[18] 关于中世纪英语中涉及猎物类动物的细致术语，请参见Twiti，William. The Art of Hunting，1327. Trans. Bror Danielsson. Stockholm：Almqvist & Wiksell，1977，37.31-34 and 38.10-35。
[19] 相关讨论可参见Herskovits，Melville J. 1951 Man and His Works：The Science of Cultural Anthropology. New York：Knopf，542-53，560，and 581-85。
[20] Roe，Sir Thomas. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul，1615—1619. Ed. William Foster. Reprint Nendeln：Kraus Reprint，1967，II，361-62，and Bell，John. Journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin，1714-22. Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press，1965. 129 and 141.
[21] du Jarric，Pierre，S.J. Akbar and the Jesuits：An Account of the Jesuit Mission to the Court of Akbar. Trans. C.H.Payne. London：Routledge，1926，55 and 57.
[22] Haskins，Charles H. 1921 “The De Arte Venandi cum Avibus of the Emperor Frederick Ⅱ.” English Historical Review（July），355.
[23] Oppian，Collathus，Tryphiodorus. Trans. A.W.Mair. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1928，I，369-538.
[24] KB/P Phillot，D.C. and R.J.Azoo，trans. “Chapters on Hunting Dogs and Cheetas，being an Extract from the Kitāb al-Bayzarah.” Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal n.s. 3（1907）：47-48.参见al-Man?ūr Al-Mansur’s Book on Hunting. Trans. Sir Terence Clark and Muawiya Derhalli. Warminster：Aris & Phillips，2001，23-27。
[25] Catherine Ⅱ Catherine Ⅱ. Memoirs of Catherine the Great. New York：Collier，1961，122，126-27，and 133.
[26] Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades：Memoirs of Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. Trans. Philip K.Hitti. Princeton University Press，1987，89-90.
[27] Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.II，10-11.
[28] ?usām al-Dawlah. Bāznāmah-i Na?īrī：A Persian Treatise on，3-11，47-48，and 49-55.参见Rudra Deva. ?yainika ?ātram：The Art of Hunting in Ancient India. Trans. M.M.Haraprasad Shastri. Delhi：Eastern Book Linkers，1982，103 （nos. 51-54）。
[29] Abūl Fa?l，AN Abū l Fa?l. Akbar Nama. Trans. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1989.I，496 and note 3，and II，513.
[30] HI Elliot，H.M.E. and John Dawson，trans. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians：The Muhammadan Period，1867. Reprint New York：AMS Press，1966. 8 vols.，V，336，and Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978.，II，226.
[31] Knauer，Elfriede R. 2003 “Fishing with Cormorants：A Note on Vittore Carpaccio’s Hunting on the Lagoon.”Apollo n.s. 158，no. 499：32-39.
[32] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.227-28.
[33] Abū’l Fa?l，AA Abū’l Fa?l. The Akbār-ī. Trans. H.Blochmann. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1979. I vols.，301-2；du Jarric，Pierre，S.J. Akbar and the Jesuits：An Account of the Jesuit Mission to the Court of Akbar. Trans. C.H.Payne. London：Routledge，1926，10；Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers，ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi：Munshiram Mansharlal，1978. I vols.，90-91，and II，42-43；and Pelsaert，Francisco. Jahangir’s India：The Remontrantie of Francisco Pelsaert. Trans. W.H.Moreland and Pieter Geyl Reprint Delhi：Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli，1972，51-52.
[34] Abū’l Fa?l，AA Abū’l Fa?l. The Akbār-ī. Trans. H.Blochmann. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1979. I，304.
[35] Gibb，H. A. R. 1970 The Arab Conquests in Central Asia. 1923. Reprint New York：AMC Press.88-98，and Beckwith，Christopher I. 1987 The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press.89.
[36] Schortman，Edward M. And Patricia A. Urban 1992 “Current Trends in Interaction Research.” In Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban，eds.，Resources，Power，and Interregional Interaction. New York：Plenum，pp. 235-55.
[37] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.169；斜体部分为笔者所加。
[38] Abū’l Fa?l，AA Abū’l Fa?l. The Akbār-ī. Trans. H.Blochmann. Reprint Delhi：Atlantic Publishers，1979.III，135.
[39] CWT Yule，Sir Henry，ed. and trans. Cathay and the Way Thither，Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. 1866. Reprint Taibei：Ch’eng-wen Publishing，1966. 4 vols.，II，228-29.
[40] Broecke van den Broecke，Pieter. A Contemporary Dutch Chronicle of Mughal India. Trans. and ed. Brij Narain and Sri Ram Sharma. Calcutta：Susil Gupta，1957.91.
[41] Braudel，Fernand 1958 “Histoire et sciences sociales：la longue durée.” Annales：économies，sociétés，civilizations 13，no.4：725-53.esp. 727-35 and 751-53.参见Stoianovich，Traian 1994b “Longue durée.” In Peter A. Sterns，ed.，Encyclopedia of Social History. New York：Garland，pp. 426-28.
[42] Christian，David 1998 A History of Russia，Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol.1，Inner Asia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Oxford：Blackwell，XIX.
[43] Goudsblom，Johan 1992 “The Civilizing Process and the Domestication of Fire.” Journal of World History 3：1-13.
[44] Stoianovich，Traian 1994a Balkan Worlds：The First and Last Europe. Armonk，N.Y.：M.E. Sharpe.20-24.
[45] 相关分析请参见Clark，Stuart 1985 “The Annales Historians.” In Quentin Skinner，ed.，The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，pp. 182-87。
[46] Jones，E. L. 1988 Growth Recurring：Economic Change in World History. Oxford：Clarendon Press.121.
[47] 请参见Christian，David 1991 “The Case for‘Big History’.” Journal of World History 2：223-38.特别是224-25。
[48] 请参见Sherratt的相关评论 1986，4-7。
[49] Straus，Lawrence Guy 1986 “Hunting in Late Upper Paleolithic Western Europe.” In Matthew H. Nitecki and Doris V. Nitecki，eds.，The Evolution of Human Hunting. New York：Plenum，pp. 147-76. and Ermolov，Leonid B. 1989 “Principal Tendencies in the Development of Hunting in Ancient and Traditional Nomadic Societies.” In Seaman 1989，pp. 105-8.
[50] Jarman，M. R. 1972 “European Deer Economies and the Advent of the Neolithic” In Higgs 1972，pp.132-33.
[51] Herodotus. The Persian Wars. Trans. George Rawlinson，New York：Modern Library，1942，I.35.
[52] Bosworth，Clifford Edmund 1973 The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connection with the Past.” Iran 11：51-62，and Latham，J. D. 1970 “The Archers of the Middle East：The Turco-Persian Background.” Iran 8：100.
[53] Trümpelman，L. 1980-83 “Jagd.” Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Arch?ology. Berlin：de Gruyter，pp. 234-38.
[54] 有关欧洲殖民版本的皇家狩猎活动的讨论，请参见Storey，William K. 1991 “Big Cats and Imperialism：Lion and Tiger Hunting in Kenya and Northen India.” Journal of World History 2：135-75. and Ritvo，Harriet 1987 The Animal Estate：The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press.254ff。
[55] Braudel，Fernand 1985-86 Civilization and Capitalism，15th-18th Centuries. III vols. New York：Harper and Row.，621 and 622.
[56] 相关内容还可参见Koch，Ebba 1998 Dara-Shikoh Shooting Nilgais：Hunt and Landscape in Mughal Painting. Occasional Papers 1. Washington，D.C.：Freer Gallery of Art.11-14；Almond，Richard 2003 Medieval Hunting. Phoenix Mill：Sutton Publishing.13-27；and Fiskesj?，Magnus 2001 “Rising from Blood-Stained Fields：Royal Hunting and State Formation in Shang China.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 73：136-46。
[57] 有关评论请参见McNeill，William H. 1995 Keeping Together in Time：Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，38，and Hanna，Judith Lynne 1977b “To Dance is Human.” In John Blacking，ed.，The Anthropology of the Body. London：Academic Press，pp.229。
[58] Gamble，Clive 1993 The Timewalkers：The Prehistory of Global Colonization. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，5，6，7，83-84，and 85.
[59] Polyani，Karl 1957 “Aristotle Discovers the Economy.” In Karl Polyani，Conrad M. Arensberg，and Harry W. Pearson，eds.，Trade and Market in the Early Empires：Economies in History and Theory. New York：Free Press，pp.67ff.
致谢
本书源于对蒙古的皇家狩猎活动及其前身的研究。随着时间的流逝，背景资料的搜寻已形成独立规模，于是我开始关注这种作为跨欧亚现象的皇家狩猎活动。由于这一体制不仅分布广泛，而且存在时间很长，因此对皇家狩猎活动的研究成为针对“大历史（Big History）”的一次尝试，促使我跨越了各种边界，摆脱传统研究领域的束缚。
在文献方面，尽管我不能说已穷尽了任何一种资料来源，但是我从不同地区和时代挑选了具有代表性的材料，有些是原始文献，很多则是译文。实际上，皇家狩猎活动资料数目之广，已经超过了任何一位学者的个人掌控能力。最后，出于对时间因素和空间因素的实际考虑，虽然仍有很多丰富的资料尚未触及，我仍不得不中止了自己的研究。
在探寻这样一个研究题目的过程中，我经常被带至远离自己所受学术训练的研究领域之内，因此经常会求助于我的朋友与同事，他们亲切地对我提出的问题进行了解答，主动补充新的资料，而且还慷慨地提供了自己或他人的著作。总体而言，他们的指导、点评与批评都极大地改进了本书的内容，让我避免了很多错误与误解之处。对于这些善意的帮助，我在此向他们表示深深的感谢：Anna Akasoy，Michal Biran，Pia Brancaccio，Bruce Craig，Stephen Dale，Magnus Fiskesj?，Peter Golden，Anatoly Khazanov，Elfriede Knauer，Roman Kovalev，Xinru Liu，Stuart McCook，Charles Melville，Ruth Meserve，Judith Pfeiffer，Scott Redford，Jonathon Shepard，Andrew Sherratt，Nancy Steinhardt。如果有任何人被遗漏了，那是我的疏忽所致，我表示真挚的歉意。
此外，我还要感谢2002年春季在新泽西学院（College of New Jersey）开设的动物史课上，学生们给我带来的灵感。他们富有内涵的提问、观点与辩论帮助我厘清了本书中很多问题的思路。
几年来，罗斯科西图书馆（Roscoe West Library）馆际互借处的工作人员曾为我所有的研究工作提供了重要的协助，本书的完成进一步证实了他们的技术、专业与乐于助人。
我还要特别感谢Victor Mair，自本书的撰写之初他便为我带来了无数的鼓励、建议与参考，并且为本书在“与亚洲相遇（Encounters with Asia）”系列丛书中的出版提供了支持。
此外，我必须要感谢Richard Eaton，他细致地阅读了本书全稿，并且就书稿的结构和论述部分提出疑问，促使并引导本书的终稿进行了有益的结构重组。
再一次，我想对我的妻子Lucille Helen Allsen表示深深的谢意，感谢她的支持、编辑与文字处理方面的协助；最重要的是，她从未对我最近感兴趣的动物文化史表现厌倦。
古根海姆基金会（Guggenheim Foundation）2002～2003年的资助以及美国国家人文基金会（National Endowment for the Humanities）2003～2004年的资助使我多年来得以全职从事这一项目的研究。古根海姆基金会还提供了出版补助金以承担出版费用。对于这两家基金会及时而慷慨的资助，我表示深深的感谢。
最后，由于本书在一定程度上涉及了前现代时期宫廷生活中的猫科动物，本书必然也要献给我生命中出现的猫科动物们。
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