[123] 许仲琳：《封神演义》卷二〇第九十九回《姜子牙归国封神》，第994页。.6
Sue Takashi須江隆.
1994. “Tō-Sōki shibyōno byōgaku，hōgo no kashi ni tsuite唐宋期における祠廟の廟額·封号の下賜について.” Chūgoku—shakai to bunka中国-社会と文化：96-119.
Suzhou lishi bowuguan苏州历史博物馆 et al.，ed.
1981. Ming Qing Suzhou gongshangye beike ji 明清苏州工商业碑刻集. Nanjing 南京：Jiangsu renmin chubanshe 江苏人民出版社.
Szonyi，Michael.
1997. “The Illusion of Standardizing the Gods：The Cult of the Five Emperors in Late Imperial China.” Journal of Asian Studies 56.1：113-135.
Taylor，Romeyn.
1990. “Official and Popular Religion and the Political Organization of Chinese Society in the Ming.” In Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China，pp.126-157. Ed. Kwang-ching Liu. Berkeley：University of California Press.
Teiser，Stephen F.
1988. The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press.
1994. The Scripture of the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu：University of Hawaii Press.
ter Haar，Barend.
1990. “The Genesis and Spread of Temple Cults in Fukien.” In Development and Decline of Fukien Province in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries，pp.349-395. Ed. E.B.Vermeer.Leiden：E.J.Brill.
1992. The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History. Leiden：E.J.Brill.
1995. “Local Society and the Organizationof Cults in Early Modern China：A Preliminary Study.” Studies in Central & East Asian Religions 8：1-43.
2000. “The Rise of the Guan Yu Cult：The Taoist Connection.” InLinked Faiths：Essays on Chinese Religions and Traditional Culture in Honour of Kristofer Schipper，pp.184-204. Ed. Jan A.M.de Meyer and Peter M. Engelfriet. Leiden：E.J.Brill.
Terada Takanobu寺田隆信.
1972. Sansei shōnin no kenkyū 山西商人の研究―明代における商人および商業資本.Kyoto 京都：東洋史研究会 Tōyōshi kenkyōkai.
Thomas，Keith.
1971. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York：Scribner’s.
Thorp，Robert.
1991. “Mountain Tombs and Jade Burial Suits：Preparations for Eternity in the Western Han.” In Kuwayama，ed.，1991：26-39.
Thote，Alain.
Forthcoming. “Burial Practices as Seen in Rulers’ Tombs of the Eastern Zhou Period：Patterns and Regional Traditions.” In Chinese Religion and Society：The Transformation of a Field，vol 1. Ed. John Lagerwey.Hong Kong：Chinese University of Hong Kong and école Fran?aise d’Extrême-Orient.
Tianjinshi yishu bowuguan天津市艺术博物馆.
1993. Tianjinshi yishu bowuguan cang yu 天津市艺术博物馆藏玉. Beijing 北京：Wenwu chubanshe 文物出版社.
T’ien Ju-k’ang 田汝康.
1988. Male Anxiety and Female Chastity：A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical Values in Ming-Ch’ing Times. Leiden：E.J. Brill.
Unschuld，Paul U.
1985. Medicine in China：A History of Ideas. Berkeley：University of California Press.
van der Loon，Piet.
1977. “Les Origines rituelles de théatre chinoise.” Journal Asiatique 265：141-168.
Verellen，Franciscus.
1992. “‘Evidential Miracles in Support of Taoism’：The Inversion of a Buddhist Apologetic Tradition in Late Tang China.” T’oung Pao 78：217-263.
von Falkenhausen，Lothar.
1993. “Issues in Western Zhou Studies：A Review Article.” Early China 18：139-226.
1994. “Sources of Taoism：Reflections on Archaeological Indicators of Religious Change in Eastern Zhou China.” Taoist Resources 5.2：1-12.
1999. “The Waning of the Bronze Age：Material Culture and Social Developments，700-481B.C.” In Loewe and Shaughnessy，ed.，1999：450-544.
Forthcoming. “Mortuary Behavior in Pre-Imperial Qin：A Religious Interpretation.” In Chinese Religion and Society：The Transformation of a Field，vol 1. Ed. John Lagerwey. Hong Kong：Chinese University of Hong Kong and école Fran?aise d’Extrême-Orient.
von Glahn，Richard.
1987. The Country of Streams and Grottoes：Expansion，Settlement，and the Civilizing of the Sichuan Frontier in Song Times. Cambridge，Mass.：Council on East Asian Studies，Harvard University.
1991. “The Enchantment of Wealth：The God Wutong in the Social History of Jiangnan.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 51.2：651-714.
1996. Fountain of Fortune：Money and Monetary Policy in China，1000-1700. Berkeley：University of California Press.
2003a. “Money-Use in China and Changing Patterns of Global Trade in Monetary Metals，1500-1800.” In Global Connections and Monetary History，1470-1800，pp.187-205. Ed. Dennis Flynn，Arturo Giráldez，and Richard von Glahn.Aldershot，UK：Ashgate.
2003b. “Towns and Temples：Urban Growth and Decline in the Yangzi Delta，1200-1500.” In The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History，pp.176-211. Ed. Paul Jakov Smith and Richard von Glahn.Cambridge，Mass.：Council on East Asian Studies，Harvard University.
Forthcoming. “The Sociology of Local Religion in the Lake Tai Basin.” In Chinese Religion and Society：The Transformation of a Field，vol.2. Ed. John Lagerwey.Hong Kong：Chinese University of Hong Kong andécole Fran?aise d’Extrême-Orient.
Wada Hironori和田博徳.
1985. “Rikōsei to rishadan gyōreidan：Mindai no gyōson shihai to saishi里甲制と里社壇·郷厲壇：明代の郷村支配と祭祀.” In Nishi to higashi to：Maejima Shinji sensei tsuitō ronbunshū 西と東と：前嶋信次先生追悼論文集，pp.413-432.Tokyo東京：Kyūko shoin汲古書院.
Wang Deqing王德庆.
1983. “Suzhou Lengqiesi ta苏州楞伽寺塔.” Wenwu 文物 1983.10：83-85.
Watson，Burton.
1989. The Tso Chuan：Selections from China’s Oldest Narrative History. New York：Columbia University Press.
Watson，James L.
1976. “Anthropological Analyses of Chinese Religion.” China Quarterly 66：355-364.
1985. “Standardizing the Gods：The Promotion of T’ien Hou（‘Empress of Heaven’）Along the South China Coast，960-1960.” In Johnson et al.，ed.，1985：292-324.
1988. “The Structure of Chinese FuneraryRites：Elementary Forms，Ritual Sequence，and the Primacy of Performance.” In Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China，pp.3-19. Ed. James L.Watson and Evelyn S.Rawski. Berkeley：University of California Press.
Weber，Charles D.
1968. Chinese Pictorial Bronze Vessels of the Late Chou Period. Ascona：Artibus Asiae.
Weber，Max.
1951. The Religion of China. New York：Free Press.
1978. Economy and Society. Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley：University of California Press.
Welch，Holmes，and Anna Seidel，ed.
1979. Facets of Taoism：Essays in Chinese Religion. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.
Weller，Robert.
1987. Unity and Diversity in Chinese Religion. Seattle：University of Washington Press.
Wheatley，Paul.
1971. The Pivot of the Four Quarters：A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press.
Whitfield，Roderick，ed.
1993. The Problem of Meaning in Early Chinese Ritual Bronzes. London：School of Oriental and African Studies，University of London.
Wolf，Arthur P.
1974. “Gods，Ghosts，and Ancestors.” In Wolf，ed.，1974：131-182.
Wolf，Arthur P.，ed.
1974. Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press.
Wu Hung 巫鸿.
1988. “From Temple to Tomb：Ancient Chinese Art and Religion in Transition.” Early China 13：78-115.
1989. The Wu Liang Shrine：The Ideology of Early Chinese Pictorial Art. Berkeley：University of California Press.
1992. “What is Bianxiang？On the Relationship Between Dunhuang Art and Literature.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 52.1：111-192.
1995. Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press.
Wu Rongzeng吴荣曾.
1981. “Zhenmuwen zhong suojiandaode Dong Han daowu guanxi镇墓文中所见到的东汉道巫关系.” Wenwu 文物 1981.3：56-63.
Wu Zude吴祖德.
1992. “Shangpin jingji chongji xiade dushi jieri 商品经济冲击下的都市节日.” Zhongguo minjian wenhua 中国民间文化 5：114-126.
Xu Xiaowang徐晓望.
1994. Fujian minjian xinyang yuanliu 福建民间信仰源流. Fuzhou 福州：Fujian jiaoyu chubanshe 福建教育出版社.
Yamauchi Kōichi 山内弘一.
1981. “Hoku-Sō kokka to gyokkō：Shinrei kyōsha tenchi o chūshin ni北宋の国家と玉皇―新礼恭謝天地を中心に.” Tōhōgaku 東方学 62：83-97.
Yang，C.K.杨庆堃.
1961. Religion in Chinese Society. Berkeley：University of California Press.
Yang Hong杨泓.
1999. “Tan Zhongguo Han Tang zhi jian zangsude yanbian谈中国汉唐之间葬俗的演变.” Wenwu 文物 1999.10：60-68.
Yang Xiaoneng杨晓能.
1999. The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology：Celebrated Discoveries from the People’s Republic of China. New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press.
Yoshida Ryūei 吉田隆英.
1981. “Kishi to ijin鬼市と異人.” Tōhō shūkyō 東方宗教 58：30-47.
Yoshioka Yoshitoyo 吉岡義豊.
1957. “Segaki shisō no Chūgokuteki jūyō 施餓鬼思想の中国的受容.” In Yoshioka吉岡義豊，Dōkyō to bukkyō道教と仏教，1：369-411.Tokyo 東京：Nihon gakujutsu shinko kai 日本学術振興会.
1989. Dōkyō nyūmon 道教入門.Rpt.in Yoshioka Yoshitoyo chosakushū吉岡義豊著作集，vol.4.Gogatsu shobō，1989.
Yu，Anthony.
1983. The Journey to the West. Chicago，Ill.：University of Chicago Press.
Yü Chün-fang于君方.
1990. “Images of Kuan-yin in Chinese Folk Literature.” Hanxue yanjiu汉学研究 8.1：221-285.
1993. “P’u-t’uo Shan：Pilgrimage and the Creation of the Chinese Potalaka.”
In Naquin and Yü，ed. 1993：190-245.
1994. “Guanyin：The Chinese Transformation ofAvalokite?vara.” In Latter Days of the Law：Images of Chinese Buddhism，850-1850，pp.151-181. Ed. Marsha Weidner. Lawrence：Spencer Museum of Art，University of Kansas.
2001. Kuan-yin：The Chinese Transformation of Avalokite?vara. New York：Columbia University Press.
Yü，Ying-shih（Yu Yingshi）余英时.
1987a. “‘O Soul，Come Back！’ A Study in the Changing Conceptions of the Soul and Afterlife in Pre-Buddhist China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47.1：363-395.
1987b. Zhongguo jinshi zongjiao lunli yu shangren jingshen 中国近世宗教伦理与商人精神.Taibei 台北：Lianjing chuban shiye gongsi 联经出版事业公司.
Yūsa Noboru 遊佐昇.
1989. “Tōdai ni mirareru Kyūku tenson shinkōni tsuite唐代に見られる救苦天尊信仰について.” Tōhō shūkyō 東方宗教 73：19-40.
Zhang Hongxiang 张鸿祥.
1997. “Tingzhou chengqude miaohui daguan汀州城区的庙会大观.” In Minxide chengxiang miaohui yu cunluo wenhua 闽西的城乡庙会与村落文化，pp.80-113. Ed. Yang Yanjie 杨彦杰. Hong Kong：International Hakka Studies Association and école Fran?aise d’Extrême-Orient.
Zhang Yongyao张永尧 et al.
1994. “Jiaxing mishi xisu diaocha嘉兴米市习俗调查.” Zhongguo minjian wenhua 中国民间文化 14：48-65.
Zhang Zhengming张正明.
1995. Jin shang xingshuai shi 晋商兴衰史.Taiyuan 太原：Shanxi guji chubanshe 山西古籍出版社.
Zhejiang minsu xuehui浙江民俗学会.
1986. Zhejiang minsu jianzhi 浙江民俗简志.Hangzhou 杭州：Zhejiang renmin chubanshe 浙江人民出版社.
Zhongguo meishu quanji bianji weiyuanhui中国美术全集编辑委员会.
1988a. Zhongguo meishu quanji 中国美术全集，Huaxiangshi huaxiangzhuan bian画像石画像砖编. Shanghai 上海：Shanghai renmin meishu chubanshe 上海人民美术出版社.
1988b. Zhongguo meishu quanji 中国美术全集，huihua bian 绘画编，vol.15，Siguan bihua 寺观壁画. Shanghai 上海：Shanghai renmin meishu chubanshe 上海人民美术出版社.
Zhu Zuzhen朱祖振.
1997. “Xiaogu Zhuxing fazhan jiqi minsu 小姑朱姓发展及其民俗.” In Gannan diqude miaohui yu zongzu 赣南地区的庙会与祖宗，pp.139-173. Ed. LuoYong 罗勇 and John Lagerwey. Hong Kong：International Hakka Studies Association and école Fran?aise d’Extrême-Orient.
Zhuang Yifu庄一拂.
1982. Gudian xiqu cunmu huikao 古典戏曲存目汇考. Shanghai 上海：Shanghai guji chubanshe 上海古籍出版社.
Zürcher，Eric.
1959. The Buddhist Conquest of China. Leiden：E.J.Brill.
1980. “Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism：ASurvey of Scriptural Evidence.” T’oung Pao 66.1-3：84-147.
1982. “Prince Moonlight：Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism.” T’oung Pao 68.1-3：1-75.
索引
（索引中页码为原书页码，即本书页边码）
Abbeys of the Munificent Saint（Youshengguan），159
Abhij?ā（five superhuman powers），183，185
afterlife. See ancestors；death；ghosts；immortality；Lord of Mount Tai；Queen Mother of the West；tomb documents；tomb furnishings；tombs；underworld；xian immortals
Ahern，Emily Martin，10
Akatsuka，Kiyoshi，23
Album of the Specters and Apparitions of White Marsh（Baize jingguai tu），85，89，106
Album of the True Forms of the Five Marchmounts（Wuyue zhenxing tu），88-89 Album of White Marsh（Baize tu），84-86，89
almanacs，5，65
Amitābha（Amituofo），67，144，174
Analects，86
ancestors：in Buddhist eschatology，68-69，139-40，142-44；as category of divine beings，6-7，13，19，161，258；as gods of Shang religion，20-21，23-25；and grievances against the living，23，56-57，66，76，98-99，115；in modern Taiwanese religion，6-7；mortuary ritual and，3，23，45-59，105，138-43，155；and punishment in afterlife，52-57，135-44；sacrifices to，20-21，23-25，28-31，46，65，140；in Zhou religion，28-30 ancestral temples，24，28-29，47，140，277n8
An Lushan rebellion，130，144
“Annals of the Strange”（zhiguai），73，92，152，280n64
anomaly：association with barbarism，79-84；in correlative cosmology，80-82，84；and physical mutation，82-97. See also human-beast hybrids；mushi zhi guai；omens；specters；wilderness regions
antipodes，91
apes：associated with wilderness spirits，90-94
Apratihata assemblies，195-96
Archer Yi，60
Assemblies to Gather Resources for Return to the West（Xizishe），146
A?vakar?a，193，195
Avalambana Feast（ghost festival），142-43，145
Avalokite?vara. See Guanyin
Avīci Hell，143
Baidi. See White Thearch
Bakhtin，Mikhail，18
Baodingshan shrine，136-37，139
baojuan（precious scrolls），249，264，319n123
Baoningsi Monastery，125
Baoshan（Huaguang）Temple（Hangzhou），193，219
baoying（retribution），15
Beidi（Thearch of the North），120-21，135，159. See also Zhenwu
benming. See original destiny
Biancai Yuanjing，148，294n51
bianwen（“transformation texts”），143
bianxiang（“transformation images”），136，139，143，157，295n75，299n127
Bifang，41
bin（guest）ritual，25，273n17
Bixia Yuanjun，212
Black Killer（Heisha），121
blood sacrifices （xueshi）：in Eastern Zhou ancestor cult，29-30；in Han and Era of Disunion religion，58，64-65，119，153，282n28；and local tutelary deities，58，64-65，119；renounced by Daoists，64-65，74；in Song religion，145；in Wutong cult，187，206，230
boat exorcisms，120，227，290n71
bodhisattva：as Buddhist savior，67；as generic name for deity，226；See Guanyin；Maitreya；Ma?ju?rī
Boltz，William，105
Book of Transformations（Huashu），122
Boqi（demon），283n36
Boyou，32
Broad Munificence，King of（Guangyou wang），174
budao（impiety），3
Buddhism：Buddhist temples，133-34，139-40，144-46，148，150；lay practices in，144-52；Mahāyāna tradition of，67-69，71；place of，in Chinese religion，7-12，15，67-69；and punishment in underworld，68-69，74，135-40；salvation in，67-69，71，76，141-51；in the Song，135-55；state regulation of，158，201-2；and vernacularization of ritual，144-5，305n71. See also Guanyin；Miaoshan；Mulian；Pure Land Buddhism；ritual；Tiantai Buddhism
buyun（replenishing one’s fate），233-34
Cai Yong，104
caishen. See god of wealth；Guandi；Wusheng；Wutong；Zhao Gongming
Campany，Robert，14，73，80
Canhua Wusheng（Silk Floss Wusheng），226，254，320n133
Canon of Great Peace（Taiping jing），114-15，289n58
Cao Cao，63
Cedzich，Ursula-Angelika，183，197
Celestial Masters. See Way of the Celestial Masters
Celestial Thearch（Tiandi），34，38，53-56，64，99，158；Emissary of the，278n22，288n42
celestial treasury，232-33
charisma，20-21，23-24，26-27，47，258
chayan. See tea séance
Chen Chun，192
Cheng，Emperor of Han，4
