[67] Keeley，Lawrence H. 1996 War Before Civilization. Oxford：Oxford University Press.50 and 52.
[68] McEwan，Edward，Robert L. Miller and Christopher Bergman 1991 “Early Bow Design and Construction.” Scientific American 264，6：76-82.
[69] Gardiner，E. Norman 1907 “Throwing the Javelin.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 29：249-73，esp. 255 and 257，and Drews，Robert 1993 The End of the Bronze Age：Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca 1200 B.C. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press.181.
[70] Haas，Jonathan 1982 The Evolution of the Prehistoric State. New York：Columbia University Press. el-Habashi，Zaki33-34，56，81-82，and 145-46，and Clagett，Marshall 1992 Ancient Egyptian Science. Vol.1. Philadelphia：American Philosophical Society. Clark，Grahame 1992，251.
[71] Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.I，35，45，109，and 111，and II，236-37.
[72] el-Habashi 1992，31 and 53，and Decker，Wolfgang 1992 Sports and Games of Ancient Egypt. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.154.
[73] Martynov 1991，84；Golden，Peter B. 2002 “War and Warfare in the Pre-?inggisid Western Steppe of Eurasia.” In Di Cosmo 2002，pp.151；and Ni?āmī，Ganjavi. The Haft Paykar：A Medieval Persian Romance. Trans. Julie Scott Meisami. Oxford：Oxford University Press，1995.12.24-25.
[74] Diodorus Diodorus of Sicily. Trans. C.H.Oldfather et al. Loeb Classical Library；Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1935-57.V.76.3，and Lavin，Irving 1963 “The Hunting Mosaics of Antioch and Their Sources.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 17：figs. 71，79，81，110，122，and 123，此后俱为286。
[75] 例如可参见，Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.I，362，371，and 401。
[76] Ye Longli. Qidan guoji. Shanghai：Guji chubanshe，1985.ch. 23，226；SCBM Franke，Herbert，trans. “Chinese Texts on the Jurchen：A Trans lation of the Jurchen Monograph in the San-ch’ao pei-meng” Zentral-Asiatische Studien 9（1975）：147；Wittfogel，Karl A. and Feng Chia-sheng 1949 History of Chinese Society，Liao（907-1125）. Philadelphia：American Philosophical Society.353；Ripa，Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking. Reprint New York：AMS，1979.90-91；and Haenisch，Erich 1935 “Die Abteilung‘Jagd’im Fünfsprachigen W?rterspiegel.” Asia Major 10：75，entry no.27.
[77] Lawergren，Bo 2003 “Oxus Trumpets，ca. 2200-1800 B. C. E.：Material Overview，Usage，Societal Role and Catalog.” Iranica Antigua 38：88-105，andAlbertus Magnus. On Animals：A Medieval Sum ma Zoologica. I，684.
[78] Koch，Ebba 1998 Dara-Shikoh Shooting Nilgais：Hunt and Landscape in Mughal Painting. Occasional Papers 1. Washington，D.C.：Freer Gallery of Art.17-26.
[79] 古代中国也是如此，参见Fiskesj?，Magnus 2001 “Rising from Blood-Stained Fields：Royal Hunting and State Formation in Shang China.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 73：12-23，关于中世纪的伊斯兰世界可见al-Man?ūr，60-61 and 63-69。
[80] 关于“keyik”一词在突厥语中的多种含义，请参见Bābur，?ahir al-Dīn. The Bābur-nāma in English. Trans. Annette Susannah Beveridge. London：Luzac，1969.6，8，10，224，296，and 491；Nadeliaev，V. M. et al.，eds. 1969 Drevnetiurkskii slovar. Leningrad：Nauka.194-95；and Bazin，Louis 1957 “Noms de la‘chèvre’ en Turc et en Mongol” In Studia Altaica：Festschrift für Nikolas Poppe zum 60.Geburtstag. Wiesbaden：Otto Harrassowitz，pp. 28-32。
[81] Parrot，Andre 1961 The Arts of Assyria. New York：Golden Press.185，figs. 236 and 203，fig.252；Jahāngīr，I，102；and Rudra Deva，85-86 （para.36-40）.
[82] Manucci，Niccolao. Storia do Mogor or Mugul India，1653-1708. Trans. William Irvine. Reprint New Delhi：Oriental Books Reprint，1981.I，184 and Ripa，Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking. Reprint New York：AMS，1979.89-90.
[83] Xenophon，Cyr. Xenophon. Cyropaedia. Trans. Walter Miller. Loeb Classical. Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1994.I.iv.7-9.
[84] Rudra Deva. ?yainika ?ātram：The Art of Hunting in Ancient India. Trans. M.M.Haraprasad Shastri. Delhi：Eastern Book Linkers，1982.82 （para.17）.
[85] Piggot，Stuart 1992 Wagon，Chariot and Carriage：Symbol and Status in the History of Transportation. London：Thames and Hudson.45-68.
[86] el-Habashi 1992，142 and 152；Decker，Wolfgang 1992 Sports and Games of Ancient Egypt. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.153-54；Houlihan，Patrick F. 1996 The Animal World of the Pharaohs. London：Thames and Hudson.11；ARI， II，50，55，91，150，and 175；Parrot，Andre 1961 The Arts of Assyria. New York：Golden Press.269-73 and fig. 345.
[87] Porada，Edith 1969 The Art of Ancient Iran. New York：Greystone.177-78.
[88] Sharma，R. S. 1970 “Central Asia and Early Indian Cavalry.” In Amalendu Guha，ed.，Central Asia：Movements of Peoples and Ideas from Times Prehistoric to Modern. New Delhi：Vikas Publications，pp. 176，and Kalidasa，5.
[89] Shaughnessy，Edward L. 1988 “Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 48：189-237，esp.216-17.关于中国军用马车的消亡，可参见明朝后期学者的论述Song Yingxing，262。
[90] CATCL Mair，Victor H.，ed. The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature. New York：Columbia University Press，1994.420-21.
[91] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch.8，238，and ch.9，293；HS/D Pan Ku. The History of the Former Han Dynasty. Trans. Homer Dubs. Baltimore：Waverly Press，1938-55，205 and 329；HHS Fan Ye. Hou Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1973.ch.29，3646；and CRP Watson，Burton，trans. Chinese Rhyme-Prose：Poems in the Fu Form from the Han and Six Dynasties Period. New York：Columbia University Press，1971.30-31.
[92] ZZ/W Watson，Burton，trans. The Tso Chuan：Selections from China’s Oldest Narrative History. New York：Columbia University Press，1989.162；SMCC，206；and Mencius. Trans. W.A.C. H. Dobson. Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1963.3.38.
[93] Amiet，Pierre 1969 “Quelques ancêtres du chasseur royal d’Ugarit.” Ugaritica：études relatives aux découvertes de Ras Shamra，vol. 6，Mission de Ras Shamra 17. Paris：Collège de France，Geuthner，6-8.
[94] Buzand Garsoian，Nina G.，trans. The Epic Histories Attributed to Buzand. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1989.128.
[95] ANE Pritchard，James B.，ed.，The Ancient Near East：An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1973.I，250.
[96] Littauer，Mary Aiken and Joost Crouwel 1973 “The Dating of a Chariot Ivory from Nimrud Considered Once Again.” American Schools of Oriental Research 209：27-33，and ANE，I，pl.40，后为284。
[97] Drews，Robert 1993 The End of the Bronze Age：Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca 1200 B.C. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press.106，119-26，and 141-47；ANE，I，pl.40，后为284；Decker，Wolfgang 1992 Sports and Games of Ancient Egypt. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.153；and Parrot，Andre 1961 The Arts of Assyria. New York：Golden Press.55-56 and fig.64。
[98] 助猎者（beater），在狩猎活动中负责将猎物从隐蔽处惊起的人。
[99] ARE Breasted，James Henry，trans. Ancient Records of Egypt. Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1908.345-46；Xenophon，Cyr.，I.iv.13-16 and II.iv.20；Fiskesj? 2001，103-4 and 113-20；and Gregory of Gregory of Tours. The History of the Franks. Trans. Lewis Tours Thorpe. London：Penguin，1974.243.
[100] 尼姆鲁德（Nimrod），又译宁罗，位于今底格里斯河摩苏尔以南。
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[102] Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades：Memoirs of Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. Trans. Philip K.Hitti. Princeton University Press，1987.223，and Dozy，R. P. A. 1991 Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes. 2 vols. 1881. Reprint Beirut：Librairie du Liban.I，317；HI Elliot，H.M.E. and John Dawson，trans. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians：The Muhammadan Period，1867. Reprint New York：AMS Press，1966.III，172；Bābur，?ahir al-Dīn. The Bābur-nāma in English. Trans. Annette Susannah Beveridge. London：Luzac，1969.114，325，and 424；and Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.II，120，181-82，and 229.
[103] IB Talat Tekin，trans. Irk Bitig：The Book of Omens. Wiesbaden：Harrassowitz，1993.27，and Nadeliaev，V. M. et al.，eds. 1969 Drevnetiurkskii slovar. Leningrad：Nauka.481.
[104] 赵珙，南宋使节。1221年（宋宁宗嘉定十四年）赵珙奉上司贾涉之命往河北蒙古军前议事，并将出使期间的见闻著录成书，是为《蒙鞑备录》。
[105] Zhao Hong. Mengda beilu. In MGSL.456.
[106] Lessing，Ferdinard D. 1973 Mongolian-English Dictionary. Bloomington，Ind：Mongolia Society.2 and 43，and Rozycki，William 1994 Mongol Elements in Manchu. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 157. Bloomington：Indiana University.9.
[107] SH/I de Rachewiltz，Igor，ed. Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 121. Bloomington：Indiana University，1972.70，73，and 153；SH de Rachewiltz，Igor，trans. The Secret History of the Mongols：A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden：E.J.Brill，2004.I，74，78，and 188；Lessing，Ferdinard D. 1973 Mongolian-English Dictionary. Bloomington，Ind：Mongolia Society.1045；and Doerfer，Gerhard 1963-75 Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. 4 vols. Wiesbaden：Franz Steiner.，I，291-93 and 411-14.
[108] Rubruck Jackson，Peter，trans. and David Morgan，ed. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck. London：Hakluyt Society，1990.85；MM Dawson，Christopher，ed. The Mongol Mission：Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the 13th and 14th Centuries. New York：Sheed and Ward，1955.100-1；Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.226 and 229-34；andCWT Yule，Sir Henry，ed. and trans. Cathay and the Way Thither，Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. 1866. Reprint Taibei：Ch’eng-wen Publishing，1966.235.
[109] Kāshgharī，I，281，and Rudra Deva. ?yainika ?ātram：The Art of Hunting in Ancient India. Trans. M.M.Haraprasad Shastri. Delhi：Eastern Book Linkers，1982.88 （para.51-52），斜体为笔者所加。
[110] Ye Longli. Qidan guoji. Shanghai：Guji chubanshe，1985.ch. 24，231，and Tao，Jing-shen 1976 The Jurchen in Twelfth Century China：A Study in Sinicization. Seattle：University of Washington Press.8-9.
[111] 1里格，长度单位，约为3英里。
[112] Juvaynī/Q Juvayn?，. Ta’rīkh-i Jahāngushā. Ed. Mirzā Mu?ammad Qazvīnī. E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series 26. London：Luzac，1912-37.I，19-20，and Juvaynī/B Juvaynī，. The History of the World Conqueror. Trans. John A.Boyle. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1958.I，27-28.
[113] Ibn Arabshah，Ahmed，Tamerlane or Timur the Great Amir. Trans. J.H.Sanders. Reprint Lahore：Progressive Books，n.d.，308-9.
[114] Ovington，J. A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689. Ed. H.G.Rawlinson. Oxford：Oxford University Press，1929.162.
[115] Ibn al-Furāt Ibn al-Furāt. Ayyubids，Mamlukes and Crusaders：Selections from the Tārīkh al-Duwal wa’l Mulūk. Trans. U. and M.C.Lyons，with notes by Jonathan S.C.Riley-Smith. Cambridge：W.Hefer and Sons，1971.I，85，阿拉伯语文本，and II，69，英语译本；Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.I，103 and 120；and Rashīd/K Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. Karīmī. Tehran：Eqbal，1959.II，689。
[116] Wittfogel，Karl A. and Feng Chia-sheng 1949 History of Chinese Society，Liao（907-1125）. Philadelphia：American Philosophical Society.284.
[117] Rashīd/K Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. Karīmī. Tehran：Eqbal，1959.245；Doerfer，Gerhard 1963-75 Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. 4 vols. Wiesbaden：Franz Steiner.I，162；SWQZL Shengwu qinzheng lu. In MGSL.31；Pelliot，Paul and Louis Hambis 1951 Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan. Leiden：E.J. Brill.139-41 and 143-44；Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.II，181-82；and Ripa，Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking. Reprint New York：AMS，1979.86-89.
[118] Agathangelos. History of the Armenians. Trans. Robert W.Thomson. Albany：State University of New York Press，1976.217；JTS Jiu Tangshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1975.ch. 64，2420；PCR Godman，Peter. Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1985.207；PSRL Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei. Moscow：Iazyki russkoi kul’tury，1997-2000.I，219；PVL Povest vremennykh let po lavrent’evskoi letopisi. 2nd ed. trans. and ed. D.S.Likhachev and V.P.Adrianovoi-Peretts. St.Petersburg：Nauka，1996.91，古俄语文本，and 229，现代俄语译本；RPC Cross，Samuel Hazzard and Olgerd P.Sherbowitz-Wetzor，trans. and eds. The Russian Primary Chronicle，Laurentian Text. Cambridge，Mass.：Medieval Academy of America，1953.173。
[119] 这一点可以追溯至商代，可参见Fiskesj?，Magnus 2001 “Rising from Blood-Stained Fields：Royal Hunting and State Formation in Shang China.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 73：118。
[120] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch. 10，327，and ch. 87b，3558，and HS/D Pan Ku. The History of the Former Han Dynasty. Trans. Homer Dubs. Baltimore：Waverly Press，1938-55.II，412.
[121] 彭大雅（公元1245年亡故），字子文，江西鄱阳人，南宋嘉定七年（1214）进士。史载其1240年作为书状官出使蒙古，撰有《黑鞑事略》，由徐霆注疏。该书是研究蒙古帝国历史的重要资料。
[122] Peng and Xu Peng Daya and Xu Ting. Heida shilue. In MGSL. 478.
[123] Beveridge，Henry 1900 “Meaning of the Word nihilam，”Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.137-38，and Bābur，?ahir al-Dīn. The Bābur-nāma in English. Trans. Annette Susannah Beveridge. London：Luzac，1969.45.
[124] Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.I，203-4 and II，83-84.
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[126] d’Orléans，Pierre Joseph. History of the Two Tartar Conquerors of China. Trans. Earl of Ellesmere. Reprint New York：Burt Franklin，1971.72 and 107.
[127] MTZZ Mathieu，Rémi，trans. Le Mu tianzi zhuan：Translation annotée，étude critique. Paris：Presses universitaires de France，1978.ch. 3，2a-b，中文文本，and 50-51，法语译本。
[128] Guanzhong Brewitt-Taylor. Rutland，Vt.：Tuttle，1959. Vol.I，209.
[129] “旁塞猎”原书为“a pangse hunt”，此处汉译仅对照原书“side［by side］blocking hunt”，中文文献见《汉书·匈奴传》：“其明年，匈奴三千余骑入五原，略杀数千人，后数万骑南旁塞猎，行攻塞外亭障，略取吏民去。”
[130] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch. 94a，3788-89.
[131] WS/H Holmgren，Jennifer，trans. The Annals of Tai：Early T’o-pa History according to the First Chapter of the Wei-shu. Canberra：Australian National University Press，1982.53；Wittfogel and Feng 1949，129；and JS Jinshi. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1975.ch. 6，132.
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