饭饭TXT > 军事历史 > 《左道:中国宗教文化中的神与魔(出版书)》作者:[美]万志英/译者:廖涵缤【完结】 > 左道:中国宗教文化中的神与魔.txt

[123] 许仲琳:《封神演义》卷二〇第九十九回《姜子牙归国封神》,第994页。.7

chenghuang:as “city god,” 134,169;in Daoist theology,170,197;as lord of underworld,169-70,172,258;in Ming religious reforms,170,201;in popular pantheons,173

Chetou Wusheng(Silk Reel Wusheng),254

chimei(goblins and fairies),4,280n4

Chiyou,72,121;and exorcism,108-10,119,128,288nn42,44;in Han religion,42,49;and Huangdi,39-41,125,276nn57,59,63

civil service examinations,122,140,239;divine aid for success in,174-75,198,219,233

Ciyun Zunshi,144-48

Classic of the Mountains and Seas(Shanhai jing):on illness,99,109;on prodigies,58,82,84,90-91,183.

cogeneration,261

Commandant Jin,224-25,316n89;as god of wealth,241

compassion,feminization of,151-52,179

Confucian temples,241

Confucius,13,33,86-87,273n20,282n23-25

congci(grove shrines),165,182-83,190,300n4,301n5

conjuration and inquest(zhuhe),100-101,103,120,259,263

Consort Linghui. See Mazu

correlative cosmology:anomalies in,79,81-82;and Five Phases,36-38,41,43,135,162;and moral equilibrium orientation,14-15;and qi medicine,101-2;in Warring States philosophy,35-39. See also Five Phases;Zou Yan

covert loan(yinzbai),232-34,237,239-40,243-44,246,255

Ctesias,284n51

Dai,Countess of,48-50

Dai Fu,96-97,134-35,141,152,163

Dao De Jing,35,114

Daoism,63-66,69-77;apocalyptic movements in,73-76,113,118-19,2801168;and exorcism,71,114-22,185-86,219-20,260;imperial patronage of,120,128,156,177,190;liturgical traditions of,12-13,120-22,185,213,260;penitential rituals in,65-66,72,138-39,141-42;place of,in Chinese religion,7-12,15;priesthood of,65-66,70,72,75,128,138,153-54,158,176-77,262,303n40;and punishment in underworld,135,138-39,141-42;in the Song period,120-21,128-29,133,153-57,177,185;state regulation of,158,201-2;temples,133,161,167;and vernacularization of ritual,12-13,153-157,165-66,260. See also Lingbao Daoist tradition;pantheon;Marshal Ma;Qingwei Daoist tradition;Shangqing Daoist tradition;Shenxiao Daoist tradition;Thunder Magic;Tianxin Daoist tradition;Way of the Celestial Masters

Daomin(People of the Way),146-47

Daorong(monk),189

daoshi(officers of the Way),70,279n51. See also Daoism,priesthood of

Davis,Ned,154,260

Dazu shrines,136-37,139,150,159,171

“dead generals of vanquished armies,”64,75,164-66,258

dead warriors,cults of,63-65,74-75

death,and conceptions of afterlife:in Han,45-77;in modern Taiwan,6;in Shang,20-21,24;in Song,135-45,169-70;in Zhou,28-33. See also ancestors;ghosts;immortality;Queen Mother of the West;ritual;tomb documents;tomb furnishings;tombs;underworld;xian immortals

DeBernardi,Jean,155

Declarations of the Perfected(Zhengao):75,118,135

demonologies,84-86,88-91,115,118-19,184-85

Demon Register of Nüqing(Nüqing guilü),115

demons:as cause of illness,5,58,66,99-111;conceptions of,15-17,72-73;plague,16,104-15,118-29,228;subjugation of,and transformation into gods,40,74-75,247,262;of wilderness regions,78-80,87-97. See also exorcism;ghosts;goblins;Māra-kings;shanxiao;specters;Wutong

Deng Daoshu,167,176

Dexing:claim as origin of Wutong cult,189-91

Di(Thearch):and exorcism,111;in Shang religion,20-21,23-24,26-27,34,272n4,272n11,273n22. See also Celestial Thearch

Diamond Sūtra(Jin’gangjing),135

diffused religion,7-12

divination:in Daoism,65,70;in Shang,20,23,25,98-99;in Song,153,156,175,295n70. See also oracle bones;spirit mediums;spirit writing

divination sticks (qian),166

divine,conceptions of,4-16;in Buddhism,67-68,76;bureaucratic model of,6,45,64-66,72,75,115,161;in Daoism,64-66,70-77,115;diffused and institutional forms of,7-12,;and eudaemonistic orientation,13-16,263-64;ideologized,9-11;in modern Taiwan,6-7,9-11;and moral equilibrium orientation,13-16,26-27;and political authority,20-44;pragmatic,9-11;in pre-imperial China,13-14,19;in Shang,25;in Song,160-79,257-61;sociological,6-12;Tang-Song transformation in,8,12-13,15-16,257-62;in vernacular religion,257-66. See also charisma;pantheon;regional cults;sovereign gods;tudi;underworld

divine sovereign (dijun),159-60

Dizang. See Ksitigarbha

doctrine of Heaven and Humanity,14-15,271n44

domestic cults,135,160-64,201. See also stove god

Dongfang Shuo,283n32

Dongfangjun. See King Father of the East Dongyue:festivals,170-72,177,257;imperial recognition of,159-60;as lord of underworld,171-72;as regional cult,174;as sovereign god,169-173;temples,159,163,170-72,174,177,212,241. See also pantheon;Lord of Mount Tai

door guardians,111,125,161

Double Fifth festival. See Duanwu festival

drama:and dissemination of lore about the divine world,143,157,213-14,217-19

Du Guangting,138,141,157

Du Yu,280n4

Duan Chengshi,91,94

Duanwu festival:and exorcism of plague demons,106-8,119-20,155;and worship of Wusheng,242

Duara,Prasenjit,261,264

dujiao wutong. See Wutong,one-legged

Duren jing. See Scripture of Universal Salvation

Ebrey,Patricia,8

Eight Demon Marshals,117-18

ekapada,91

elect (zhongmin),74

Enlarged Quest for the Divine(Sousben guangji),119,121-22,125,127

epidemic:and divine retribution,72-74,84,113-20,173;gods,115-29,172,203-4,226-28,242;plague demons as cause of,103-9;protection from,87-89,98,103-9,188-89,191,226-28. See also demons,plague;exorcism;illness

eudaemonistic orientation in Chinese religion,13-16,19,263-64,271n41

eudaimon(happy demon),16

euhemerism,43,90,175,253,276n66

evil wind,99,103

exorcism:boat exorcisms,120,227,290n71;Daoist,71,114-22,185-86,197-98,227,260;and eudaemonistic orientation,13-16,19;fashi and,154,2,60-61;and healing,99-101,103-11,113-22,154,259,263;manuals,84-85,100-101,106-9,185-86;of plague demons,104-9,113-15,118-29,228;of shanxiao,120,185,197,213,219;at time of New Year festival,40,104-6;weapons used in,104-5,108-11,121-25,135,213-15,287n35;of Wutong,185-86,206-7,210,234-36. See also fangxiang;fashi;five kinds of weapons;spells;spirit mediums;Thunder Magic

Fan Chengda,230

Fang Hui,133,140

Fang La rebellion,166,189,190

fangliang,281n4

Fangsheng(release of living beings)ritual,145

fangshi(masters of occult arts),35-37,70,79-82,88,113

fangxiang(exorcist),104-5,108-9,123,281n4

fashi(ritual masters),154,259-60,263,304n49,310n140

fate,concept of,34,52,141,233-34,259

feifei,90-91,284n46

Feng Menglong,219,239,264,309n122

Fengbo(Wind Lord),41

Fenghuasi Monastery(Ningbo),178

fengjian(ritual of investiture),28

fenxiang(distribution of incense ashes),176,196,304n47

fenyang,87,281n4,282n24-25,287n23

Fierce General Liu(Liu Mengjiang),225,227,237,241-42

Fiery Thearch(Yandi),38-39,59,276n55,276n59

Filial Lord Zhou(Zhou Xiaogong),165-67,297n102

filial piety,63,66,140-44,150-51,165-66,215. See also ancestors

First Emperor of Qin(Qin Shihuangdi),37-39,43,47

Five Demon Masters,115-19,121

five directions,demon masters of the. See Five Demon Masters

five directions,plague demons of(wufang yigui),105,118

Five Emissaries of Plague (wuwen shizbe),116-17,119-25,129,214,226-28,262

Five Emperors(epidemic cult),120,204,227,307n107

Five Fierce Demons(Wuchanggui),227-28

five kinds of weapons (wubing),40,42,288n44;and demonic attack,107-8,110,119. See also Chiyou

five kinds of wounding,demons of (wubing zbi gui;wusbang guijing),64,119

Five Manifestations. See Wuxian

Five Marchmounts(Wuyue),38,41,53,87-89

Five Pecks of Rice Teaching(Wudoumi jiao),66

Five Phases(Wuxing):and anomalies,79-81,86-87;and correlative cosmology,36-38,41,43,135,162;and medicine,101-2

Five Plagues,Assemblies of(Wuwenshe),120

Five Saints. See Wusheng

Five Thearchs(Wudi),38,43,121,275n47

five tombs,ghosts of the(wumu zhi gui),115

Four Grand Marshals(Si yuandashuai),121,247,319n117. See also Guandi;Marshal Ma;Marshal Wen;Zhenwu

Four Saints(Sisheng),121. See also Zhenwu

fox spirits,181,184

Freedman,Maurice,8

Fu Qian,280n4

Fude Wutong(Wutong of Good Merit),211

Gan Bao,86,88,118

Gan giants,284n44,284n49

gangmao,109-11,288n46

ganqing(bonds of affinity),259

ganying(empathetic response),14-15,153

Gao You,103,283n44

Gaozong,Emperor of Song:and canonization of gods,295n83

Ge Chaofu,71

Ge Hong,88-90,92,94,102,109,115

General of the Five Paths of Rebirth(Wudao jiangjun),106

gengshen day,and divine punishment,115

Gengsibian,206-9,240,309n122. See also Lu Can

Ghost Festival,155. See also Avalambana Festival

ghosts:as category of divine beings,6-7,13,19;hungry,145,296n92;pathetic,73,85;transformation of,into gods,62-65,74-75,164-67,225,258;vengeful,32,52,99,115,128;in Zhou religion,31-33. See also orphan souls

goblins,4-5,16,78,89-97. See also shanxiao

goddess (niangniang)cults,151-52,179. See also Guanyin;Queen Mother of the West

God of Five Paths to Wealth. See Wulu caishen

god of war,40

god of wealth (caishen),17,222-23,241-56;bourgeois ethic and,244-45,248-53;civil and martial,247-48,250;temples,244,246-47;“yangification” of,251. See also Commandant Jin;Guandi;He He Erxian;Liu Hai;Wusheng;Wutong;Zhao Gongming

gods. See divine,conceptions of;and names of individual deities

Golden Light Penance(Jinguangchan)ritual,145

Golden Lotus(Jinpingmei),264

Grand Dowager(Taima,Taimu),205,224-25,240-43,251,254

Grand Unity. See Taiyi

grave chapels (fenan),139-40

Great Exorcism(Nuo),104-6,108,113,123

Great Peace(Taiping):Daoist movement of,113-14;era of,74

Greeting the Pathfinder (jie lutou)ritual,245-46

Gregory,Peter,8

Grootaers,William,157

grove shrines. See congci

Gu Lu,246

Gu Sizhang,245

Gu Yewang,93,95,246

Guan Yu. See Guandi

Guandi(also known as Guan Yu,Guangong):as god of wealth,223,245,251,318n106;festivals of,227,302n32;imperial patronage of,202,237,261,264,307n96;as moral exemplar,237,242,314nn55-56;as one of Four Grand Marshals,319n117;temples,212,241,318n106

Guangfusi Monastery(Suzhou),177-78

Guangong. See Guandi

Guangxiao Abbey(Suzhou),192

Guangyou wang(King of Broad Munificence),174

Guanyin(Avalokite?vara):as bodhisattva of compassion,59,67,76;and deliverance from underworld punishment,147;Deliverer of Children Guanyin(Songzi Guanyin),152;and exorcism,135,147-48;feast days of,153;female forms of,149-52;Great Compassionate Guanyin Who Delivers Us From Suffering(Dabei jiuku Guanyin),147;Guanyin of a Thousand Arms and a Thousand Eyes,148,151;iconography of,147-51;icons,140,161,177-78,300n143;invocation (Dabei Guanyin zhou),147-48;in Lotus Sūtra,147-49,161;and Miaoshan legend,150-51;miracle tales of,138;Mount Putuo shrine of,150;as personal guardian,161;and pilgrimage,148,150,177-78,300n143;and Pure Land Buddhism,144,147,259;as regional cult,174,177-79,264;temples,148,177-78,212;as tutelary goddess,177-78,227,259;Water-Moon Guanyin(Shuiyue Guanyin),149-50;White-Robed Guanyin(Baiyi Guanyin),149-50;and Wutong cult,205,217,230;“yangification” of,320n127. See also Upper Tianzhu Monastery

Guanyin Sūtra,161

gui. See ghosts

guilds:worship of god of wealth by,245-46,251-52,317n101,318n106,319n115

Guo Pu,82,91-92

gu poisoning,99-100,103,288n44,289n61

Haar,Barend ter,169

Hamashima Atsutoshi,260

Han Yu,93

hanba(demon),300n3

Hansen,Valerie,8,11,13,134,156,174

Hariti,262

He He Erxian,222,247-48,250

He Xiangu,219

Heart Sūtra(Xinjing),135

Heaven(Tian):Han imperial cult of,43-44;as supreme deity of Zhou,13,26-28,30,33-34,272n4,273n22. See also Celestial Thearch;Mandate of Heaven

Heisha(Black Killer),121

hell. See Lord of Mount Tai;Ten Infernal Kings,courts of the;underworld

Heng Marchmount,92

Hong Mai:domestic religion in family of,163-64,169;Dongyue stories of,163;on shanxiao,180-83;tudi story of,173;Wutong/Wuxian stories of,1-4,185,187-89,191,195-96,198-99

Horse-Head Maiden(Matouniang),241. See also sericulture gods

Hou,Ching-lang,232

Hou Ji(Prince Millet),59

Hou Yi,60

household gods,135,160-64,201;See also stove god;Wutong,domestic shrines dedicated to

Houtu,43

Hu Sheng,198

Huaguang:as alter ego of Marshal Ma,212-20;in Daoist hagiography,197,212-13;as demon,198;as demonifuge spirit,197;diffusion of cult of,203;festivals,195-96,214;as god of wealth,318n109;as incarnation of Wuxian,192-93,195-98,215,217,219-20,223,264,307n106;in Journey to the South,195,214-17,219,264;Miaojixiang as epithet for,214,217,220;origins of,193-94;pavilions,193,195-96,203,304n55;in popular fiction and drama,195,213-20,264;as sericulture god,318n109,320n134;temples,193,219;and Wutong cult,206,223. See also Marshal Ma;Wuxian

Huang Wei,205

Huangdi(Yellow Thearch):and Chiyou,39-41,125,276n57,276n63;in Eastern Zhou religion,37-41,275n55;as god of storms and rain 39,41,43;as god of war,40;in Han religion,40-43,52-55;as ruler of underworld,43,53-55,278n21;as star god,40;as supreme deity,41,59,64,81,84,111-12,283n32

Huanglu zhai. See Yellow Register Rites

bui(assembly for god’s festival),168. See also she,shehui

hui(creature). See shanhui

Huizong,Emperor of Song:canonization of gods by,159,295n83;canonization of Wutong,189;proscription of Wutong cult in capital,190;sponsorship of Daoist theocracy,120,128,156,190

human-beast hybrids,39-40,49-51,58,82-83,122,140,183,281n10

human body:and correlative cosmology,36-37;in qi medicine,101-2,112. See also illness;immortality

hun “soul,” 32-33,48-49,52-53,275n38

huo(derangement),99-100

Huo Marchmount,92

illness:caused by ancestors,23,66,98-99,103;demonic causes of,5,58,66,99-111,114;as divine punishment,66,75,87,113-20;environmental causes of,106-7,112-13;in qi medicine,101-2,111-13. See also demons;epidemic;exorcism;gu poisoning;huo(derangement);medicine

immortality:elixir of,60-61;and paradise of Queen Mother of the West,52,58-62;and xian immortals,33,37,48-49,58,62;and zhenren immortals,70-71. See also paradise

Inner Canon of Huangdi(Huangdi neijing),101-2

institutionalized religion,7-12

Investiture of the Gods(Fengshen yanyi),247-48

Jade Emperor,158,184,212-13,215,249,295n80

jade ritual objects,24-25,49

Ji(God of Grains),60

Jiang Ziwen,63

jiaoxi(invoking joy)ritual,243

Jiduci(Shrine of the God of the Ji River),314n46

Jie,King of Xia,113

jie lutou(Greeting the Pathfinder)ritual,245-46

jie yinzhai(borrowing a covert loan),232-34,237,239-40,243-44,246,255,317n100

jie yuanbao(borrowing “inaugural treasure”),246,318n109

Jin Chang,225

Jin Yuanqi,225

Jin Zongguan. See Commandant Jin

jingqi. See specters

Jinguangchan(Golden Light Penance)ritual,145

Ji River,God of the,314n46

Jishen Wusheng(Loom God Wusheng),254

Jiuku tianzun. See Taiyi jiuku tianzun

Jiusheng:as epithet for Wutong,198

Johnson,David,134

Journey to the North(Beiyou ji),213,217,311n145

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