[20] 卢布鲁克（William of Rubruck，约1220～1293），法国人，圣方济各会士，法国国王路易九世的亲信。1253年，他奉路易九世之命，往蒙古人处传教，并再次争取蒙古参加东征。
[21] MM Dawson，Christopher，ed. The Mongol Mission：Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the 13th and 14th Centuries. New York：Sheed and Ward，1955.17 and 100，and Rubruck，85.
[22] 徐霆（生卒年未详），字长孺，永嘉人。公元1235～1236年作为南宋使节随员前往蒙古大汗居留的草原。后为彭大雅的书稿作疏，合著《黑鞑事略》。书中详细介绍了蒙古国的地理气候与游牧围猎等内容，具有很高的史料价值。
[23] Peng and Xu Peng Daya and Xu Ting. Heida shilue. In MGSL.，475 and 478.
[24] Shakanova，Nurila Z. 1989 “The System of Nourishment among the Eurasian Nomads：The Kazakh Example.” In Seaman 1989，pp.113-14.
[25] Gregory of Tours. The History of the Franks. Trans. Lewis Tours Thorpe. London：Penguin，1974.592-93.
[26] Einhard，52，and Helmold，277. 关于鱼类和猎物在西欧与东欧地区的平民饮食中的重要性，请参见Almond，Richard 2003 Medieval Hunting. Phoenix Mill：Sutton Publishing.90-114，and Kovalev，Roman 1999 “Zvenyhorod in Galica：An Archaeological Survey，Eleventh-Mid-Thirteenth Century.” Journal of Ukrainian Studies 24，2：21-22。
[27] Duby，Georges 1974 The Early Growth of the European Economy. Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press.17，20，23，and 44.
[28] ANE Pritchard，James B.，ed.，The Ancient Near East：An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1973. 2 vols.
[29] Herodotus，I.73；Justin，XLI.3；and Zosimus. Historia Nova. Trans. James T.Buchanan and Harold T.Davis. San Antonio：Trinity University Press，1967.III.27.
[30] ，164；，66；and TTP，36.相关的考古学证据请参见Braund，David 1994 Georgia in Antiquity：A History of Colchis and Transcausian Iberia 550 BC-AD 562. Oxford：Clarendon Press.197。
[31] 引用请参见Varthema，Ludovico di. The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt，Syria，Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix，in Persia，India，and Ethiopia，A.D.1503-1508. Trans. John Jones. London：Hakluyt Society，1863.175；Hamilton，James Russell 1955 Les Ou?ghours à l’époque des cinq dynasties d’après les documents chinois. Paris：Imprimerie nationale，I，209；Forbes，III，83；and Ovington，160。
[32] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.，ch. 96B，3914；HS/H Hulsewé，A.F.P.，trans. China in Central Asia，the Early Stage：An Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Leiden：E.J.Brill，1979.173；Wang 1982，58；Ebrey，Patricia 1986 “The Economic and Social History of the Later Han.” In Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe，eds.，The Cambridge History of China，vol. 1，The Ch’in and Han. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，pp.620；Pelliot，Paul 1959-61 Notes on Marco Polo. 2 vols. Paris：Librairie Adrien-Massoneuve.328；and Gernet，Jacques 1962 Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press.137.
[33] Ripa，61-62 and Huc and Gabet，I，19-20.
[34] Clagett，Marshall 1992 Ancient Egyptian Science. Vol.1. Philadelphia：American Philosophical Society. Clark，Grahame 251.
[35] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch. 24B，1180-81；HS/D，III，495-96；and QC，282.关于中国国内的皮草、河狸毛皮和水獭皮的活跃市场，请参见Song Yingxing，80 and PRDK Demidova，N.F. and V.S.Miasnikov，eds. Pervye russkie diplomaty v Kitae：“Rospis” I.Petlina i stateiny spisok F.J.Baikova. Moscow：Nauka，1966.133。
[36] Swadling，Pamela 1996 Plumes from Paradise：Trade Cycles in Outer Southeast Asia and Their Impact on New Guinea and Nearby Islands Until 1920. National Capital District：Papua New Guinea National Museum.49-70.
[37] Martin，Janet 1980 “Trade on the Volga：The Commercial Relations of Bulghar with Central Asia and Iran in the 11th and 12th Centuries.” International Journal of Turkish Studies 1，2：85-97.
[38] Clark，Stuart 1986 “The Annales Historians.” In Quentin Skinner，ed.，The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，pp.13-20.关于地中海地区象牙的早期贸易与获得途径，请参见Hayward，Lorna 1990 “The Origin of Raw Elephant Ivory in Late Bronze Age Greece.” Antiquity 64：103-9；and ARE，II，235。
[39] Laufer，Bertold 1913 “Arabic and Chinese Trade in Walrus and Narwhal Ivory.” T’oung-pao 14：315-64.
[40] SOS O’Kane，John，trans. The Ship of Sulaiman. New York：Columbia University Press，1972.150-51.可参见评论Rudra Deva. ?yainika ?ātram：The Art of Hunting in Ancient India. Trans. M.M.Haraprasad Shastri. Delhi：Eastern Book Linkers，1982.86 （no.44）。
[41] Hamilton，James Russell 1955 Les Ou?ghours à l’époque des cinq dynasties d’après les documents chinois. Paris：Imprimerie nationale，II，102 and SOS，152.
[42] 关于亚洲当代的野生动物交易与商业狩猎活动，请参见系列文章Knight，John 1999 “Wildlife Trade in Asia.” International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter 20，（November）：8-14。
[43] 有关综合对比皮草诱捕与贸易史的可能性，请参见Tracy，James 2001 “Iasak in Siberia vs. Competition Among Colonizers in Canada：A Note on Comparisons Between Fur Trades.” Russian History/Histoire Russe 28，1-4：403-09。
[44] Thompson，James Westfall and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson 1965 An Introduction to Medieval Europe，300-1500. New York：Norton.315-16.
[45] Altherr，Thomas and John F.Reiger 1995 “Academic Historians and Hunting：A Call for More and Better Scholarship.” Environmental History Review 19：39-56.
[46] Spuler，Bertold 1965 Die Goldene Horde：Die Mongolen in Russland. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden：Otto Harrassowitz.387；Spuler，Bertold 1985 Die Mongolen in Iran. 4th ed. Leiden：E. J. Brill.346-48；Jagchid，Sechin and Paul Hyer 1979 Mongolia’s Culture and Society. Boulder，Colo.：Westview Press.23-37；and Jagchid，Sechin and C.R. Bawden 1968 “Notes on Hunting of Some Nomadic Peoples.” In Jagd 1968，pp.90-102.
[47] Bunzel，Ruth 1938 “The Economic Organization of Primitive People.” In Franz Boas，ed.，General Anthropology. New York：D.C.Heath，pp.374-75.
[48] 这些论述的基础源于P. Wilson，David Sloan 1998 “Hunting，Sharing and Multilevel Selection：The Tolerated Theft Model Revisited.” Current Anthropology 39：79-91 and 117-34。
[49] Trigger，Bruce 1990 “Monumental Architecture：A Thermodynamic Explanation of Symbolic Behavior.” World Archaeology 22：119-32 and Smil，Vaclav 1994 Energy in World History. Boulder，Colo.：Westview Press.232.
[50] Silverbauer，George 1982 “Political Process in G/wi Bands.” In Eleanor Leacock and Richard Lee，eds.，Politics and History in Band Societies. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，pp.29.此外还可参见Woodburn，James 1979 “Minimal Politics：The Political Organization of the Hadza of North Tanzania.” In William A. Shack and Percy S. Cohen，eds.，Politics in Leadership：A Comparative Perspective. Oxford：Clarendon Press，pp.244-64。
[51] Guo，Dashun 1995 “Hongshan and Related Cultures.” In Sarah M. Nelson，ed.，The Archaeology of Northeast China. London：Routledge，pp.29，50 and 52 and Shavkunov，E. V. 1990 Kul’tura Chzhurchzhenei-Udige XII-XIII vv. i problema proiskhozhdeniia tungusskikh narodov Dal’nego Vostoka. Moscow：Nauka.89-128.
[52] Cheng Zhuo Franke，Herbert，trans. “A Sung Embassy Diary of 1211-1212：The Shih-chin lu of Ch’eng Cho.” Bulletin de l’école fran?aise d’Extrême-Orient 69（1981）：178.
[53] Bigam Gul-Badan Begum. The History of Humāyūn（Humāyūnnāma）. Trans. Annette Susannah Beveridge. 1902. Reprint Delhi：Low Price Publications，1989.66-67，波斯语文本，and 165-67，英语译本。
[54] Ingold，Tim 1994 “From Trust to Domination：An Alternative History of Human-Animal Relations.” In Aubrey Manning and James Serpell，eds.，Animals and Human Society：Changing Perspectives. New York：Routlege，pp.1-16.关于中世纪格鲁吉亚的人性与动物性观念，请参见Beynen，G.Koolemans 1990 “The Symbolism of the Leopard in the Vepkhist‘Q’aosani.Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia 2：33-42。
[55] 又译阿契民尼德王朝（公元前550～前330），是第一个在政治上统一了伊朗高原的古波斯帝国。
[56] Masson，V. M，and V. Ⅰ. Sarianidi 2004 “Nowhere to Roam.” Time，April 1，1940，27.
[57] 关于狩猎场的毁坏，请参见Schama，Simon 1995 Landscape and Memory. New York：Knopf.68-73。
[58] Fox，Robin Lane 1987 Pagans and Christians. New York：Knopf.183 and Anvarī，Hasan 1976 I ilāhāt-i dīvānī dawrah-i Ghaznavī va Saljūqī. Tehran：Kitabkhānah ?avūrī.419.
[59] 费尔南·布罗代尔（1902～1985），法国年鉴学派第二代著名的历史学家。
[60] 有关针对狩猎假说的代表性批判，请参见Davis，Simon J. M. 1987 The Archaeology of Animals. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.91-99；Cartmill，Matt 1993 A View to Death in the Morning：Hunting and Nature Through History. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press.1-27；and Stange，Mary Zeiss 1997 Woman the Hunter. Boston：Beacon Press.23-47。
