), 118, 121–22, 126–27
Donghai, Prince of, Sima Yue 东海王, 司马越 (d. 311), 119–20, 122, 127–29
Dongying, Duke of, Sima Teng 东赢公司马腾 (d. 307), 72–73, 120–21, 128
Douglas, Mary, 225–26
dual administration. See government: dual administration
Dual Monarchy (of the Habsburgs), 155–56
Dugu 独孤, 93, 97, 187, 237–38
Duke of Zhou 周公, 265, 269
Dunhuang 敦煌, 173, 190, 192–93, 246–47
dynasty and succession, 28–29, 47–48, 49, 60–61, 62–64, 66–67, 69–70, 76, 78–81, 83–84, 93, 97–101, 158, 159–63, 187, 209, 235–36, 239–40, 253, 268–69, 275, 285–86, 296–97
cadet branches, 64–65, 95, 182–83
enthronement, 78–79, 98
*tigin (zhi qin 直勤), 143–44, 150, 153–54, 159, 235–36, 238n.18, 276 See also guo
Eastern Wei (534– 550), 291, 297
economy
centers, 134, 194–95, 264–65, 271–72
currency, 105, 139, 161, 271–72
prices, 188–89
taxation (see government) See also agriculture; cities; Luoyang: Great Market; pastoralism; trade
elms. See natural surroundings: trees
eminent lineages, 114–18
Empress Dowager Ling. See Madam Hu
Equal Fields. See agriculture: Equal Fields
Erzhu 尒朱 family, 111–12, 294–95
Erzhu Rong 尒朱荣 (d. 530), 294–95, 296–97
Esquire of the Hunt (lielang 猎郎 ), 181–83
ethnic tensions. See identities: ethnic tensions
Etruscans, 154–55
Fangshan 方山 hill, 212–13, 261–62, 263, 266
Fanzhi 繁畤, 82–84
the feast, 202–3, 211–13, 222–23, 225–31, 226f–27
al fresco, 228, 232
games, 228
women’s roles, 211, 212–13, 226–28, 230 See also food; fu; government: Office of the Provisioner; kitchens; Mao Xiuzhi; music
Feeney, Denis, 154–55
Feng 冯 family, 163, 190, 256, 261–62, 285
Feng Hong 冯弘 (r. 430–436), 190, 252
Feng Lang 冯朗 (n.d.), 190
Feng Run 冯润 (d. 499), 284–86
Feng Ta 封沓 (n.d.), 9–10
Feng Xi 冯熙 (d. 495), 255
filial piety (xiao 孝), 125–26, 183–84, 216n.91, 255, 256–57 See also “Classic of Filial Piety…”; Ru
flags, 146, 178–80, 215, 301–2
food, 197n.60, 210–12, 216, 225–26, 228–30 See also fu
Former Qin 前秦 (351–394), 13–14, 93, 95–96
fortresses (wu bi 坞壁), 122–28 See also walls
fu 鍑, 232
Fu 弗 (son of Shamo Han; r. 293–294), 70–71, 74, 78–80
Fu Jian 苻坚, of Former Qin (r. 357–385), 89–90, 95–96, 102–4, 106n.59, 188
Gai Wu 盖吴 (d. 446), 193, 194, 198, 294
Gao, Madam 高氏 (Xuanwu’s mother, d. 497), 284–85
Gao Huan 高欢 (d. 547), 291, 293–96, 297
Gao Yun 高允 (d. 487), 200, 204n.7, 244–45
Gao Zhao 高肇 (d. 515), 285–86, 288
Gaochang 高昌, 192–93
Gaoche 高车 (“High Carts”), 87–88, 89, 101–2, 136, 179, 184, 188–89, 193, 205–6
Gaoyang, Prince of, Yuan Yong 高阳王元雍 (d. 528), 292–93, 295, 297
garrisons, 139–40, 170–71, 175, 176–77, 176n.36, 185–86
Six Garrisons, 154n.108, 163, 185–86, 188–89, 291, 292–95 (see also Huaihuang; Huaishuo; Woye)
Gat, Azar, 143
gathering, 202–3 See also the feast
Gaxian Cave 嘎仙洞, 6–8, 10, 114–15
“Ge” 革 (hexagram), 266–67 See also “Book of Changes”
Geertz, Clifford, 274, 283
genealogy, 50–55, 198–99
Gentleman’s Ford (Junzi jin 君子津), 134–35
Gilgit-Baltistan, 191
The Golden Mounds. See Jinling tombs
government
access to office, 276–77, 290
bureaucracy, 147–48, 273–74, 278
census registration, 31–32, 35, 40–41, 102–4, 137, 258 (see also armies: military registration)
centralization, 35n.59, 77–78, 146, 155–56, 264–65, 275–78
collegial rule, 77–78, 144–45, 148–49, 155, 162–63n.35, 276, 285
corruption, 164, 180, 244–45, 258–59, 260–61, 292–93
decline in first empire, 43, 124–25
dual administration, 49, 76–78, 84, 171
eight units (ba bu 八部 ), 137–38, 143–44
examination system, 278
law, 76, 84–85, 148–49
local administration, 258–59, 260–61, 273, 282 (see also three headmen)
Office of the Provisioner (Tai guan 太官), 210–11
originating in Qin and Han, 35, 132, 257
recruitment, 12–13, 18, 165–66
salaries, 176–77, 195, 244–45, 260–61, 278 (see also armies: officers: salaries of officers)
*Taghbach adaptation, 132, 147–50, 215–16, 258
taxation, xxi, 31–32, 76, 137–38, 164, 191–92, 195, 258, 259–61, 263–64, 295n.80
treasury, 102n.40, 177, 195, 244–45, 257, 271n.47, 278
Wei population, 137n.25, 259–60 See also agriculture; Equal Fields; jiudouhe; nei xing agan; Palace Attendant; Palace Steward; zhong san
Grand Culmen Hall. See Hall of the Grand Culmen
the Great Proscription of 169 党锢, 115, 125
Great Wall. See long ramparts
Gu 孤 (n.d.), 82–84, 89–90
Gu Kaizhi 顾恺之 (d. 406), 228
Guangwu, Emperor 光武帝, of Later Han (r. 25–57), 124
Guangyang, Prince of, Yuan Yuan (in Tang changed to Shen) 广阳王元渊 (深) (d. 526), 294
guo 国, meanings, 81n.98
guo ren 国人 (“men of the nation”), 64–65, 140–41, 143, 185–86, 195, 202–3, 243, 244–45, 276–77, 280, 292–93 See also Dai people; identities; nation
guo yu. See language: guo yu
Guzang 姑臧, 190, 192
Habsburgs, 155–56
Hall of Heaven’s Order 天文殿, 146, 203–4, 208–9
Hall of Heaven’s Peace 天安殿, 159, 161, 208–9
Hall of Light (Ming tang 明堂), 266–67
Hall of the Grand Culmen (Tai ji dian太极殿), 130–31, 208–9, 270–71, 288
Han 汉 empire, xxi, 38–43
Later Han, 41, 48, 124–25
Han 翰 (Taiwu’s son), 236–37
Han ren 汉人, xx–xxi, 114–15n.6, 243n.44
Handel, Zev, 152–53
Han shu 汉书, 191–92
Heaven (sky god of various peoples), 67, 74–75, 98, 146–47, 201, 265
sacrifice to, 67, 98, 146–47, 149–50, 188–89, 191–92, 275, 297
Heaven’s Order Hall. See Hall of Heaven’s Order
Heaven’s Peace Hall. See Hall of Heaven’s Peace
heir apparency. See the “ancient practice”; dynasty and succession
Hejian, Prince of, Sima Yong 河间王, 司马颙 (d. 306), 119–20, 121, 122
Helan 贺兰 people, 80–81, 94, 102–4, 161–62, 172
Helan, Madam 贺[兰]氏 (Daowu’s mother, d. 396), 94
Helan, Madam 贺[兰]氏 (Daowu’s aunt and wife, n.d.), 160–62
Helian Bobo 赫连勃勃 (r. 407–425), 104–5, 188
Helian Chang 赫连昌 (r. 425–428, d. 434), 188
Helian, Madam 赫连氏 (d. 453), 211, 236
Helong 和龙, 190
Heluo 纥罗 (n.d.), 97
Hena 纥那 (r. 325– 329, 335– 337), 80–81
He Na 贺讷 (n.d.), 97–98, 102–4, 155
Hengshan 恒山 mountain, 30–31, 189–90
He Ran’gan 贺染干 (n.d.), 97–98, 102
Heru 贺傉 (r. 321–325), 79–80
Heyin 河阴, 296–97
High Carts. See Gaoche
historiography, 5–8, 12–19, 50–55, 79–80n.90, 83–84, 85n.17, 97n.22, 103n.44, 110n.75, 177, 191–92, 200, 220–21, 243–45, 270n.43, 274, 275n.62, 293–94
Jiankang histories, 53n.35, 59, 61, 89n.35, 93, 128, 148–49, 181, 200, 235–36, 273–74, 274n.58 See also Bei shi; invention of tradition; Jin shu; Wei shu
Hobbes, Thomas, 174
Holmgren, Jennifer, 50–51, 83–84
Honeychurch, William, 75–76
horses, 8, 28–29, 31–32, 38–39, 55, 66, 72–73, 84–85, 87–89, 95, 101–2, 105–6, 107, 135, 149, 176, 177, 188–89, 195, 270–71
sacrifice, 67, 236–37 See also pastoralism
Hou Xudong 侯旭东, 137–38
Hu 胡 (“mounted nomad”), 31, 114–15n.6, 172–73
Hu, Madam 胡氏 (Empress Dowager Ling 灵皇后; d. 528), 285–97
Hu Sanxing 胡三省 (d. 1302), 101, 181–82
Huaidi 怀帝, of Western Jin (r. 307–311, d. 313), 127–32
Huaihuang 怀荒 garrison, 294
Huaishuo 怀朔 garrison, 291, 294–95
Huang 晃 (Taiwu’s son and heir, d. 451), 198–99, 200, 201, 235, 236, 253–54
huang di 皇帝 (“emperor,” “august god-king”), 121–22, 142–43, 146, 169, 203–4
Huben 虎贲 guards. See armies: guard units
Huidi 惠帝, of Western Jin (r. 290–301, 301–307), 119–22, 127–28
Hulao 虎牢, 163–64, 195
Hulun Nur 呼伦湖, 53–55
huluozhen 斛洛真/胡洛真, 181
“Humane King Perfection of Wisdom Sutra” (Ren wang bo re bo luo mi jing 仁王般若波罗蜜经), 247
hunting, 138–39, 181–83, 197, 202–3, 216–19, 217f
hungry empires, 105–7, 174–75, 230–31 See also armies: provisioning
Huyan Yan 呼延晏 (n.d.), 130–31
identities, 5–6, 14n.10, 27–29, 47, 115, 125–26, 142–44, 150–52, 169, 174, 218–19, 220–21, 224, 225, 303
ethnic tensions, 15–16, 77–78, 128n.64, 143, 154n.105, 200
ethnogenesis, 63–64
group identity, 111–12, 183n.76, 225–26 See also clothing: *Serbi; Dai people; guo ren; Han ren
Inner Asia, definition, xix
Inner Court 内朝, 84, 137–38, 148–50, 171, 183
interpreter. See translation
invention of tradition, 6–7, 150, 240
Japan, 171, 183 See also Yamato
Japanese language, 152–53
Jia Xiu 贾秀 (d. 469), 250–51
Jiangyang, Prince of, Yuan Ji 江阳王元继 (d. 528), 291–93
Jiankang 建康, 150, 193, 196–97, 288
interaction with Wei, 200–1, 241, 271–72, 281–82, 286, 288 See also southern campaigns
Jiefen 诘汾, 23, 55
Jin dynasty
Eastern Jin 东晋 (317– 420), 72, 118–19
Western Jin 西晋 (266–316), 48–49, 118–22, 127–32
Jingzhao, Prince of, Zitui 京兆王子推 (d. 477), 253, 254n.102
Jinling金陵 tombs (the “Golden Mounds”), 89–90, 158, 162, 249–50, 261–62, 263
Jin shu 晋书, 59
jiudouhe 九豆和, 139–40
Juqu 沮渠 people, 190, 192–93
Juqu Mujian 沮渠牧犍 (r. 433–439), 191–92
Jurchen, xviii, 152–53
Kang Le 康乐, 146–47, 283
Karasahr (Yanqi 焉耆), 192–93
Kawamoto Yoshiaki 川本芳昭, xxiv
Kebineng 轲比能 (d. 235), 49
khaghan, 7, 47–48, 53n.31, 67–69, 140–41, 142–43, 145–46
as commander of armies, 144–45, 169, 183, 184–85, 191–92, 193, 241–42, 253, 283–84, 296
end of term’s use,, 277
ties with, 144–45, 174, 183, 184–85, 293–94
khaghtun, 7
Khitans, 3–4, 18, 152–53, 206–7
Khotan, 192–93
kitchens, of the palace, 210–11, 213–14 See also food; fu; government: Office of the Provisioner; Mao Xiuzhi
Koga Akimine 古贺 昭岑, 231–32
Kogury· 高句丽 (37 bce–668 ce), 190
Kojiki 古事记, 64
K·ke qota (Hohhot, Huhehaote 呼和浩特), 26–27
K·k··ü, 197
Koreans, 136, 284, 285–86
Kou Qianzhi 寇谦之 (d. 448), 199
Kuduo 窟咄 (d. 386), 100–1
Kumārajīva (d. 413), 189–90, 198
Kunming Pond 昆明池, 193
Lai Daqian 来大千 (d. 447), 183, 208–9
language, 135–36, 151–52, 241–42
banning Inner Asian, 151n.92, 275–76, 278
Chinese, 155n.111, 267, 275–76
creole, 152, 181, 210–11
guo yu 国语 (“national language” of the Taghbach), xxiin.10, 18, 151–55, 158n.5, 227–28
written language, 18, 73–74, 140–41, 152–55, 171n.10, 181, 210–11, 241–42 See also oral tradition; translation
Later Qin 后秦 (384–417), 96, 163–64, 189–90
Lattimore, Owen, 27–28
Liang, Northern 北凉 (397–439), 5, 135, 163–64, 190–93
Liangcheng 凉城, 33, 34–35
Liao 辽, origin of name, 3–4
Li Chong 李冲 (d. 498), 260–61, 269–70
Lin Sheng-Chih 林圣智, 230–31
Lingley, Kate, 213
Lingqiu 灵丘, 181, 241–42, 243
Lingqiu 灵丘 Road, 133–34, 263–64, 265
Lingquan chi. See Divine Spring Pond
Liu Bang 刘邦, of Han (r. 202–195 bce), 38
Liu Bei 刘备, of Shu (r. 221–223), 272–73, 274
Liu Cong 刘聪, of (Xiongnu) Han (r. 310– 318), 120, 127–28
Liu Hu 刘虎 (d. 341), 88–89
Liu Jie 刘洁 (d. ca. 443), 9–10
Liu Kun 刘琨 (d. 318), 74, 78, 116–17
Liu Kuren 刘库仁 (d. 385), 93, 95
Liu, Madam 刘氏 (d. 409), 160–61, 162
Liu Ni 刘尼 (d. 474), 236–38, 239–40
Liu Teng 刘腾 (d. 523), 286, 292–93, 295
Liu Weichen 刘卫辰 (d. 391), 88–89, 93, 100–1, 102, 104–5
Liu Wenbo 刘文伯 (n.d.), 41
Liu Wuhuan 刘务桓 (d. 356), 88–89
Liu Xian 刘显 (d. 394), 95–96, 97, 99–101
Liu Xiang 刘向 (d. 6 bce), 165–66
Liuxiu 六修 (Yilu’s son; d. 316), 76–77
Liu Yao 刘曜, of Han/Zhao (r. 318– 329), 130–31
Liu Yilong 刘义隆, of Song (r. 424–453), 194, 196–97
Liu Yu 刘裕, of Song (r. 420–422), 163–64
Liu Yu 刘彧, of Song (r. 466–472), 252–53
Liu Yuan 刘渊, of (Xiongnu) Han (r. 304–310), 72, 120–21, 128
Liu Ziye 刘子业, of Song (r. 464–466), 252–53
Liwei 力微 (r. ca. 240–277), 59–69, 143–44, 159, 276
Li Yanong 李亚农, 102–4
Longmen 龙门 caves, 284–85, 289–90
long ramparts (chang cheng 长城), 23–25, 27–28, 33–35, 36, 37–38, 163, 185–86 See also walls
loyalty, 87–88, 95, 142–45, 150–51, 161–62, 179, 180, 182–83, 225–26, 273
Luguan 禄官 (r. 294–307), 70–71
Lu Li 陆丽 (d. 465), 236–37, 239–40, 242, 244–45, 248–50
Lü Simian 吕思勉, xxiv, 51–52, 170
luo 落 (“encampment group”), 189n.15
Luo Xin 罗新, xxi–xxii, xxiv
Luoyang 洛阳, 41, 68, 115, 118, 119–20, 121–22, 124, 127–32, 163–64, 203, 265–71, 285, 287–97
Great Market, 287–88
opposition to move, 269–71, 278–80 See also cities; Hall of the Grand Culmen; wards
Lushui Hu 卢水胡, 190, 193
Lu Zhen 陆真 (d. 472), 184–85
Maeda Masana 前田正名, xxiv
Maijishan 麦积山, 246–47
Mao 毛, the “completing emperor,” 51–52
Mao Xiuzhi 毛修之 (d. 446), 210–11
marital politics, 39, 61, 72, 87, 117, 191, 196, 285–86 See also diplomacy
Matsushita Ken’ichi 松下宪一, xxiv
Mayi 马邑 (“Horse Town”), 38, 73–74n.67, 100
memory, shared, 151n.90
And see the “old ways”
Meng Tian 蒙恬 (d. 210 bce), 36
Mica Hall 云母堂, 206
migration .See movement, of humans
military. See armies
military registration. See armies: military registration
Mingyuan, Emperor 明元帝 (r. 409– 423), 144–45, 154–55, 158, 160–66, 179–80, 187, 216
Mo Han 莫含 (n.d.), 136–37
Modun冒顿 (r. 209–174 bce), 37–39
Moluhui 没鹿回 people, 62–63, 66
Monalou 莫那娄 people, 157–58
Mongols, 71–72, 145–46, 152–53, 172
“Monograph on Offices and Clans” 官氏志, of Wei shu, 64–66, 147–48
Mote, Frederick, xx
movement, of humans
migration, 43, 52–55, 114
academic debate on migration, 52
refugees, 64n.25, 71, 78, 123, 125, 131, 258, 294–95
settlement of nomads, 102–4, 136, 172, 277n.72
transportation, forced, 36, 40–41, 43, 74, 133–34, 137, 189–90, 196–97, 252–53, 258, 263 See also new subjects
Mu 穆 family. See Qiumuling family
Mu Chong 穆崇 (d. 406), 100
Mu Duohou 穆多侯 (d. 465), 249–50
Mulan. See “Tale of Mulan”
Mumo 木末, 162 See also Mingyuan, Emperor
Murong 慕容, 49
Murong within Wei, 136, 172–73, 252–53 See also Yan
Murong Baiyao 慕容白曜 (d. 470), 252–53
Murong Bao 慕容宝, of Later Yan (r. 396–398), 107–13
daughter, 160
Murong Chui 慕容垂, of Later Yan (r. 384–396), 96–97, 99, 100–1, 107–11
music, 14–15, 228–29
Mu Tai 穆泰 (d. 497), 256, 279–81
myth, nature of, 50, 52
“The Names of Things in the National Language” (Guo yu wu ming 国语物名), 154
