[123] 许仲琳:《封神演义》卷二〇第九十九回《姜子牙归国封神》,第994页。.7
chenghuang:as “city god,” 134,169;in Daoist theology,170,197;as lord of underworld,169-70,172,258;in Ming religious reforms,170,201;in popular pantheons,173
Chetou Wusheng(Silk Reel Wusheng),254
chimei(goblins and fairies),4,280n4
Chiyou,72,121;and exorcism,108-10,119,128,288nn42,44;in Han religion,42,49;and Huangdi,39-41,125,276nn57,59,63
civil service examinations,122,140,239;divine aid for success in,174-75,198,219,233
Ciyun Zunshi,144-48
Classic of the Mountains and Seas(Shanhai jing):on illness,99,109;on prodigies,58,82,84,90-91,183.
cogeneration,261
Commandant Jin,224-25,316n89;as god of wealth,241
compassion,feminization of,151-52,179
Confucian temples,241
Confucius,13,33,86-87,273n20,282n23-25
congci(grove shrines),165,182-83,190,300n4,301n5
conjuration and inquest(zhuhe),100-101,103,120,259,263
Consort Linghui. See Mazu
correlative cosmology:anomalies in,79,81-82;and Five Phases,36-38,41,43,135,162;and moral equilibrium orientation,14-15;and qi medicine,101-2;in Warring States philosophy,35-39. See also Five Phases;Zou Yan
covert loan(yinzbai),232-34,237,239-40,243-44,246,255
Ctesias,284n51
Dai,Countess of,48-50
Dai Fu,96-97,134-35,141,152,163
Dao De Jing,35,114
Daoism,63-66,69-77;apocalyptic movements in,73-76,113,118-19,2801168;and exorcism,71,114-22,185-86,219-20,260;imperial patronage of,120,128,156,177,190;liturgical traditions of,12-13,120-22,185,213,260;penitential rituals in,65-66,72,138-39,141-42;place of,in Chinese religion,7-12,15;priesthood of,65-66,70,72,75,128,138,153-54,158,176-77,262,303n40;and punishment in underworld,135,138-39,141-42;in the Song period,120-21,128-29,133,153-57,177,185;state regulation of,158,201-2;temples,133,161,167;and vernacularization of ritual,12-13,153-157,165-66,260. See also Lingbao Daoist tradition;pantheon;Marshal Ma;Qingwei Daoist tradition;Shangqing Daoist tradition;Shenxiao Daoist tradition;Thunder Magic;Tianxin Daoist tradition;Way of the Celestial Masters
Daomin(People of the Way),146-47
Daorong(monk),189
daoshi(officers of the Way),70,279n51. See also Daoism,priesthood of
Davis,Ned,154,260
Dazu shrines,136-37,139,150,159,171
“dead generals of vanquished armies,”64,75,164-66,258
dead warriors,cults of,63-65,74-75
death,and conceptions of afterlife:in Han,45-77;in modern Taiwan,6;in Shang,20-21,24;in Song,135-45,169-70;in Zhou,28-33. See also ancestors;ghosts;immortality;Queen Mother of the West;ritual;tomb documents;tomb furnishings;tombs;underworld;xian immortals
DeBernardi,Jean,155
Declarations of the Perfected(Zhengao):75,118,135
demonologies,84-86,88-91,115,118-19,184-85
Demon Register of Nüqing(Nüqing guilü),115
demons:as cause of illness,5,58,66,99-111;conceptions of,15-17,72-73;plague,16,104-15,118-29,228;subjugation of,and transformation into gods,40,74-75,247,262;of wilderness regions,78-80,87-97. See also exorcism;ghosts;goblins;Māra-kings;shanxiao;specters;Wutong
Deng Daoshu,167,176
Dexing:claim as origin of Wutong cult,189-91
Di(Thearch):and exorcism,111;in Shang religion,20-21,23-24,26-27,34,272n4,272n11,273n22. See also Celestial Thearch
Diamond Sūtra(Jin’gangjing),135
diffused religion,7-12
divination:in Daoism,65,70;in Shang,20,23,25,98-99;in Song,153,156,175,295n70. See also oracle bones;spirit mediums;spirit writing
divination sticks (qian),166
divine,conceptions of,4-16;in Buddhism,67-68,76;bureaucratic model of,6,45,64-66,72,75,115,161;in Daoism,64-66,70-77,115;diffused and institutional forms of,7-12,;and eudaemonistic orientation,13-16,263-64;ideologized,9-11;in modern Taiwan,6-7,9-11;and moral equilibrium orientation,13-16,26-27;and political authority,20-44;pragmatic,9-11;in pre-imperial China,13-14,19;in Shang,25;in Song,160-79,257-61;sociological,6-12;Tang-Song transformation in,8,12-13,15-16,257-62;in vernacular religion,257-66. See also charisma;pantheon;regional cults;sovereign gods;tudi;underworld
divine sovereign (dijun),159-60
Dizang. See Ksitigarbha
doctrine of Heaven and Humanity,14-15,271n44
domestic cults,135,160-64,201. See also stove god
Dongfang Shuo,283n32
Dongfangjun. See King Father of the East Dongyue:festivals,170-72,177,257;imperial recognition of,159-60;as lord of underworld,171-72;as regional cult,174;as sovereign god,169-173;temples,159,163,170-72,174,177,212,241. See also pantheon;Lord of Mount Tai
door guardians,111,125,161
Double Fifth festival. See Duanwu festival
drama:and dissemination of lore about the divine world,143,157,213-14,217-19
Du Guangting,138,141,157
Du Yu,280n4
Duan Chengshi,91,94
Duanwu festival:and exorcism of plague demons,106-8,119-20,155;and worship of Wusheng,242
Duara,Prasenjit,261,264
dujiao wutong. See Wutong,one-legged
Duren jing. See Scripture of Universal Salvation
Ebrey,Patricia,8
Eight Demon Marshals,117-18
ekapada,91
elect (zhongmin),74
Enlarged Quest for the Divine(Sousben guangji),119,121-22,125,127
epidemic:and divine retribution,72-74,84,113-20,173;gods,115-29,172,203-4,226-28,242;plague demons as cause of,103-9;protection from,87-89,98,103-9,188-89,191,226-28. See also demons,plague;exorcism;illness
eudaemonistic orientation in Chinese religion,13-16,19,263-64,271n41
eudaimon(happy demon),16
euhemerism,43,90,175,253,276n66
evil wind,99,103
exorcism:boat exorcisms,120,227,290n71;Daoist,71,114-22,185-86,197-98,227,260;and eudaemonistic orientation,13-16,19;fashi and,154,2,60-61;and healing,99-101,103-11,113-22,154,259,263;manuals,84-85,100-101,106-9,185-86;of plague demons,104-9,113-15,118-29,228;of shanxiao,120,185,197,213,219;at time of New Year festival,40,104-6;weapons used in,104-5,108-11,121-25,135,213-15,287n35;of Wutong,185-86,206-7,210,234-36. See also fangxiang;fashi;five kinds of weapons;spells;spirit mediums;Thunder Magic
Fan Chengda,230
Fang Hui,133,140
Fang La rebellion,166,189,190
fangliang,281n4
Fangsheng(release of living beings)ritual,145
fangshi(masters of occult arts),35-37,70,79-82,88,113
fangxiang(exorcist),104-5,108-9,123,281n4
fashi(ritual masters),154,259-60,263,304n49,310n140
fate,concept of,34,52,141,233-34,259
feifei,90-91,284n46
Feng Menglong,219,239,264,309n122
Fengbo(Wind Lord),41
Fenghuasi Monastery(Ningbo),178
fengjian(ritual of investiture),28
fenxiang(distribution of incense ashes),176,196,304n47
fenyang,87,281n4,282n24-25,287n23
Fierce General Liu(Liu Mengjiang),225,227,237,241-42
Fiery Thearch(Yandi),38-39,59,276n55,276n59
Filial Lord Zhou(Zhou Xiaogong),165-67,297n102
filial piety,63,66,140-44,150-51,165-66,215. See also ancestors
First Emperor of Qin(Qin Shihuangdi),37-39,43,47
Five Demon Masters,115-19,121
five directions,demon masters of the. See Five Demon Masters
five directions,plague demons of(wufang yigui),105,118
Five Emissaries of Plague (wuwen shizbe),116-17,119-25,129,214,226-28,262
Five Emperors(epidemic cult),120,204,227,307n107
Five Fierce Demons(Wuchanggui),227-28
five kinds of weapons (wubing),40,42,288n44;and demonic attack,107-8,110,119. See also Chiyou
five kinds of wounding,demons of (wubing zbi gui;wusbang guijing),64,119
Five Manifestations. See Wuxian
Five Marchmounts(Wuyue),38,41,53,87-89
Five Pecks of Rice Teaching(Wudoumi jiao),66
Five Phases(Wuxing):and anomalies,79-81,86-87;and correlative cosmology,36-38,41,43,135,162;and medicine,101-2
Five Plagues,Assemblies of(Wuwenshe),120
Five Saints. See Wusheng
Five Thearchs(Wudi),38,43,121,275n47
five tombs,ghosts of the(wumu zhi gui),115
Four Grand Marshals(Si yuandashuai),121,247,319n117. See also Guandi;Marshal Ma;Marshal Wen;Zhenwu
Four Saints(Sisheng),121. See also Zhenwu
fox spirits,181,184
Freedman,Maurice,8
Fu Qian,280n4
Fude Wutong(Wutong of Good Merit),211
Gan Bao,86,88,118
Gan giants,284n44,284n49
gangmao,109-11,288n46
ganqing(bonds of affinity),259
ganying(empathetic response),14-15,153
Gao You,103,283n44
Gaozong,Emperor of Song:and canonization of gods,295n83
Ge Chaofu,71
Ge Hong,88-90,92,94,102,109,115
General of the Five Paths of Rebirth(Wudao jiangjun),106
gengshen day,and divine punishment,115
Gengsibian,206-9,240,309n122. See also Lu Can
Ghost Festival,155. See also Avalambana Festival
ghosts:as category of divine beings,6-7,13,19;hungry,145,296n92;pathetic,73,85;transformation of,into gods,62-65,74-75,164-67,225,258;vengeful,32,52,99,115,128;in Zhou religion,31-33. See also orphan souls
goblins,4-5,16,78,89-97. See also shanxiao
goddess (niangniang)cults,151-52,179. See also Guanyin;Queen Mother of the West
God of Five Paths to Wealth. See Wulu caishen
god of war,40
god of wealth (caishen),17,222-23,241-56;bourgeois ethic and,244-45,248-53;civil and martial,247-48,250;temples,244,246-47;“yangification” of,251. See also Commandant Jin;Guandi;He He Erxian;Liu Hai;Wusheng;Wutong;Zhao Gongming
gods. See divine,conceptions of;and names of individual deities
Golden Light Penance(Jinguangchan)ritual,145
Golden Lotus(Jinpingmei),264
Grand Dowager(Taima,Taimu),205,224-25,240-43,251,254
Grand Unity. See Taiyi
grave chapels (fenan),139-40
Great Exorcism(Nuo),104-6,108,113,123
Great Peace(Taiping):Daoist movement of,113-14;era of,74
Greeting the Pathfinder (jie lutou)ritual,245-46
Gregory,Peter,8
Grootaers,William,157
grove shrines. See congci
Gu Lu,246
Gu Sizhang,245
Gu Yewang,93,95,246
Guan Yu. See Guandi
Guandi(also known as Guan Yu,Guangong):as god of wealth,223,245,251,318n106;festivals of,227,302n32;imperial patronage of,202,237,261,264,307n96;as moral exemplar,237,242,314nn55-56;as one of Four Grand Marshals,319n117;temples,212,241,318n106
Guangfusi Monastery(Suzhou),177-78
Guangong. See Guandi
Guangxiao Abbey(Suzhou),192
Guangyou wang(King of Broad Munificence),174
Guanyin(Avalokite?vara):as bodhisattva of compassion,59,67,76;and deliverance from underworld punishment,147;Deliverer of Children Guanyin(Songzi Guanyin),152;and exorcism,135,147-48;feast days of,153;female forms of,149-52;Great Compassionate Guanyin Who Delivers Us From Suffering(Dabei jiuku Guanyin),147;Guanyin of a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes,148,151;iconography of,147-51;icons,140,161,177-78,300n143;invocation (Dabei Guanyin zhou),147-48;in Lotus Sūtra,147-49,161;and Miaoshan legend,150-51;miracle tales of,138;Mount Putuo shrine of,150;as personal guardian,161;and pilgrimage,148,150,177-78,300n143;and Pure Land Buddhism,144,147,259;as regional cult,174,177-79,264;temples,148,177-78,212;as tutelary goddess,177-78,227,259;Water-Moon Guanyin(Shuiyue Guanyin),149-50;White-Robed Guanyin(Baiyi Guanyin),149-50;and Wutong cult,205,217,230;“yangification” of,320n127. See also Upper Tianzhu Monastery
Guanyin Sūtra,161
gui. See ghosts
guilds:worship of god of wealth by,245-46,251-52,317n101,318n106,319n115
Guo Pu,82,91-92
gu poisoning,99-100,103,288n44,289n61
Haar,Barend ter,169
Hamashima Atsutoshi,260
Han Yu,93
hanba(demon),300n3
Hansen,Valerie,8,11,13,134,156,174
Hariti,262
He He Erxian,222,247-48,250
He Xiangu,219
Heart Sūtra(Xinjing),135
Heaven(Tian):Han imperial cult of,43-44;as supreme deity of Zhou,13,26-28,30,33-34,272n4,273n22. See also Celestial Thearch;Mandate of Heaven
Heisha(Black Killer),121
hell. See Lord of Mount Tai;Ten Infernal Kings,courts of the;underworld
Heng Marchmount,92
Hong Mai:domestic religion in family of,163-64,169;Dongyue stories of,163;on shanxiao,180-83;tudi story of,173;Wutong/Wuxian stories of,1-4,185,187-89,191,195-96,198-99
Horse-Head Maiden(Matouniang),241. See also sericulture gods
Hou,Ching-lang,232
Hou Ji(Prince Millet),59
Hou Yi,60
household gods,135,160-64,201;See also stove god;Wutong,domestic shrines dedicated to
Houtu,43
Hu Sheng,198
Huaguang:as alter ego of Marshal Ma,212-20;in Daoist hagiography,197,212-13;as demon,198;as demonifuge spirit,197;diffusion of cult of,203;festivals,195-96,214;as god of wealth,318n109;as incarnation of Wuxian,192-93,195-98,215,217,219-20,223,264,307n106;in Journey to the South,195,214-17,219,264;Miaojixiang as epithet for,214,217,220;origins of,193-94;pavilions,193,195-96,203,304n55;in popular fiction and drama,195,213-20,264;as sericulture god,318n109,320n134;temples,193,219;and Wutong cult,206,223. See also Marshal Ma;Wuxian
Huang Wei,205
Huangdi(Yellow Thearch):and Chiyou,39-41,125,276n57,276n63;in Eastern Zhou religion,37-41,275n55;as god of storms and rain 39,41,43;as god of war,40;in Han religion,40-43,52-55;as ruler of underworld,43,53-55,278n21;as star god,40;as supreme deity,41,59,64,81,84,111-12,283n32
Huanglu zhai. See Yellow Register Rites
bui(assembly for god’s festival),168. See also she,shehui
hui(creature). See shanhui
Huizong,Emperor of Song:canonization of gods by,159,295n83;canonization of Wutong,189;proscription of Wutong cult in capital,190;sponsorship of Daoist theocracy,120,128,156,190
human-beast hybrids,39-40,49-51,58,82-83,122,140,183,281n10
human body:and correlative cosmology,36-37;in qi medicine,101-2,112. See also illness;immortality
hun “soul,” 32-33,48-49,52-53,275n38
huo(derangement),99-100
Huo Marchmount,92
illness:caused by ancestors,23,66,98-99,103;demonic causes of,5,58,66,99-111,114;as divine punishment,66,75,87,113-20;environmental causes of,106-7,112-13;in qi medicine,101-2,111-13. See also demons;epidemic;exorcism;gu poisoning;huo(derangement);medicine
immortality:elixir of,60-61;and paradise of Queen Mother of the West,52,58-62;and xian immortals,33,37,48-49,58,62;and zhenren immortals,70-71. See also paradise
Inner Canon of Huangdi(Huangdi neijing),101-2
institutionalized religion,7-12
Investiture of the Gods(Fengshen yanyi),247-48
Jade Emperor,158,184,212-13,215,249,295n80
jade ritual objects,24-25,49
Ji(God of Grains),60
Jiang Ziwen,63
jiaoxi(invoking joy)ritual,243
Jiduci(Shrine of the God of the Ji River),314n46
Jie,King of Xia,113
jie lutou(Greeting the Pathfinder)ritual,245-46
jie yinzhai(borrowing a covert loan),232-34,237,239-40,243-44,246,255,317n100
jie yuanbao(borrowing “inaugural treasure”),246,318n109
Jin Chang,225
Jin Yuanqi,225
Jin Zongguan. See Commandant Jin
jingqi. See specters
Jinguangchan(Golden Light Penance)ritual,145
Ji River,God of the,314n46
Jishen Wusheng(Loom God Wusheng),254
Jiuku tianzun. See Taiyi jiuku tianzun
Jiusheng:as epithet for Wutong,198
Johnson,David,134
Journey to the North(Beiyou ji),213,217,311n145