Kangxi,28,29,31,33,45-46,88,97,120,190,205,215,222,231
Kashmir,Kashmiris,17,19,84,187
Kautilya,39,87,131
Kazakhstan,69
Keeley,Lawrence,209
Keightley,David,123
Kew Gardens,48
Khazars,4,221,244
Khiva,101,192
Khotan,107,209,255
Khusro Anushirvan,120
kiangs,110
Kiev,17,18
Kimek,124
Klingender,Francis,68
Knight,John,183-84
knowledge of nature,distribution of,67-69
Korea,15,51,59,105,108,161,227,242,262
kos,29,97
Kramer,Noah,269
Lahore,31-32,97
lasso,22
Laufer,Bertold,59
leashes,74,77,79
Legend of King A?oka,107
leisure time,as social marker,122
leopards,74;as threat to humans,166
Letter of Tansar,120
Liao,4,31,91,94,133,172,190. See also Qitans
Lingnan,117,170
Linschoten,John,148
lions:Chinese term for,236;distribution of,174,235;as guardians,149;hunting of as royal perogative,99,175;in ancient Near East,173-74;in Egypt,162;in India,88,163,175;in Iran,163;in Middle East,174-75;Indian,175;as pets,150-51;traffic in,235-36;training,151
Littauer,Mary,25
Liudprand,40
Liulin,17
Llull,Raymond,249
longevity of royal hunt,10-11,274-75
Longus,51
Louis ⅩⅢ,91
Louis the Pious,17
Luoyang,95
lure,for raptors,62-63
Lydia,34,132,171
Macartney,George,46,173,182,223,234
Ma?mūd Kāshgharī,27
Malabar,166,171
Malacca,148
Malay Peninsula,148
Malik Shāh,140,198
Mamikoneans,121
Mamlūks,27,89,90,191,198,200,214
Manchuria,hunting in,6,9,16,212-13
Manchus,45-46,91,101,120,127,204,215-17,224
Mandeville,John,47,69
Mani,106,209
Manichaeism,106
“manning,” 62,76
Manrique,Sebastian,168
al-Man?ūr,77,262
Manucci,Niccolao,73,158,264
Marco Polo,4,44,97,123,150,242-43,247,249,251-52,273
“martial races,” 212
mastiffs,55;traffic in,240,241,242
,51,151,244
Maurice,132
Mauryan Empire,39
Māzandarān,100-101
McClung,William,47
McDougal,Charles,167
McNeill,William,219
Mecca,106
Melville,Charles,186
menageries,203-4
Mencius,95,97,103,129
mergen,128
Merovingians,85,102,128
Meuli,Karl,216
mews,90,92
Michael ⅤⅡ,129
military discipline,instilled by hunt,218
military drill,219. See also dance
military maneuvers,hunting as,216-17
military skills,acquired in hunt,211-13
military supply,contribution of hunting to,220-22
military tactics,nomadic,217-18
Ming,214,221,247,252,258-59
mīr-i shikār. See am?r-i shikār
Mīrzā ?aydar,123
Mithridates,128
M?ngke,70,89,124,216
Mongolian Empire,4
mongoose,58
Morganthau,Hans,226
Morocco,235
Mstislav,94
Mughals,1o,39,71-72,85,89,113,152,155,188-89,192-93,198-99
Mu?ammād ibn Tughluq,92
Mulan,46,91,104,139,231
Mundy,Godfrey,39,188
Munshī,31,196
Muraviev,Nikolai,192
music,183,196,197
nabo,191
nakhchīrbed,83
“nation armed,” concept of,212-13
“natural controls,” 99,175
“natural soldier” argument,212-13
Nature,aggressiveness of,176-79
Nelson,janet,201
nerge. See jerge
nets,netting,22,28-29,98
Nikitin,Afanasii,251
nilgao,23
Nimrod,124,179,195
Nineveh,138
Ni?ām al-Mulk,194,196,218,224
Ni?āmī,96
nomads,hunting among,4,8
Normans,99,102,262
North Atlantic,248-49,252
North Pacific,7,247,252
Northern Wei,31,178
Notker,157,224,226
Novgorod,17,249
Nuergan,247
Odoric of Pordenone,18,150,273
Oghuz Qan,53,127-29,181,189,220
?g?dei,43-44,89,195
Ol’ga,17,130
?ljeitü,21,249,252
onagers,23,40,100,211;decline of,110-12;methods of hunting,111;range,110,111-12;terms for,111
oracle bones,Shang,20,124,135,142
ornithology,traditional,68
Orwell,George,141,172
ostrich,23,234
Ovington,J. A.,65-66,152,183
oxen,wild,117,224
owls,60,143
Oyirad,248
Pa?chatantra,141
Panthera leo persica. See lion,Indian
Panthera onca. See jaguar
Panthera pardus. See leopard
par-de-su,34
paradeisos,34,47,48,51,221
paradise,meaning of term,34,47-48. See also hunting parks
paridaida/paridaiza,34,47
P’arakan,17
Parks,Fanny,130
Parthians,5,123,124,223
patrimonialism,85
pavilions,transportable,194-95
Pechora,249-50
“peer polity interaction”:concept of,268-69;operation of,269-73
Pegu,145,167,264
Pelsaert,Francisco,18,104
Peng Daya,28,212
Pepin the Short,157
Perm,249
Peroz,121
Phalacrocorax carbo. See cormorants
pheasants,19,123
physical conditioning,210-11
pillion,76,79
Pisanello,257
pish-khānah,187
plasticity of royal hunt,12
Pliny,72,97,132,184
Pliny the Younger,15
Plutarch,50
poaching,103
polo,125,191,266
Polyani,Karl,276-77
popular altitudes:toward royal hunt,173,182-85;toward wild animals,170-71
powers of Nature,royal appropriation of,181 precedence,rules of,in royal hunt,204-6
processions,202-3
Procopius,142
progresses,royal,191-92
Putorius putorius. See ferrets
Qājārs,11,124
Qalmaqs,224-25,244
qamar-ghāh,26,229
Qandahār,227,229
Qara Qoyunlu,139
qara qulaq,82
Qarakhanīds,46,230
qaràval bīg,83,86
Qianlong,139,173,223,234
Qin,41,182
Qing,45,85,104,210,241
Qipchaqs,176
Qirghiz,248
Qitans,4,21,99,101,107,161,172,191,212,246,247,255. See also Liao
qorugh/qorigh,44,116-17
Qubilai,65,97,99,128,186,194
Quintus Curtius,39
qush-khānah,90
qushchi,83,107
qut,162. See also charisma
rabbits,165
raptors:breeding behavior of,61;bonding with humans,63;capture,61-62;deployment in field,64-65;nomenclature,60-61;numbers owned by princes,69;prey of,65;release of,96,108;traffic in,242-52;trained to hunt with dogs,66-67;training,62-63,65-66
Rasūlid Hexaglot,61
Raubwirtschaft,117
Redfield,Robert,173
Red ford,Kent,117
Redford,Scott,50
Rehe(Jehol),46,91,172
“releasing animals,” 109-10
Renfrew,Colin,268
rhinoceros,23,144,167,234
right to hunt,restrictions on,99-100
ring hunts:technique of,27-29,31-33;terms for,26
Ringbom,Lars,47
Ripa,Matteo,31,46
Roe,Thomas,175,240,270
Rome,hunting in,15-16,40,122,130;roads in,189
Rubruck,William of,4,70,256
Rudra Deva,27,91,108,122,127,169,182
rulers:as mediators between culture and nature,157-59;as shepherds,181
Russia,62,65,84,129,130,148,204,220,241;as source of gyrfalcons,249-51
Rust’haveli,91,96,218
?afavids,29,122,150,203,228,235
saghir,26
saker falcons,65
Saladin,89
saluki,55-60;traffic in,239
Salzman,Philip,116
Samānids,149
Samarqand,241,255,261
Sanderson,John,203
Sanjar,208,230
Sargon Ⅱ,58
Sarton,George,68
“Sasanian silver,” 138-39
Sasanids,5,14,83,105,180,223-25,233
Sauromatae,129
scavenging,3
Schumpeter,Joseph,169
Scott,James,173
“sealing,” 62
Seljuqs,50,104,133,140,188,218,230
Semiramis,36,137
Shāh ,20,31,90,100,111,150,188,227,231
Shāh ,200
Shah Jahān,210
Shāh Rukh,229
Shāhnāmah,75,137
Shakuntala,24,131,149-50
Shamanism,145,161
Shang,20,185,191-92
Shangdu,44-45,220-21
Shanglin,42-43,48,50,57,95,200,234
Shenzong,133
Sherratt,Andrew,267-68
shikār-khānah,84
Shizong,20-21,190,213
Shulman,David,181
Siam,93,154,156,167,194,203,235,264
siba’uchi,83
Siberia,3,6,119,167,244,247,248
Sichuan,121,182,219
Silverbauer,George,9
Sīstān,31,99
siyāh-gush,82
skirmishers,as attendants of charioteers,25
social classes,functions of,168-69
Soghdians,163
Soloman,King,149,179-80
Song,4,5,43,247
spectators,at royal hunts,197
Speidel,Michael,144
state,as mediator between culture and nature,175-85
state formation,role of hunting in,160,179-80,184-85
Strabo,70-71,184
Stricker,B. H.,60
Sulaymān Ⅰ,92
Surat,27
suu,162. See also charisma
Sviatoslav,221
Syr Darya,100
?abaristān,38,75,132,180,188
Tabrīz,92,158
Tacitus,124
Tahmāsp,97,140,205
T’amar,17,130,150,223
tame,definition of,52
Tang,43,210,214,254,260;cheetahs in,255-56,272-73;court debates about hunting,109
Tanguts,228,243
tanks,in India,101-2
Tāq-i Bustān,38,86,163,180
Tavernier,jean-Baptiste,151,152
Temür,27,85,189,261
Tervel,138
Thiébaux,Marcelle,121
Thomas,Keith,116
Tibet,207,240
tigers,105;decline of,118;as guardians,149;man-eating behavior,166-67
Tipu,149
tolghama/tolghuma,217
travel,royal,infrastructure of,187-89
Tuan,Yi-fu,115
Tungus,3-4
Tuoba,31. See also Northern Wei
Türk Empire,107,203,214-15
Turkmen,192
Tutankhamen,127
Uighurs,98,160
Umayyads,60,75,150,154
ungulates,22-23
unit training,role of hunting in,214-17
unit solidarity,218-19
Uzbeks,20,124,134,191,201,217,241
Vakhtang Ⅵ,126
Vakhtang Gorgaslan,127
Vandals,40
Varro,1
Varthoma,Ludovico di,39
Verbiest,Ferdinand,33,215
vermin,169,171
Vijayanagar,39
Vikings,59,219-20
Viré,Fran?ois,60
Visramiani,96,125-26,165,192,218,229-30,238
Vladimir,of Volynia,125,136
Vladimir Monomakh,20,59-60,88,127,131-32,191
Voeikov,Aleksandr,105
Wallace,Alfred Russell,170
Wallas,Graham,265
Wang Mang,230-31
war:effect on wildlife,104-5;origins of,209
warāzbed,86-87
warriors,equestrian,16,211
water buffalo,175
weapons,21-22
weretigers,170-71
White,William,254
wilderness,abundance of,16-17
William the Conqueror,99
Winter,Irene,137-38
Witzel,Michael,254
wolves,55,84,166,170
women hunters,129-30
Wudi,42
wufang,84,95
Xenophon,15,23,25,34-35,48,54,98,111,126,134,142,165,172,183
Xerxes,142
Xingzong,190
Xiongnu,29,207,211,230
Xu Ting,4
Xuanzang,38,107,182
Yaropolk,18
Yellow Emperor,149
Yenisei,247-48
Yuan,89,150,154,172,204-5,210,247,273
yurtchi,187
Yusūf Kha ?ājib,46,90
yūzbān,83,90
zaghārī,240
zebus,236
Zheng He,234,258
Zhengde,231,259
Zhou,20,24-25,41,97,98,101,135,179,225,229
zoos. See menageries
译后记
经过一年的翻译与8次修改,《欧亚皇家狩猎史》的翻译终于定稿了。真正结束翻译工作时,就像要与一位天天见面的“老友”分别,竟有一丝不舍。
虽说有些不舍,但这位“老友”也着实耗费了我许多心力。在此书之前,我也出版过几部学术译著。相比之下,《欧亚皇家狩猎史》的翻译带给我很多新的收获与感悟。
在翻译本书时,需要查阅的资料数目非常庞大。由于原作者的博学多识,书中不仅涉及了极多的欧亚各国的人名与地名,还有一些环境史方面的术语,甚至动物学的专门词语。核对相关译名的过程虽然繁琐,但也能学到一些额外的有趣知识。
作为翻译,有时我也需要承担原书的校对工作。作为一部欧亚环境史研究著作,原书很多章节都涉及了与中国有关的史实,而由于作者母语并非中文,抑或参考了一些二手文献,因此存在几处谬误,尤其是一些拼音错误。不要小看这些简单的拼音,它们的不准确能让整个翻译工作白白耗费几个小时,甚至停滞几天之久。仅举一例,第十一章中,作者曾提到中国古代有一位朝圣者名为“xuanzong”,可我查阅很多资料也未找到此人究竟是谁,只好搁置不译。几日后,方才突然醒悟此处大概应为“xuanzang”,即指玄奘,再结合上下文和相关史料最终得到确定。试想,如果译者不明所以而延续了作者的错误,岂不是要闹出大的笑话!
这本书是我进入高校任教之后翻译的第一部学术专著,比起博士期间自由支配的时间,作为老师的闲暇已大为缩减。因此,本书的翻译时间可谓每分每秒都是从海绵里挤出的水。如何协调教学、科研与翻译工作之间的平衡,也是一大挑战。
本书也是中央财经大学外国语学院2016年度院级课题翻译学专项的成果,这个项目的资助不仅给我带来坚实的后盾,也给予我莫大的鼓励,督促我更好地完成翻译工作。
最后,感谢冯立君老师将这本书介绍给我,使我在翻译的过程中也提升了自己。社会科学文献出版社的编辑工作非常细致认真,令人佩服。感谢社会科学文献出版社独具慧眼,将这本涉及“一带一路”沿线国家的环境史著作引介国内,相信本书独特的研究视角、翔实的历史资料以及全面的跨学科视野,能够为读者带来很多有趣的启发。
马特
于北京
2017年夏