“Nan Xun bei” 南巡碑, 152, 153–54, 181, 237–38, 241–44
nation, 63–64, 143
and privilege, 144–45
of the *Taghbach, 62–63, 139–41, 197 See also armies: as unifying institution; Gat, Azar; Dai people; identities; guo; guo ren
National Records (Guo ji 国记), 15, 200
natural afflictions
disasters, 127–28, 165, 208–9, 294
disease, 187, 196–97
natural surroundings (regions and rivers)
climate, 25–28, 263–64, 269–70
Datong Basin 大同盆地, 27, 74, 133–34 (see also Pingcheng; royal domain)
Fen River 汾水, 193
Gansu Corridor, xix, 60–61, 134, 135, 143–44, 190–93, 221–22, 238
Great Black River 大黑河, 25–26
Guanzhong 关中, 119–20, 126–27, 163–64, 188, 193
Jing River 泾川, 193, 287
Lake Daihai 岱海, 33, 34–35, 40–41
loess, 24–25
Luo River 洛水, 123, 130–31, 163–64
Manchuria, xix, 3, 48, 49, 86–87, 112–13, 134, 190, 198, 214–15, 221–23, 224–25
the Ordos, 25, 36, 37–38, 40, 42–43, 104–5, 108–9, 149, 188, 189–90
Ox Creek 牛川, 98, 102
Sanggan River 桑干河, 24, 27
trees, 73–74n.67, 138–39, 203–4, 216
Tumed Plain, 25–27, 36, 40–41, 43n.105, 46, 55, 66, 70–71, 80–81, 87, 160–61, 170–71 (see also Shengle)
Yangtze River, 196–97
Yellow River 黄河, 24, 25
Yellow River plains, xx, 5, 12–13, 25, 48–49, 86–87, 96, 111–13, 124–25, 128–29 See also Hulun Nur; Shenhe Slope; Shui jing zhu
nei ru xing内入姓, 65–66, 74–75, 143–44
nei san lang 内三郎. See armies: guard units
nei xing agan 内行阿干, 148–49
“New Compilation” (Xin ji 新集), 154–55, 165–66
new subjects (xin min 新民), 137
nurse dowager, 187n.6, 240–41, 245–46
*Olakk·. See Wuluohou
the “old ways,” 69, 76, 143–44, 150–51, 268, 269–71, 275, 279–80, 301, 302 See also Dai people; identities; Luoyang: opposition to move; Shenhe Slope
omens, 100, 108, 109, 110
Ong Qan, 145–46
oral tradition, 37n.66, 50–51, 154–55
“Orders and commands in the National Language” 国语号令, 154
Original Equality (Shijun 始均), 51, 76, 144–45, 276–77 See also government: centralization; society: hierarchy; the “old ways”
Palace Attendant (shi zhong 侍中), 84, 148–49, 171, 219, 242–43, 248–49, 251, 255, 295
Palace Steward (dian zhong shang shu 殿中尚书), 180, 210–11, 236–37, 239–40, 249–50, 270–71
Pan, Madam 潘氏 (n.d.), 296–97
pastoralism, 8, 28–29, 101–2, 138–39, 205–6, 230–32, 294–95
the yurt (ger), 231–32
“Peach Blossom Spring” 桃花源记, 124
peerage, 111–12, 159, 162–63, 244–45, 276–77
Pengcheng 彭城, 252–53, 295
Pengcheng, Prince of, Yuan Xie 彭城王元勰 (d. 508), 285–86
pennon commander (chuangjiang 幢将), 178–79
pennons (chuang 幢). See flags
Perfect Ruler of Great Peace (Tai ping zhen jun 太平真君; reign title, 440– 451), 199
Pilou 疋娄 family, 231–32
Pingcheng 平城, 3–4, 133–36, 139–40, 146, 157, 164–65, 185, 198–99, 202–10
city design, 207, 208–9
palaces, 207–10
precarious nature, 165, 263–64
Stop-Your-Cart-Here Portal (Zhichemen 止车门), 162, 208–9
the Two Towers 双阙, 206–7 See also cities: wards; Hall of Heaven’s Order; Hall of Heaven’s Peace; Hall of Light; walls
Poduoluo 破多罗 Lady, Shaling M7 (d. 435), 219–30
Poduoluo 破多罗 Lady, wife of “Big Eye” Yang (n.d.), 141
Poduoluo 破多罗 people, 219–20
Poliuhan Baling 破六韩拔陵 (d. 525), 294
Poliuhan Mao 破六韩茂 (Han Mao 韩茂), 179–80
Prefatory Annals 序纪, of Wei shu, 14–15, 50–55
Prince of the Pigs. See Liu Yu 刘彧
the progress (of the lord), 214–16, 224f–25, 243, 281–82
propaganda, 10–11, 199, 247
provisioning. See armies: provisioning
pu 酺 (“drinking festival”), 145
Pugen 普根 (r. 316), 76–77, 78–79
Qiang 羌 people, 13–14, 15–16n.15, 63n.17, 96, 126–27, 141n.44, 163–64, 169, 172–73
Qifu 乞伏, 67–68
Qin 秦, 35, 36
Qin First Emperor 秦始皇, 195
Qinghe, Prince of, Yuan Yi 清河王元怿 (d. 520), 291–93
Qiumuling 丘穆陵 (Mu 穆) family, 249
raiding, on northern frontier, 30, 33–34, 39
Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Luoyang (Luoyang qie lan ji 洛阳伽蓝记), 203, 288–89
Red Mountain 赤山, 220–21
religion, 97, 197 See also ancestral worship; Buddhism; Daoism; Heaven: sacrifice to; horses: sacrifice; omens; rituals of state
Rencheng, Prince of (the elder), Yun 任城王云 (d. 481), 253, 267–68
Rencheng, Prince of (the younger), Cheng 任城王澄 (d. 520), 266–68, 269, 270–71, 279–80, 286, 291
Rites (Rituals) of Zhou. See Zhou li
rituals of state, 146–47
rivers and lakes. See natural surroundings
Rokhshan the Sogdian (An Lushan 安禄山) (d. 757), 293–94
Rouran 柔然, 8–10, 87–88, 101–2, 159, 163, 178–79, 188–89, 192–93, 294
the Rouran lady (Wencheng’s mother, 郁久闾氏; d. 452), 235–36, 240–41
royal domain, of Wei, 133–34
population, 137, 164–65, 203 See also Pingcheng
Ru 儒 (“Confucians”), xix, 12, 59–60, 115–16, 117, 125–26, 256–57, 263, 283–84 See also Chinese classics; filial piety
Ruanruan 蠕蠕, 188–89 See also Rouran
Runan 汝南, 194, 273
salaries. See armies: officers: salaries of officers; government: salaries
Samarkand, 131–32
samurai, 171, 183
san zhang. See three headmen
Saraγ, 131–32 See also Luoyang
Scott, James, 34–35
seals, 72–73, 74–75 See also diplomacy; titles
Secret History of the Mongols, xvii–xviii
*Serbi (Chinese: Xianbei), 37, 44–46, 47–48
servants. See societies: slaves and servants
settlement of nomads. See movement: of humans
Shamo Han 沙漠汗, 68–69
Shangdi 上帝, 146–47
Shanggu 上谷. See Upper Valley
Shangguan Si 上官巳 (n.d.), 119–20
Shanshan 鄯善, 192–93
Shao 绍 (Daowu’s son), 160–62, 182–83, 200
Shegui 涉珪 (d. 409), 93 See also Daowu, Emperor
Shelach, Gideon, 28–29
Shengle 盛乐, 27n.14, 66, 70–71, 76–77, 80, 85–86, 99, 106, 263 See also Tumed Plain
Shenhe Slope 参合陂, 70–71, 73–74n.67, 85–86, 109–10, 111, 133–34, 135, 150–51, 171–72, 251n.83
Shi Hu 石虎, of Zhao (r. 334–349), 80–81, 86–87
Shijun 寔君 (d. 376), 89–90
Shi Le 石勒, of Zhao (r. 319–333), 78–79, 128–31
shi ling bu luo 世领部落 (“hereditary control of military populations”), 102–4, 172–73
shi zhong 侍中. See Palace Attendant
Shiyijian 什翼犍 (r. 338–376), 81, 82–90, 171–72
Shui jing zhu 水经注, 163–64
Shusun Jun 叔孙俊 (d. 416), 182–83
si fang xing 四方姓, 65–66, 143–44
Silk Roads, 190–93
Sima Qian 司马迁 (d. ca. 86 bce), 13–14, 29
Sima Teng. See Dongying, Duke of
Sima Ying. See Chengdu, Prince of
Sima Yue. See Donghai, Prince of
Sinograph, 152–54
Sinosphere, xx
Sixteen Kingdoms 十六国, 72, 120–131 passim, 169, 192–93
society
hierarchy, 35n.59, 144–45, 149, 202–3, 223, 225–28, 230, 265n.10
intermarriage, 46, 135–36
patronage, 12n.2
slaves and servants, 87–88, 124–25, 128, 230–32, 235–36, 263
social mobility, 121, 182–83, 184, 185–86 See also eminent lineages; Original Equality
Sogdians, 135–36
Song dynasty, of the Liu 刘宋 (420– 479), 163–64, 194–97, 252–53
Song嵩 of the Baba clan. See Zhangsun Song
Songshan mountain 嵩山, 199
Songs of Dai (Dai ge 代歌), 14–15, 50–51, 154, 228, 270–71
Southern Peace, Prince of, Yu 南安王余 (d. 452), 236–37
Standard of Ur, 226–27
state, definition of, 23–24, 37–38, 75–76
Steinhardt, Nancy, 284
stirrups. See armies: arms and armor
stock-rearing. See pastoralism
succession. See dynasty and succession
Tabgatch, 10–11 See also *Taghbach
*Taghbach, xxii–xxiii, et passim
Taihang Mountains 太行山, 25
Taiwu, Emperor 太武帝 (r. 423–452), 3–11, 153–54, 158, 183, 187–201, 216, 235–36, 238 See also B·ri Beg
Taiyuan 太原 (≈ Jinyang 晋阳), 27n.14, 38, 68, 72, 74, 78, 107–8, 111–12, 120–21, 280–81, 296
“Tale of Mulan” 木兰辞, 140–41, 145, 173, 175–76, 177, 183–84, 197
Tamura Jitsuzō 田村实造, xxiv
Tang Zhangru 唐长孺, xxiv
Tanshihuai 檀石槐 (ca. 137– ca. 181), 46, 48
Tao Yuanming 陶渊明 (d. 427), 124
Tapper, Richard, 75–76
Tarim Basin, xix, 37, 190–91, 192–93
taxation. See government
Tengri. See Heaven
theatre state, 274, 283
three headmen (san zhang 三长), 260–61
Tian 天. See Heaven
Tian Yuqing 田余庆, 154
Tiele 铁勒, 87–88, 172–73 See also Gaoche
tigers, 28–29, 88–89, 183, 211–12, 216
*tigin. See dynasty and succession: *tigin
timber-frame architecture, 206–7, 208–9
titles, 5, 31–32, 44–45, 46, 47–48, 67, 69–70n.53, 72, 74–75, 84, 98, 101, 121–22, 145–46, 181 See also huang di; khaghan; peerage; seals
tombs, 202–3, 217, 220–22
Anak No. 3, 214–15
Hulun Nur, 53–55
Shaling M7, 219–30
Yanbei M2, 231–32
Zhijiabao, 217–19
Tong dian 通典, 147–48
Tong Enzheng 童恩正, 27–28
Tongwan 统万, 134, 188
Touman 头曼 (r. ca. 220–209 bce), 36
trade, 31–32, 33–34, 38–39, 41–42, 54–55, 68, 134–35, 136–37, 191–93, 230–31, 271–72, 287–88
glass ware, 135, 206, 228–29
lacquer, 41–42n.94, 54–55, 219, 220–21, 228
pearls, 228–29
silver ware, 135, 222n.115, 228–29
translation, 17–18, 79–80n.90, 149–50, 152–54, 189–90
transportation, forced. See movement, of humans
“Treatise on Officials and Clans.” See “Monograph on Offices and Clans”
tribe, discussion of term, 45n.115, 75–76, 86n.19, 89–90n.36
Tseng, Chin-yin, xxiv, 228
Tufa 秃发, 60–61, 238
Tuiyin 推寅, 52–53, 55
Tuoba 拓跋, xxii See also *Taghbach
Türks, 10–11, 152–53
Tuyuhun 吐谷浑, 69–70n.53, 163–64
Upper Valley (Shanggu 上谷), 111, 134
Uyghurs, 152–53
walls, 122–27, 130–31, 137–38, 203–8, 287–88 See also fortresses; long ramparts
Wang Jun (of Taiyuan) 太原王浚 (d. 314), 120–21
Wang Luor 王洛儿 (d. 413), 144–45, 161–62
Wang, Madam 王氏 (d. 355), 83–84, 85–86
Wang Mang 王莽, of Xin (r. 9–23), 41, 124
Wang Mi 王弥 (d. 311), 130–31
Wang Su 王肃 (d. 501), 203n.5, 229–30, 272–74
Wei Cao 卫操 (d. 310), 71, 72, 78, 136–37
Wei Guan 卫瓘 (d. 291), 68, 69
Wei, Madam 惟氏 (n.d.), 78–80
Wei, Northern 北魏 (386–534), passim
origin of name, 3–4
Wei 魏, of the Cao family (220–266), 48–49
Wei Shou 魏收 (d. 572), 16, 273–74
Wei shu 魏书, xxiv, 16–17, 19, 191–92
Wencheng, Emperor 文成帝 (r. 452–465), 239–48, 252
Wenming empress dowager 文明太后 (d. 490), 150–51, 212–14, 245–46, 251–52, 253–54, 255–62, 266
basis of her power, 253–54, 255 See also Feng family
Western Qin 西秦 (385–400, 409–431), 68
Western Wei 西魏 (535– 557), 193, 265, 282, 297
Wey (Wei), Prince of, Yi 卫王仪 (d. 409), 106–7, 108, 158
White Road Pass. See Baidao
White Top Hill. See Baideng shan
Whittaker, Dick, 220–21
Wolf Lord. See B·ri Beg
wolves, 4–5, 100–1 See also divine beast
women, political roles, 7, 47, 60, 61, 79–80, 135–36, 140–41, 151–52, 159–60, 187, 211–14, 241, 245–46, 255, 285 See also the “ancient practice”; the feast: women’s roles; Helan, Madam; Hu, Madam; khaghtun; Poduoluo Lady; Wang, Madam; Wei, Madam; Wenming empress dowager
Woye 沃野 garrison, 294
wu bi 坞壁. See fortresses
Wudi 武帝, of Han (r. 141–87 bce), 40, 193
Wudi 武帝, of Western Jin (r. 266– 290), 118–19
Wuhuan 乌桓, 37, 41–43, 69, 128
Wuling 武灵 of Zhao (r. 325–299 bce), 31–33
Wuluohou 乌洛侯 (*Olakk·), 3, 8, 9, 10
Wuwan 乌丸. See Wuhuan
Wuxu 毋恤 (“The Merciless”) of Zhao (d. 425 bce), 30–31
Xia 夏 (407–431), 188–90
Xia Nai 夏鼐, 170
Xianbei 鲜卑. See *Serbi
Xiangyang 襄阳, 127–28, 281–82
Xianwen, Emperor 献文帝 (r. 465–471; d. 476), 183, 248–49, 252, 253–54
xiao. See filial piety
Xiaoming, Emperor 孝明帝 (r. 515–528), 286, 292, 296–97
Xiaowen, Emperor 孝文帝 (r. 471–499), 5–6, 146–47, 150–51, 153–54, 212–13, 216, 241, 252, 253–54, 255–62, 263–82, 283–84
reforms, 257–62, 275–77
response to reforms, 278–79
surname bestowal, 276–77 See also Luoyang
Xiao Yan 萧衍, of Liang (r. 502–549), 286, 295
Xiao Ze 萧赜, of Southern Qi (r. 482– 493), 272
Xiaozhuang, Emperor, Yuan Ziyou 孝庄帝元子攸 (r. 528–531), 296–97
Xiongnu 匈奴, 33, 36–46, 49, 88–89, 172–73, 177–78
name, 128
Xu He 徐纥 (n.d.), 296–97
Xuanwu, Emperor 宣武帝 (r. 499– 515), 273, 284, 285–86
Xuanzong 玄宗, of Tang (r. 712–756), 293–94
Xun 恂 (Xiaowen’s son and heir; d. 497), 268–69, 278–80
Xunzi 荀子, 8
Yamato, 221–22
Yan, 86–87, 96–97, 107–13, 163, 190
Western Yan (384– 394), 101, 107–8
Yang, “Big Eye” 杨大眼 (d. 518), 141
Yang Chun 杨椿 (d. 531), 230–31
Yan Gengwang 严耕望, 109–10
Yang Xuanzhi 杨衒之 (fl. early sixth century), 288–90
Yanmen Pass 雁门关, 27–28, 30, 35, 134, 279–80
Yan Yaozhong 严耀中, xxiv, 148–49, 174
Ye 邺, 81, 96–97, 119–21, 133, 203–4, 207, 265, 269–70, 272–73
Yellow Emperor 黄帝, 50–51, 198–99, 200
Yellow Turbans 黄巾, 48, 115–16, 126–27
Yi Ba 伊馛 (d. 459), 191–92, 213–14, 241–42
Yihuai 翳槐 (r. 329–335, 337–338), 80–81, 82–83, 276
Yi Hun 乙浑 (d. 466), 242, 248–51
Yilu 猗卢 (r. 295–326), 70–72, 74–77, 120–21, 136–37
Yingchuan 颍川, 124–25
Yinshan 阴山 mountains, 23–24, 134, 163, 171
early history, 27–29
grasslands north of, 136, 188–89
Xiongnu loss of, 40
Yituo 猗· (r. 295–305), 70–74, 120–21, 136–37
Yonggu Mausoleum 永固陵, 261–62
Yongjia 永嘉 (Western Jin reign title, 307–311) See also Huaidi
Yongning Temple 永寜寺, 288–90
Yu, Madam 于氏 (d. 507), 285–86
Yu 郁 (imperial kinsman), 250
Yu (Taiwu’s son). See Southern Peace, Prince of
Yuan Cha 元叉[ or乂] (d. 525), 291–95
Yuan He 源贺 (d. 478), 236–37, 238, 239–40
Yuan Ke. See Xuanwu, Emperor
Yuan Pi 元丕 (d. 503), 150–51, 213–14, 251, 256, 261, 268–69, 270–71, 276–77, 279–81
Yuan Shao 袁绍 (d. 202), 115–16
Yuan Ziyou. See Xiaozhuang, Emperor
Yuchi, Lady (Madam) 尉迟氏 (n.d.), 213
Yuezhi 月氏, 37
Yu Guo 于果 (n.d.), 270–71
Yu Jing 于景 (d. 526), 294
Yu Lie 于烈 (d. 501), 269–70, 285–86
Yulin 羽林 guards. See armies: guard units
Yulü 郁律 (r. 316–321), 74, 78–80
Yungang 云岗, 135, 221–22, 246–47, 256–57
Yunzhong 云中. See Tumed Plain
Yuwen Tai 宇文泰, 193
Yu Zhong 于忠 (d. 518), 286, 291–92
Zhang, Fan, xxiv, 223
Zhang Fang 张方 (d. 306), 119–22
Zhang Jinlong 张金龙, 187
Zhang Liang 张良 (d. 186 bce), 268
Zhang Qingjie 张庆捷, 244
Zhangsun 长孙, 65n.29, 95, 149n.80
Zhangsun Fei 长孙肥 (d. 408), 95
Zhangsun Kehou 长孙渴侯 (d. 452), 236–37, 240
Zhangsun Song 长孙嵩 (d. 437), 98, 99, 161, 162
Zhao 赵, Warring States period, 30–35
Zheng Qinren 郑钦仁, 149
Zheng Xuan 郑玄 (d. 200), 115–16
Zheng Yan 郑俨 (d. 528), 296–97
zhong san 中散 (“palace jack-of-all-trades”), 149
Zhongshan 中山, 96–97, 99, 112–13
Zhou 周 dynasty (ca. 1046–256 BCE), 265–57, 275
Zhou li 周礼, 115–16, 265, 275, 287
Zhuang Zhou 庄周 (Zhuangzi 庄子), xvii, 264–65
Zhu Dawei 朱大渭, 152
Zhuge Liang 诸葛亮 (d. 234), 272–73, 274
Zifang. See Zhang Liang
Zong Ai 宗爱 (d. 452), 236–37, 239–40
Zou, Mount 邹山, 195
