[61] ZGC Chan-kuo ts’e. Rev. ed. Trans. J.I.Crump. Ann Arbor：Center for Chinese Studies，University of Michigan，1996.61-62.
[62] 此处原书与中文史料有异，公元220年曹丕篡汉称帝，东汉灭亡。
[63] WX Xiao Tong，Wen xuan or Selections of Refined Literature. Trans. David Knechtges. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1982-87.II，53-71；Sima Guang/C de Crespigney，Rafe，trans. To Establish Peace：Being the Chronicle of the Later Han for the Years 189-220 as Recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang. Canberra：Faculty of Asian Studies，Australian National University，1996.I，43；and Bielenstein，Hans 1976 “Lo-yang in Later Han Times.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 48：18 and 81.
[64] 此处原书与中文史料有异，汉武帝于公元前141～前87年在位。
[65] 吾丘寿王（约公元前156～前110），字子赣，河北邯郸人，曾任侍中中郎，善作赋，后坐事诛。
[66] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch. 65，2847-51，and HS/W Watson，Burton，trans. Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China：Selections from the History of the Former Han by Pan ku. New York：Columbia University Press，1974.83-87.
[67] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch. 54，2455；HS/W Watson，Burton，trans. Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China：Selections from the History of the Former Han by Pan ku. New York：Columbia University Press，1974.40；CRP Watson，Burton，trans. Chinese Rhyme-Prose：Poems in the Fu Form from the Han and Six Dynasties Period. New York：Columbia University Press，1971.37-41；and WX Xiao Tong，Wen xuan or Selections of Refined Literature. Trans. David Knechtges. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1982-87.II，73-89，113，207，209，and 211.其他的相关数据，请参见Wang，Zhongshu 1982 Han Civilization. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.1 and 8-9；Hervouet，Yves 1964 Un poète de cour sous les Han：Sseu-ma Siang-jou. Paris：Presses universitaires de France.222-42；and Schafer，Edward H. 1968 “Hunting Parks and Animal Enclosures in Ancient China.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 11：325-31。
[68] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch. 96b，3928；HS/H Hulsewé，A.F.P.，trans. China in Central Asia，the Early Stage：An Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Leiden：E.J.Brill，1979.173；SJ Sima Qian. Shiji. Beijing：Zhonghu shuju，1982.ch. 28，1384，and ch. 102，2752；SJH Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian：Han Dynasty. Rev. ed. Trans. Burton Watson，New York：Columbia University Press，1993.I，468，and II，25；CRP Watson，Burton，trans. Chinese Rhyme-Prose：Poems in the Fu Form from the Han and Six Dynasties Period. New York：Columbia University Press，1971.41-44；WX Xiao Tong，Wen xuan or Selections of Refined Literature. Trans. David Knechtges. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1982-87.I，113，137，139，445，and 447，and II，89-95 and 115-17；and Wang，Zhongshu 1982 Han Civilization. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.101，102，and 149.
[69] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1990.ch. 9，285，and ch. 10，304，and HS/D Pan Ku. The History of the Former Han Dynasty. Trans. Homer Dubs. Baltimore：Waverly Press，1938-55.II，314 and 377-78.
[70] SJ Sima Qian. Shiji. Beijing：Zhonghu shuju，1982.ch. 30，1428 and 1436；ch. 58，2084；ch. 87，2502；ch. 122，3132；SJQ Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian：Qin Dynasty. Trans. Burton Watson. New York：Columbia University Press，1993.204；SJH Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian：Han Dynasty. Rev. ed. Trans. Burton Watson，New York：Columbia University Press，1993.I，383，and II，70，78，and 380.
[71] SJ Sima Qian. Shiji. Beijing：Zhonghu shuju，1982.ch. 125，3194；SJH Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian：Han Dynasty. Rev. ed. Trans. Burton Watson，New York：Columbia University Press，1993.II，422；CRP Watson，Burton，trans. Chinese Rhyme-Prose：Poems in the Fu Form from the Han and Six Dynasties Period. New York：Columbia University Press，1971.44-47；and WX Xiao Tong，Wen xuan or Selections of Refined Literature. Trans. David Knechtges. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1982-87.I，137 and 139，and II，97-105.
[72] Schafer，Edward H. 1956 “Cultural History of the Elaphure.” Sinologica 4：259-60.
[73] 此处原书与中文史料有异，应为公元359～395年。
[74] Fu Jian Rogers，Michael C.，trans. The Chronicle of Fu Chien：A Case of Examplar History. Berkeley：University of California Press，1968.166；Yang Xuanzhi Yang Hsüan-chih. A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-yang. Trans. Yi-t’ung Wang. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1984.60-65；and Jenner，W. J. F. 1981 Memories of Loyang：Yang Hsüan-chih and the Last Capital（493-534）. Oxford：Clarendon Press.173-75.
[75] 关于这一复兴，请参见Schafer，Edward H. 1968 “Hunting Parks and Animal Enclosures in Ancient China.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 11：334-41；Hargett，James M. 1988-89 “Huizong’s Magic Marchmount：The Genyue Pleasure Park of Kaifeng.” Monumenta Serica 38：4-5；and Benn，Charles 2002 China’s Golden Age：Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford：Oxford University Press.68-69 and 95。
[76] VRTE Solomon，Bernard S.，trans. The Veritable Record of the T’ang Emperor Shun-tsung. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1955.40.
[77] Hargett，James M. 1989 “The Pleasure Parks of Kaifeng and Lin’an During the Song（960-1279）.” Chinese Culture 30：61-78，and Hargett，James M. 1988-89 “Huizong’s Magic Marchmount：The Genyue Pleasure Park of Kaifeng.” Monumenta Serica 38：5-43.
[78] Fan Chengda Hargett，James M.，trans. On the Road in Twelfth Century China：The Travel Diaries of Fan Chengda（1126-1193）. Stuttgart：Franz Steiner，1989.150.
[79] SH de Rachewiltz，Igor，trans. The Secret History of the Mongols：A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden：E.J.Brill，2004.I，218，and SH/I de Rachewiltz，Igor，ed. Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 121. Bloomington：Indiana University，1972.173-74.
[80] Juvaynī/Q Juvayn?，. Ta’rīkh-i Jahāngushā. Ed. Mirzā Mu?ammad Qazvīnī. E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series 26. London：Luzac，1912-37.21；Juvaynī/B Juvaynī，. The History of the World Conqueror. Trans. John A.Boyle. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1958.I，29；Rashīd/A Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. A.A.Alizade et al. Moscow：Nauka.II/1，147-48；Rashīd/B Rashid al-Dīn. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Trans. John A.Boyle. New York：Columbia University Press.64-65；and Boyle，John A. 1972 “The Seasonal Residences of the Great Khan ?gedei.” Central Asiatic Journal 16：125-31.
[81] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.264.
[82] MP Ligeti，Louis. Monuments préclassiques，ⅩⅢe et ⅩⅣe siècles. Budapest：Akadémiai Kiadó，1972.227-28；Nadeliaev，V. M. et al.，eds. 1969 Drevnetiurkskii slovar. Leningrad：Nauka.460；and De Weese，Devin 1994 Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde：Buba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition. University Park：Pennsylvania State University Press.179-89.
[83] Pelliot，Paul 1959-61 Notes on Marco Polo. 2 vols. Paris：Librairie Adrien-Massoneuve.I，140-43，and II，843-45.
[84] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.210-11；CWT Yule，Sir Henry，ed. and trans. Cathay and the Way Thither，Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. 1866. Reprint Taibei：Ch’eng-wen Publishing，1966.II，218-19；SH de Rachewiltz，Igor，trans. The Secret History of the Mongols：A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden：E.J.Brill，2004.I，41；SH/I de Rachewiltz，Igor，ed. Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 121. Bloomington：Indiana University，1972.45-46；and Steinhardt，Nancy Shatzman 1983 “The Plan of Khubilai Khan’s Imperial City.” Artibus Asiae 44，2-3：138.
[85] Steinhardt，Nancy Shatzman 1990a Chinese Imperial City Planning. Honolulu：University of Hawaii Press.150-54；Steinhardt，Nancy Shatzman 1990b “Imperial Architecture Along the Mongolian Road to Dadu.” Ars Orientalis 18：62-65；Pelliot，Paul 1959-61 Notes on Marco Polo. 2 vols. Paris：Librairie Adrien-Massoneuve.I，238-40 and 256-57；and Chan，Hok-lam 1967 “Liu Ping-chung（1216-74）：A Buddhist-Taoist Statesman at the Court of Khubilai Khan.” T’oung-pao 53：126-27.
[86] Bushell，S.W. 1873 “Notes on the Old Mongolian Capital of Shangtu.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society n.s. 7：329-38；Impey，Lawrence 1925 “Shangtu，the Summer Capital of Kublai Khan.” Geographical Review 15：584-604；and Atkinson，Thomas 1993 “In Xanadu did Kubla Khan...” Mongolia Society Newsletter n.s. 13：29-35.
[87] Rashīd/K Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. Karīmī. Tehran：Eqbal，1959. 2 vols.641；Rashīd/B Rashid al-Dīn. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Trans. John A.Boyle. New York：Columbia University Press.277；and Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.185-67 and 201.
[88] Brunnert，H.S. and V.V.Hagelstrom 1912 Present Day Political Organization of China. Shanghai：Kellog and Walsh.20 and 517-18.
[89] PRDK Demidova，N.F. and V.S.Miasnikov，eds. Pervye russkie diplomaty v Kitae：“Rospis” I.Petlina i stateiny spisok F.J.Baikova. Moscow：Nauka，1966.136.
[90] Bell，John. Journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin，1714-22. Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press，1965.166 and 168-72.
[91] 南苑行宫，原书为“Pazhao”，即马国贤原文中的“Pa-chao”。马国贤著作的中译本译者，据描述判断认为应译作“南苑行宫”，并注此音以示或有误译；本书亦采用了这一译法。参见《马国贤在华回忆录》，李天纲译，上海古籍出版社，2004，第73页。
[92] 马国贤（Matheo Ripa，1682～1745），意大利那不勒斯人，1711年（康熙五十年）被派遣来华传教。他在中国一共居住了14年，横跨康雍两朝，是继马可·波罗和利玛窦等之后在华的著名传教士。
[93] Ripa，Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking. Reprint New York：AMS，1979.96.
[94] Ripa，Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking. Reprint New York：AMS，1979.74-75，and Bell，John. Journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin，1714-22. Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press，1965.132-33.此外，更多细节与图表可参见Malone，Carroll Brown 1934 History of the Peking Summer Palaces Under the Ch’ing Dynasty. Urbana：University of Illinois.21-43和219。
[95] RKO Demidova，N.F. and V.S.Miasnikov，eds. Russko-Kitaiskie otnosheniia v ⅩⅧ veke：Materialy i dokumenty. Moscow：Nauka，1978. Vol. Ⅰ.228-29.
[96] 关于大致情况，可参见Gilbert，Lucien 1934 Dictionnaire historique et géographique de la Mandchourie. Hong Kong：Imprimerie de la Société des Missions-Estrangères.369-73；Elliot，Mark C. 2001 The Manchu Way：The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press.182-87；Menzies，Nicholas K. 1994 Forest and Land Management in Imperial China. New York：St. Martin’s Press.55-56；and Hou Ching-lang and Michèle Pirazzoli 1979 “Les chasses d’automne de l’empereur Qianlong à Mulan.” T’oung-pao 65：15-24，and 37-41。
[97] Ripa，Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking. Reprint New York：AMS，1979.78，84-85，and 128，and Hedin，Sven 1933 Jehol，City of Emperors. New York：Dutton.13，129-32，and 155-60.
[98] Macartney，George. An Embassy to China：Being the Journal Kept by Lord Macartney During His Embassy to the Emperor Ch’ienlung. Ed. J.L.Cranmer-Byng. London：Longman，1962.106-17，122，124-27，132-34，and 144.
[99] Yūsuf Kha ?ājib. Wisdom of Royal Glory（Kutadgu Bilig）：A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes. Trans. Robert Dankoff. Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1983.256.
[100] 即散文体虚构游记《曼德维尔游记》（The Travels of Sir John Mandeville）。这本书是中世纪最为流行的非宗教类作品，为包括莎士比亚在内的西方文学家留下了深远的影响。
[101] Mandeville，Sir John. Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Trans. C.W.R.D. Moseley. New York：Penguin，1983.141-42.
[102] 在祭司王约翰（Prester John）的传说中，遥远的中亚有一个富庶而强大的国家，其统治者是基督教祭司约翰·普利斯特，即《圣经》中拜见圣婴耶稣的东方三博士的后裔，亦被称作基督教约翰王。
[103] Hamilton，Alexander. A New Account of the East Indies. London：Argonaut Press，1930.I，26.
[104] 关于成吉思汗的著名宫帐，请参见Shaw，Robert. Visits to High Tartary，Yarkand and Kashgar. Hong Kong：Oxford University Press，1988.239-40。
[105] 杜拉欧罗波斯（Dura Europus），叙利亚古城，曾是巴比伦的一个城镇与安息人的商业城市，后毁于萨珊王朝。
[106] Welles，C. Bradford，Robert O. Fink，and J. Frank Gilliam 1959 The Excavations at Dura Europos. Vol. 5，pt. 1，The Parchments and Papyri. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.89，no.15a；Kashgarī，I，343；Nadeliaev，V. M. et al.，eds. 1969 Drevnetiurkskii slovar. Leningrad：Nauka.125；and FZ/B Baevskii，S.I. “‘Rumiiski’slova v persidskom tolkovom slovare‘Zafāngūyā’.” Palestinskii sbornik 21，84（1970）：95，波斯语文本 and 98，俄语译本。
[107] McClung，William Alexander 1983 The Architecture of Paradise：Survivals of Eden and Jerusalem. Berkeley：University of California Press.17ff.
[108] Ringbom，Lars-Ivar 1951 Graltempel und Paradies：Beziehungen zwischen Iran und Europa im Mittelalter. Stockholm：Wahlstrom & Widstrand.310.
[109] 关于这一重要讨论，请参见Moynihan，Elizabeth B. 1979 Paradise as a Garden in Persia and Mughal India. New York：George Braziller.38-45，and Reinhart，A. Kevin 1991 “The Here and the Hereafter in Islamic Religious Thought.” In Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom，eds.，Images of Paradise in Islamic Art. Hanover，N.H.：Hood Museum of Art，Dartmouth College，pp.15-23。
[110] Xenophon，Oec. Xenophon. Oeconomicus. Trans. E.C.Marchant. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1959.IV.4-5，8，12-14，and 20-25.此外还可参见Aelian. On the Characteristics of Animals. Trans. A.F.Scholfield. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1959.59。
[111] 有关这些概念的详细论述见Fauth，Wolfgang 1979 “Der k?nigliche G?rtner und J?ger in Paradeisos：Beobachtungen zur Rolle des Herrschers in der vorderasiatischer Hortikultur.” Persica 8：1-53；Widengren，Geo 1951 “The King and the Tree of Life in Ancient Near Eastern Religion.” Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift 51：5-19；and Stronach，David 1990 “The Garden as a Political Statement：Some Case Studies from the Near East in the First Century B.C.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4：171-80。
[112] Aelian. On the Characteristics of Animals. Trans. A.F.Scholfield. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1959.VII.1；Nylander，Carl 1970 Ionians in Pasargadae：Studies in Old Persian Architecture. Uppsala：Acta Universitatus Upsaliensis，1970.114-15；and Stronach，David 1990 “The Garden as a Political Statement：Some Case Studies from the Near East in the First Century B.C.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4：107-12.
[113] LKA Strong，John S.，trans. The Legend of King A?oka. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1983.208 and 210，and HHS Fan Ye. Hou Hanshu. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1973.ch. 4，175，and ch. 83，2765.
[114] Dandamaev，Muhammad A. and Vladimir G. Lukonin 1989 The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press.143-44.
[115] Carroll-Spillecke，Maureen 1992 “The Gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman Times.” Journal of Garden History 12：91.
[116] Brockway，Lucile 1983 “Plant Imperialism，” History Today 33：31-36.
[117] Watson，Andrew M. 1983. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World：The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques，700-1100. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press.117-19；Subtelny，Maria Eva 1995 “Mīrak-i ?ayyid Ghiyas and the Timurid Tradition of Landscape Architecture.” Studia Iranica 24：19-59；and Subtelny，Maria Eva 1997 “Agriculture and the Timurid Chahārbāgh：Evidence from a Medieval Persian Agricultural Manual.” In Attilio Petruccidi，ed.，Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires. Leiden：E. J. Brill，pp.110-28.关于中亚地区与印度之间交换活动的例子，请参见Bābur，?ahir al-Dīn. The Bābur-nāma in English. Trans. Annette Susannah Beveridge. London：Luzac，1969.686。
