围墙的数量只是核心区域中皇家狩猎活动宏大规模的象征之一。在最后一节中,我们将谈及一些其他的估量方式。
狩猎规模有多大?
1682年,在中国东北举行的一场大型狩猎活动中,康熙皇帝带领一支小队脱离大部队的喧扰,安静地独自展开了狩猎。[126]毋庸置疑,皇家狩猎活动——尤其是围猎活动——规模宏大且十分喧闹。但是,这种狩猎活动的规模究竟有多大呢?
一种明显的估量方式便是统计参加狩猎的人数。据编撰于公元前403~前350年间的半虚构典籍《穆天子传》记载,约公元前10世纪初在位的周穆王曾带领六师之人——每个师通常有2500人——的军队外出狩猎。[127]14世纪的中国小说《三国演义》讲述的是公元2世纪前后的故事,书中曾描写皇帝带领10万大军进入野外,并在狩猎中圈围了大约200里的土地。[128]考虑到这些作品的性质及其距离所描述事件的时间跨度,其数据可以被较容易地排除。然而,有一点可以确定,那就是这些作品所记录的数字与实际相差并不太多:其他更可靠的资料证实了这些狩猎活动的庞大规模。据《汉书》记载,匈奴的首领曾有一次率领1万人外出狩猎,还有一次则率领了10万人,这种狩猎方式被称为旁塞猎——字面意义即“彼此相邻并以堵塞为手段进行的狩猎”[129]。[130]这并不是说所有的狩猎活动都达到了这种规模,史书中也记载了一些规模较小的狩猎活动。公元3世纪初,游牧民族拓跋部的首领——他们后来建立了北魏王朝(386~535)——在狩猎中聚集了“上千骑兵”,之后辽金两代的皇帝也调动了相近规模的人数。[131]然而,对于一场体面的皇家狩猎活动而言,这些数字还属于比较少的。在耶稣会传教士利玛窦的目击证言中,这一结论也得到了证实。据利玛窦所言,康熙皇帝曾在1711年的一次“小型狩猎”中率领12000名兵士外出。[132]
核心区域内的数据与此相同,进一步证实了我们从东亚地区史料中所得出的结论。当代学者认为,阿克巴大帝和沙贾汉(Shāh Jahān)经常会在狩猎活动中调用四五千人兵力,奥朗则布则会率众10万出征。[133]波斯的数据也与此类似。在一次狩猎活动中,一位萨非王朝的统治者使用了12000匹马和4000名步兵,在另一次狩猎中则调用了20000名助猎者。[134]最后,据德国医师恩格伯特·肯普弗(Engelbert Kaempfer)描述,1683年时,苏莱曼大帝(Sulaymān,1660~1694年在位)组织过一场大型围猎,活动从5月初一直持续到7月20日,一共调用了80000名手持棍棒的助猎者。恩格伯特指出,其中有半数的助猎者很快便因缺水而逃走,另有近500人悲惨地死去。[135]
估量狩猎规模的第二种方法是观察皇家狩猎活动所覆盖或涉及的总面积。关于这一点,很多论述都有所涉及。在此,我将详细陈述四个例子,因为这四个例子都可以很好地展现皇家狩猎活动的巨大规模。
第一个例子,据编年史家术扎尼(Jūzjānī)记述,古尔王朝的基雅斯·艾丁曾在阿富汗南部与锡斯坦[136]北部地区举行过多场大型狩猎活动。术扎尼称,每年苏丹都会下令组成一个直径50~60里格以上的半圆形狩猎圈(barrah/parrah)。在耗时一个月的驱赶猎物活动结束后,半圆形狩猎圈关闭,其中容纳有超过10000种的各类猎物。[137]
图4 用网捕狮
资料来源:《帕德沙本纪》(Padshahnama)。The Royal Collection 2005.Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.
第二个例子来自于萨非王朝阿拔斯在位期间的宫廷史学家穆什(Munshī)。据他记录,1598年时,在伊朗马什哈德外的剌的干平原(plain of Rādikān)上形成了一个巨大的狩猎圈。助猎者“在几天之内从四面八方”将猎物赶至平原之上。当狩猎圈的直径缩至1里格左右时,皇帝及其手下便开始狩猎了。[138]
第三个例子来自于阿克巴大帝的亲信阿布尔·法兹尔(Abū’l Fa?l),他记述了阿克巴大帝于1567年在拉合尔(Lahore)附近举行的一场令人难忘的围猎活动。阿克巴明确下令,将周围所有的区域都临时交由宫廷官员用于组织狩猎。成千上万的当地人被派去驱赶猎物,城市外的一片空地则被选为“收集动物”的场所。阿布尔继续记述,助猎者花费了一个月的时间才将猎物驱赶并集中于一个周长约10英里的区域内。狩猎活动一共持续了五天,其间“各式各样的狩猎方式都得到了展示”。[139]
最后一个例子是比利时佛兰德人传教士南怀仁的叙述。据他所言,1683年他陪同康熙皇帝去东北狩猎时,跟随皇帝“狩猎的随员队伍行进了900多里,中间一天都不曾间断”。[140]
综上所述,以上这些证词来自于不同的、彼此独立的信息源,而且通常是叙述者亲眼所见。这些证词证明了皇家狩猎活动规模极大,主要是一种用于增加影响力的军事/政治活动。在后文讨论保护措施与皇家狩猎能力的宣传实践时,笔者还将引证能够证明这一结论的其他论据。
图5 阿克巴大帝1567年在拉合尔附近围猎
资料来源:《阿克巴本纪》(Akbarnāma,1950年代),伦敦维多利亚与阿尔伯特博物馆(Victoria and Albert Museum,London)。
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[7] 小普林尼(约61~113),罗马作家,以描述罗马帝国社会生活的九卷信札著称。
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[34] 印度城市,意为命运女神之城。
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