饭饭TXT > 军事历史 > 《欧亚皇家狩猎史(出版书)》作者:[美]托马斯·爱尔森/译者:马特【完结】 > 欧亚皇家狩猎史.txt

第十二章 国际化.3

作者:美-托马斯·爱尔森/译者:马特 当前章节:15605 字 更新时间:2026-6-14 02:40

猎鹰的兜帽是东方民族的创造。据我们所知,是阿拉伯人首先广泛应用兜帽的。我们在出海航行时,看到阿拉伯人使用兜帽,还研究了他们使用这种头罩的方法。阿拉伯统治者不仅送给我们很多品种的猎鹰,还送来了兜帽使用方面的驯鹰师专家。除了这些知识来源……我们还从外国引进了猎鹰和专门人员,其中一部分人来自阿拉伯,另一部分人则来自其他国家。从这些人身上,我们获得了所有相关技术的知识。由于兜帽的使用是这一技术中最有价值的部分,而且我们也看到了兜帽在驯服猎鹰方面的重要作用,因此我们采用了这种技术来管理自己的猎鹰,并给予了认可。就这样,与我们同时代的人便从我们这里学会了兜帽的使用方法;我们的后代不应忽略这一点。[233]

在这里我们可以清楚地看到,在皇家狩猎活动的同质化过程中,直接观察与动物专家的流动发挥了怎样的作用。除此之外,这篇佳文也是一段清晰而准确的罕见——甚至可以说是独特的——叙述,为我们复刻了中世纪跨文化传播的一幕场景,而叙述者恰恰就是这一传播过程的主要推进者。

这就将我们带至同质化趋势的最后一个案例分析中,即核心区域模式是如何渗入东南亚地区的。众所周知,自公元13世纪起,印度北部的贵族穆斯林文化便出现了渐进的波斯化趋势。很多波斯人来到南亚次大陆探寻财运,带来了新的文学与艺术形式以及社会准则。[234]在萨非王朝统治时期,有一些侍臣和家养奴隶(ghulām)也加入了这一移民大军。例如,16世纪早期的第乌(Diu)长官马里克·阿亚兹(Malik Ayaz)曾是一名格鲁吉亚奴隶,他最初便是依靠自己的猎鸟技术吸引了统治者——古吉拉特苏丹迈哈穆德·比加尔(Mahmūd Bigarh,公元1458~1511年在位)——的注意。[235]在奥朗则布统治时期,还有另一位格鲁吉亚皈依者易卜拉欣·马里克(Georgian convert,Ibrahim Malik),据马努西称,此人“负责掌管老鹰、鹰隼和皇家狩猎活动设施”。[236]无论是不是皈依者,格鲁吉亚人均与伊朗的皇家狩猎传统有着深刻的联系;而有一些人据我们所知,甚至来到了更东边的地方,最终抵达了暹罗。在暹罗国王的宫廷中,更加著名的是一位格鲁吉亚侍从,此人最终在一次皇家狩猎活动中被误杀了。这个人并非是在暹罗传递来自核心区域的影响的唯一来源。暹罗国王曾将本地捕捉的老鹰和鹰隼交给自己的波斯侍臣,据宫廷内的萨非王朝使节称,这是“因为国王知道伊朗人对狩猎活动非常感兴趣,因此希望他们能够训练这些猎鹰,之后再将它们送回宫廷”。[237]那么,我们也就可以预料到,在萨非王朝的使节汇报自己的出使过程时,他们比较了暹罗宫廷与位于下缅甸[238]的勃固宫廷,并宣称尽管勃固国王尚没有皇家游行活动,但暹罗国王在宫廷礼仪、骑马和定期狩猎方面“已习惯于莫卧儿帝国的习俗与风格”。[239]

因此,即使皇家狩猎活动的伟大时代已经接近了尾声,始于核心区域的狩猎风尚依然在向外传播,仍然在寻求接受,并继续扩向新的地域。

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[6] ANE Pritchard,James B.,ed.,The Ancient Near East:An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1973. I vols.,188,and ARI Grayson,Albert Kirk. Assyrian Royal Inscriptions. Wiesbaden:Otto Harrassowitz,1972-76.II vols.,55,143,and 149.

[7] 霍加皮,中非的一种珍稀动物,属长颈鹿科。

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[9] Barthold,W.(=V.V.Bartol’d) 1968 Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. 3rd ed. London:Luzac,283-84;TLC Thorpe,Lewis,trans. Two Lives of Charlemagne. New York:Penguin,1977,147;and GC Vivian,Katherine,trans. The Georgian Chronicle:The Period of Giorgi Lasha. Amsterdam:Adolf M.Hakkert,1991,29.

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[11] Linschoten,John Huyghen van. The Voyage to the East Indies,Ed. Arthur Coke Burnell and P.A.Tiele. London:Hakluyt Society Publications,1985. II vols.,10.关于欧洲人的反应的讨论,请参见Lach,Donald F. 1970 Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. 2,A Century of Wonder,bk. 1,The Visual Arts. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,123-85。

[12] CRP Watson,Burton,trans. Chinese Rhyme-Prose:Poems in the Fu Form from the Han and Six Dynasties Period. New York:Columbia University Press,1971,36-37,and WX Xiao Tong,Wen xuan or Selections of Refined Literature. Trans. David Knechtges. Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1982-87. II vols.,115,207,209,211,and 213.

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[19] 安德鲁·杰克逊(Andrew Jackson,1767~1845),美国第七任总统(1828~1836)。

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[22] 目前学界对吐火罗语的名称和分类有不同观点,其中德国学者将吐鲁番、焉耆一带的残卷所代表的方言称为吐火罗语A或东吐火罗语,将库车一带的残卷所代表的方言称为吐火罗语B或西吐火罗语,即龟兹语。

[23] Pulleyblank,Edwin G. 1995 “Why Tocharians?” Journal of Indo-European Studies 23:427-28;Adams,Douglas Q. 1999 A Dictionary of Tocharian B. Amsterdam:Rodopi,660;and Bailey,Harold W. 1982 The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan. Del Mar,Calif.:Caravan Books,35.

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[31] 参见Dupree,Nancy Hatch 1979 “T’ang Tombs in Chien County China.” Archaeology 32,4:37-38。

[32] 除了特别标注之处,此处的讨论基于Laufer,Bertold 1928 The Giraffe in History and Art. Anthropology Leaflet 27. Chicago:Field Museum of Natural History,20ff。

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[34] al-?abarī,XXXVIII,3,and ,III,3-4.

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[36] Zhao Rugua Chau Ju-kua. His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,entitled Chu-fan-chi. Trans. Friedrich Hirth and W.W.Rockhill. Reprint Taibei:Literature House,1965,128,and Duyvendak,J. J. L. 1938 “The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century.” T’oung-pao 34:397,400,and 406.

[37] Grigor of . “History of the Nation of Archers(The Mongols),” ed. and trans. Robert P.Blake and Richard N.Frye. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12(1949):311 and 321,and Munshī,Iskander. History of Shah . Trans. Roger Savory. Boulder,Colo.:Westview Press,1978. II vols.,827.

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[41] Martines,Lauro 1979 Power and Imagination:City States in Renaissance Italy. New York:Knopf. Martynov,Anatoly Ⅰ.238-39.相关评论请参见Schafer,Edward H. 1959 “Falconry in T’ang Times.” T’oung-pao 46:306-16,其中更早时期的鹰猎活动的信息。

[42] 关于这些犬类的传播概况,请参见Epstein,Hans J. 1971 The Origins of the Domesticated Animals of Africa. Vol. 1. New York:Africana Publishing Company,58-71 and 147-71。

[43] Albertus Magnus. On Animals:A Medieval Sum ma Zoologica,I,578-79.

[44] Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers,ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi:Munshiram Mansharlal,1978. II vols.,200.

[45] Slovar 1975- Slovar russkogo iazyka XI-XVII vv. Moscow:Nauka,I vols. to date.,292,and Fasmer,M. 1971 Etimologicheskii slovar russkogo iazyka. I vols. Moscow:Progress,194.

[46] Clausen,Sir Gerard 1968 “Some Old Turkic Words Connected with Hunting.” In Jagd 1968,pp.16-17,and Okladnikov,A. P. 1981 Petroglify Mongolii. Leningrad:Nauka,76 and pl. 92,no.7. 关于蒙古犬的凶猛性,请参见Gilmore Gilmour,James. Among the Mongols. 1883. Reprint New York:Praeger,1970,3-5 and 262-63,and Haslund,Henning. Tents in Mongolia. New York:Dutton,1934,191 and 309-10。

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[56] Fryer,John. A New Account of East India and Persia,Being Nine Year’s Travels,1672-1681. Ed. William Crooke. 1909. Reprint Millwood,N.Y.:Kraus Reprint,1967. II vols.,305-6.

[57] TLC Thorpe,Lewis,trans. Two Lives of Charlemagne. New York:Penguin,1977,147-48.

[58] Viré,Fran?ois 1973 “A propos des chiens de chasse ?alūqī et za?āri.” Revue des études islamiques 91:236-40.

[59] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London:Routledge,1938. Vol. Ⅰ.,228.此外还可参见Albertus Albertus Magnus. On Animals:A Medieval Sum ma Zoologica,I,716,and II,1460,他提到犬类会被训练通过气味来驱赶鸟类。

[60] Sanderson,John. The Travels of John Sanderson in the Levant,1384-1602. Ed. William Foster. Reprint Nendcln:Kraus Reprint,1967,227,and Kaempfer,Engelbert. Am Hofe der persischen Grossk?nigs,1684-1685. Trans. Walther Hinz. Tübingen and Basil:Erdmann,1977,158.

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[62] Roe,Sir Thomas. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul,1615—1619. Ed. William Foster. Reprint Nendeln:Kraus Reprint,1967. I vols.,182,and II,288,385,388,and 424.

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[64] Parks,Fanny. Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque. Reprint Karachi:Oxford University Press,1975. I vols.,229,and G.Mundy Mundy,Godfrey Charles. Pen and Pencil Sketches in India:Journal of a Tour in India. 3rd ed. London:John Murray,1858,6.

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[67] RIO Antonova,K.A.et al,eds. Russko-Indiiskie otnosheniia v ⅩⅦ v.:Sbornik dokumenty. Moscow:Izdatel’stvo vostochnoi literatury,1958,190.

[68] RKO Demidova,N.F. and V.S.Miasnikov,eds. Russko-Kitaiskie otnosheniia v ⅩⅧ veke:Materialy i dokumenty. Moscow:Nauka,1978. Vol. Ⅰ.231,and Bell,129,137,and 141.

[69] DTO Chavannes,Edouard,trans. Documents sur les Tou-Kiue(Turcs)occidentaux. 1903. Reprint Taibei:Ch’eng-wen Publishing,1969,“Supplement,” 45,46,and 84.

[70] XTS Xin Tangshu. Beijing:Zhonghua shuju,1975,ch. 221a,6220;DTO Chavannes,Edouard,trans. Documents sur les Tou-Kiue(Turcs)occidentaux. 1903. Reprint Taibei:Ch’eng-wen Publishing,1969,103;and Schafer,Edward H. 1963 The Golden Peaches of Samarkand:A Study in T’ang Exotics. Berkeley:University of California Press,76-78.

[71] Pliny. Natural History. Trans. H.Rockham and W.H.S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1960-67,VIII.149-50;Mandeville,Sir John. Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Trans. C.W.R.D. Moseley. New York:Penguin,1983,111;and Jūzjānī/L Jūzjānī,?abaqāt-i nā?irī. Ed. W.Nassau Lees. Bibliotheca Indica 44. Calcutta:College Press,1864,47,and Jūzjānī/R Jūzjānī,?abaqāt-i nā?irī. Trans. H.G.Raverty. Reprint New Delhi:Oriental Book Reprint,1970. I vols.,336-37.

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