饭饭TXT > 军事历史 > 《欧亚皇家狩猎史(出版书)》作者:[美]托马斯·爱尔森/译者:马特【完结】 > 欧亚皇家狩猎史.txt

第十三章 结语.13

作者:美-托马斯·爱尔森/译者:马特 当前章节:11893 字 更新时间:2026-6-14 02:40

Kangxi,28,29,31,33,45-46,88,97,120,190,205,215,222,231

Kashmir,Kashmiris,17,19,84,187

Kautilya,39,87,131

Kazakhstan,69

Keeley,Lawrence,209

Keightley,David,123

Kew Gardens,48

Khazars,4,221,244

Khiva,101,192

Khotan,107,209,255

Khusro Anushirvan,120

kiangs,110

Kiev,17,18

Kimek,124

Klingender,Francis,68

Knight,John,183-84

knowledge of nature,distribution of,67-69

Korea,15,51,59,105,108,161,227,242,262

kos,29,97

Kramer,Noah,269

Lahore,31-32,97

lasso,22

Laufer,Bertold,59

leashes,74,77,79

Legend of King A?oka,107

leisure time,as social marker,122

leopards,74;as threat to humans,166

Letter of Tansar,120

Liao,4,31,91,94,133,172,190. See also Qitans

Lingnan,117,170

Linschoten,John,148

lions:Chinese term for,236;distribution of,174,235;as guardians,149;hunting of as royal perogative,99,175;in ancient Near East,173-74;in Egypt,162;in India,88,163,175;in Iran,163;in Middle East,174-75;Indian,175;as pets,150-51;traffic in,235-36;training,151

Littauer,Mary,25

Liudprand,40

Liulin,17

Llull,Raymond,249

longevity of royal hunt,10-11,274-75

Longus,51

Louis ⅩⅢ,91

Louis the Pious,17

Luoyang,95

lure,for raptors,62-63

Lydia,34,132,171

Macartney,George,46,173,182,223,234

Ma?mūd Kāshgharī,27

Malabar,166,171

Malacca,148

Malay Peninsula,148

Malik Shāh,140,198

Mamikoneans,121

Mamlūks,27,89,90,191,198,200,214

Manchuria,hunting in,6,9,16,212-13

Manchus,45-46,91,101,120,127,204,215-17,224

Mandeville,John,47,69

Mani,106,209

Manichaeism,106

“manning,” 62,76

Manrique,Sebastian,168

al-Man?ūr,77,262

Manucci,Niccolao,73,158,264

Marco Polo,4,44,97,123,150,242-43,247,249,251-52,273

“martial races,” 212

mastiffs,55;traffic in,240,241,242

,51,151,244

Maurice,132

Mauryan Empire,39

Māzandarān,100-101

McClung,William,47

McDougal,Charles,167

McNeill,William,219

Mecca,106

Melville,Charles,186

menageries,203-4

Mencius,95,97,103,129

mergen,128

Merovingians,85,102,128

Meuli,Karl,216

mews,90,92

Michael ⅤⅡ,129

military discipline,instilled by hunt,218

military drill,219. See also dance

military maneuvers,hunting as,216-17

military skills,acquired in hunt,211-13

military supply,contribution of hunting to,220-22

military tactics,nomadic,217-18

Ming,214,221,247,252,258-59

mīr-i shikār. See am?r-i shikār

Mīrzā ?aydar,123

Mithridates,128

M?ngke,70,89,124,216

Mongolian Empire,4

mongoose,58

Morganthau,Hans,226

Morocco,235

Mstislav,94

Mughals,1o,39,71-72,85,89,113,152,155,188-89,192-93,198-99

Mu?ammād ibn Tughluq,92

Mulan,46,91,104,139,231

Mundy,Godfrey,39,188

Munshī,31,196

Muraviev,Nikolai,192

music,183,196,197

nabo,191

nakhchīrbed,83

“nation armed,” concept of,212-13

“natural controls,” 99,175

“natural soldier” argument,212-13

Nature,aggressiveness of,176-79

Nelson,janet,201

nerge. See jerge

nets,netting,22,28-29,98

Nikitin,Afanasii,251

nilgao,23

Nimrod,124,179,195

Nineveh,138

Ni?ām al-Mulk,194,196,218,224

Ni?āmī,96

nomads,hunting among,4,8

Normans,99,102,262

North Atlantic,248-49,252

North Pacific,7,247,252

Northern Wei,31,178

Notker,157,224,226

Novgorod,17,249

Nuergan,247

Odoric of Pordenone,18,150,273

Oghuz Qan,53,127-29,181,189,220

?g?dei,43-44,89,195

Ol’ga,17,130

?ljeitü,21,249,252

onagers,23,40,100,211;decline of,110-12;methods of hunting,111;range,110,111-12;terms for,111

oracle bones,Shang,20,124,135,142

ornithology,traditional,68

Orwell,George,141,172

ostrich,23,234

Ovington,J. A.,65-66,152,183

oxen,wild,117,224

owls,60,143

Oyirad,248

Pa?chatantra,141

Panthera leo persica. See lion,Indian

Panthera onca. See jaguar

Panthera pardus. See leopard

par-de-su,34

paradeisos,34,47,48,51,221

paradise,meaning of term,34,47-48. See also hunting parks

paridaida/paridaiza,34,47

P’arakan,17

Parks,Fanny,130

Parthians,5,123,124,223

patrimonialism,85

pavilions,transportable,194-95

Pechora,249-50

“peer polity interaction”:concept of,268-69;operation of,269-73

Pegu,145,167,264

Pelsaert,Francisco,18,104

Peng Daya,28,212

Pepin the Short,157

Perm,249

Peroz,121

Phalacrocorax carbo. See cormorants

pheasants,19,123

physical conditioning,210-11

pillion,76,79

Pisanello,257

pish-khānah,187

plasticity of royal hunt,12

Pliny,72,97,132,184

Pliny the Younger,15

Plutarch,50

poaching,103

polo,125,191,266

Polyani,Karl,276-77

popular altitudes:toward royal hunt,173,182-85;toward wild animals,170-71

powers of Nature,royal appropriation of,181 precedence,rules of,in royal hunt,204-6

processions,202-3

Procopius,142

progresses,royal,191-92

Putorius putorius. See ferrets

Qājārs,11,124

Qalmaqs,224-25,244

qamar-ghāh,26,229

Qandahār,227,229

Qara Qoyunlu,139

qara qulaq,82

Qarakhanīds,46,230

qaràval bīg,83,86

Qianlong,139,173,223,234

Qin,41,182

Qing,45,85,104,210,241

Qipchaqs,176

Qirghiz,248

Qitans,4,21,99,101,107,161,172,191,212,246,247,255. See also Liao

qorugh/qorigh,44,116-17

Qubilai,65,97,99,128,186,194

Quintus Curtius,39

qush-khānah,90

qushchi,83,107

qut,162. See also charisma

rabbits,165

raptors:breeding behavior of,61;bonding with humans,63;capture,61-62;deployment in field,64-65;nomenclature,60-61;numbers owned by princes,69;prey of,65;release of,96,108;traffic in,242-52;trained to hunt with dogs,66-67;training,62-63,65-66

Rasūlid Hexaglot,61

Raubwirtschaft,117

Redfield,Robert,173

Red ford,Kent,117

Redford,Scott,50

Rehe(Jehol),46,91,172

“releasing animals,” 109-10

Renfrew,Colin,268

rhinoceros,23,144,167,234

right to hunt,restrictions on,99-100

ring hunts:technique of,27-29,31-33;terms for,26

Ringbom,Lars,47

Ripa,Matteo,31,46

Roe,Thomas,175,240,270

Rome,hunting in,15-16,40,122,130;roads in,189

Rubruck,William of,4,70,256

Rudra Deva,27,91,108,122,127,169,182

rulers:as mediators between culture and nature,157-59;as shepherds,181

Russia,62,65,84,129,130,148,204,220,241;as source of gyrfalcons,249-51

Rust’haveli,91,96,218

?afavids,29,122,150,203,228,235

saghir,26

saker falcons,65

Saladin,89

saluki,55-60;traffic in,239

Salzman,Philip,116

Samānids,149

Samarqand,241,255,261

Sanderson,John,203

Sanjar,208,230

Sargon Ⅱ,58

Sarton,George,68

“Sasanian silver,” 138-39

Sasanids,5,14,83,105,180,223-25,233

Sauromatae,129

scavenging,3

Schumpeter,Joseph,169

Scott,James,173

“sealing,” 62

Seljuqs,50,104,133,140,188,218,230

Semiramis,36,137

Shāh ,20,31,90,100,111,150,188,227,231

Shāh ,200

Shah Jahān,210

Shāh Rukh,229

Shāhnāmah,75,137

Shakuntala,24,131,149-50

Shamanism,145,161

Shang,20,185,191-92

Shangdu,44-45,220-21

Shanglin,42-43,48,50,57,95,200,234

Shenzong,133

Sherratt,Andrew,267-68

shikār-khānah,84

Shizong,20-21,190,213

Shulman,David,181

Siam,93,154,156,167,194,203,235,264

siba’uchi,83

Siberia,3,6,119,167,244,247,248

Sichuan,121,182,219

Silverbauer,George,9

Sīstān,31,99

siyāh-gush,82

skirmishers,as attendants of charioteers,25

social classes,functions of,168-69

Soghdians,163

Soloman,King,149,179-80

Song,4,5,43,247

spectators,at royal hunts,197

Speidel,Michael,144

state,as mediator between culture and nature,175-85

state formation,role of hunting in,160,179-80,184-85

Strabo,70-71,184

Stricker,B. H.,60

Sulaymān Ⅰ,92

Surat,27

suu,162. See also charisma

Sviatoslav,221

Syr Darya,100

?abaristān,38,75,132,180,188

Tabrīz,92,158

Tacitus,124

Tahmāsp,97,140,205

T’amar,17,130,150,223

tame,definition of,52

Tang,43,210,214,254,260;cheetahs in,255-56,272-73;court debates about hunting,109

Tanguts,228,243

tanks,in India,101-2

Tāq-i Bustān,38,86,163,180

Tavernier,jean-Baptiste,151,152

Temür,27,85,189,261

Tervel,138

Thiébaux,Marcelle,121

Thomas,Keith,116

Tibet,207,240

tigers,105;decline of,118;as guardians,149;man-eating behavior,166-67

Tipu,149

tolghama/tolghuma,217

travel,royal,infrastructure of,187-89

Tuan,Yi-fu,115

Tungus,3-4

Tuoba,31. See also Northern Wei

Türk Empire,107,203,214-15

Turkmen,192

Tutankhamen,127

Uighurs,98,160

Umayyads,60,75,150,154

ungulates,22-23

unit training,role of hunting in,214-17

unit solidarity,218-19

Uzbeks,20,124,134,191,201,217,241

Vakhtang Ⅵ,126

Vakhtang Gorgaslan,127

Vandals,40

Varro,1

Varthoma,Ludovico di,39

Verbiest,Ferdinand,33,215

vermin,169,171

Vijayanagar,39

Vikings,59,219-20

Viré,Fran?ois,60

Visramiani,96,125-26,165,192,218,229-30,238

Vladimir,of Volynia,125,136

Vladimir Monomakh,20,59-60,88,127,131-32,191

Voeikov,Aleksandr,105

Wallace,Alfred Russell,170

Wallas,Graham,265

Wang Mang,230-31

war:effect on wildlife,104-5;origins of,209

warāzbed,86-87

warriors,equestrian,16,211

water buffalo,175

weapons,21-22

weretigers,170-71

White,William,254

wilderness,abundance of,16-17

William the Conqueror,99

Winter,Irene,137-38

Witzel,Michael,254

wolves,55,84,166,170

women hunters,129-30

Wudi,42

wufang,84,95

Xenophon,15,23,25,34-35,48,54,98,111,126,134,142,165,172,183

Xerxes,142

Xingzong,190

Xiongnu,29,207,211,230

Xu Ting,4

Xuanzang,38,107,182

Yaropolk,18

Yellow Emperor,149

Yenisei,247-48

Yuan,89,150,154,172,204-5,210,247,273

yurtchi,187

Yusūf Kha  ?ājib,46,90

yūzbān,83,90

zaghārī,240

zebus,236

Zheng He,234,258

Zhengde,231,259

Zhou,20,24-25,41,97,98,101,135,179,225,229

zoos. See menageries

译后记

经过一年的翻译与8次修改,《欧亚皇家狩猎史》的翻译终于定稿了。真正结束翻译工作时,就像要与一位天天见面的“老友”分别,竟有一丝不舍。

虽说有些不舍,但这位“老友”也着实耗费了我许多心力。在此书之前,我也出版过几部学术译著。相比之下,《欧亚皇家狩猎史》的翻译带给我很多新的收获与感悟。

在翻译本书时,需要查阅的资料数目非常庞大。由于原作者的博学多识,书中不仅涉及了极多的欧亚各国的人名与地名,还有一些环境史方面的术语,甚至动物学的专门词语。核对相关译名的过程虽然繁琐,但也能学到一些额外的有趣知识。

作为翻译,有时我也需要承担原书的校对工作。作为一部欧亚环境史研究著作,原书很多章节都涉及了与中国有关的史实,而由于作者母语并非中文,抑或参考了一些二手文献,因此存在几处谬误,尤其是一些拼音错误。不要小看这些简单的拼音,它们的不准确能让整个翻译工作白白耗费几个小时,甚至停滞几天之久。仅举一例,第十一章中,作者曾提到中国古代有一位朝圣者名为“xuanzong”,可我查阅很多资料也未找到此人究竟是谁,只好搁置不译。几日后,方才突然醒悟此处大概应为“xuanzang”,即指玄奘,再结合上下文和相关史料最终得到确定。试想,如果译者不明所以而延续了作者的错误,岂不是要闹出大的笑话!

这本书是我进入高校任教之后翻译的第一部学术专著,比起博士期间自由支配的时间,作为老师的闲暇已大为缩减。因此,本书的翻译时间可谓每分每秒都是从海绵里挤出的水。如何协调教学、科研与翻译工作之间的平衡,也是一大挑战。

本书也是中央财经大学外国语学院2016年度院级课题翻译学专项的成果,这个项目的资助不仅给我带来坚实的后盾,也给予我莫大的鼓励,督促我更好地完成翻译工作。

最后,感谢冯立君老师将这本书介绍给我,使我在翻译的过程中也提升了自己。社会科学文献出版社的编辑工作非常细致认真,令人佩服。感谢社会科学文献出版社独具慧眼,将这本涉及“一带一路”沿线国家的环境史著作引介国内,相信本书独特的研究视角、翔实的历史资料以及全面的跨学科视野,能够为读者带来很多有趣的启发。

马特

于北京

2017年夏

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