[123] 许仲琳:《封神演义》卷二〇第九十九回《姜子牙归国封神》,第994页。.8
Journey to the South(Nanyou ji),195,214-17,219-20,264,311n145
Journey to the West(Xiyou ji),217,264
“Journey to the West”(drama),213-14,220
Jubaopen(Bowl That Gathers Treasures),248,250
Jupiter,102-3
karma,15,68-69,72.-73,151;and accumulation of merit,69,144,147;and idea of debt,232-34;and moral equilibrium,73;and punishment in underworld,136-38,141
Katz,Paul,128-29,261
Kelong Wusheng(Cocoon Wusheng),254
King Father of the East(Dongfangjun),59,61
King Zhang,174-75,200,307n96
King Zhou Xuanling,205,239,308n117
K?itigarbha,136,138,147,212
kui(creature),87,90,94-95,111,181-82,186,282n24,287n23
Kunlun,Mount,33,48
La festival,104,106
Land-and-Water Mass(Shuilu zhai),122,125,139,145-46,293nn41-42,301n11
Laojun(Lord Lao),64-65,74,279n46
ledgers of merit and demerit,137,141,155,233,249
Legalism,34-35,37
Lengqie,Mount. See Mount Lengqie
Li Congzhi,209,211
Li Gou,188-89
Li Hou(Sire Li),166-67
Li Zeng,188
Liangzhu neolithic culture,24-25,58,273n15
liming(determining one’s own fate),233
Lin Lingsu,156,190
ling(miraculous power),5,13,15
Ling,Lord of Qin,38
Lingbao(Miraculous Treasure)Daoist tradition,69-72,74,76,156;and Thunder Magic rituals,120,197
linggan(potency of resonance),15,17,258
lingguan(divine agents),188,197
Lingjian(monk),146
lingyan(manifestations of miraculous powers),15,258
lishi(profitable market),229,241
Lishi xianguan(Immortal Official of Profitable Markets),223,247
Liu Hai,222-23,250
Liu Mengjiang(Fierce General Liu),225,227,237,241-42
Liu Yuanda,116-17,119
Liu Yuxi,93
Liu Zhang(Prince Jing of Chengyang),62-63
Lizong,Emperor of Song,166
Lord Lao(Laojun),64-65,74,279n46
Lord Ma(Magong),205,316n89;See also Marshal Ma
Lord of Mount Tai:as ruler of the underworld,52-54,56,64,87,103,106,128,159,170. See also Dongyue
Lords of Peace and Joy(Anlegong),189
Lotus Assemblies(Lianshe),144,146-47
Lotus Sūtra,147-48,161,193
Lower Tianzhu Monastery(Xia Tianzhusi;in Hangzhou),144-45
Lu Can,206-7,209,211,238,309n122
Lü Dongbin,219
Lü,Empress,of Han,62
Lu Ji,166
Lu Xiujing,63-65,119,164
Lü Xu,226
Lu Yinglong,195
Lu Yun,167
Lu Zhi,211
Ma Guohan,84-85
Ma Rong,123,287n23
Ma Wensheng,309n130
Ma Yuanshuai. See Marshal Ma
Ma’anshan,God of,168
Maitreya,67
Mak Yao(Mo Yao),93
Manao’yuan Cloister(Hangzhou),185
Mandate of Heaven (tianming),26-27,30,274n22. See also Heaven
Ma?ju?rī,67,214
Mao Shan,69
Mao Ziyuan,147
Māra,72,137
Māra-kings (mowang),74,146
Marshal Ma(Ma Yuanshuai):as alter ego of Huaguang/Wuxian,212-20,242,247,264,310n139;in Daoist hagiography,212-13;and exorcism,310n140;popular cult of,219-20;as surrogate of Wutong,243;talismans of,214-15. See also Four Grand Marshals;Huaguang;Wuxian
Marshal Wen,120,128-29,198,204,319n117. See also Four Grand Marshals
Matouniang(Horse-Head Maiden),241
Mawangdui tombs,48-51,100-101
Mazu(Consort Linghui;Tianhou):imperial patronage of,175,202,261;as regional cult in Song,174-75;temples,175,212;“yangification” of,320n127
medicine:canonical tradition of,101-2,111-13;and correlative cosmology,36-37;and exorcistic healing,100-101,109-10,121;and faith healing,114,148;qi,102,111,113;texts on,100-102. See also illness;physicians
Megasthenes,284n51
merchants:and bourgeois ethic,244-49,256;as patrons of religious cults,134,170,174,176,248,318n106,319n115;as patrons of the Wutong cult,219-20,232-33,311n157;and temple-building,133-34
Messiah Li,74. See also Lord Lao
Miaojixiang. See Huaguang
Miaoshan,150-51,257
mingqi,46-48
miracle tales,152,302n32
mirrors,bronze,as tomb furnishings,49,51
monastic guardian spirits (qielansben),169,185
money,conceptions of,222-23,232-34,151-53. See also god of wealth
money banners (qianfan),172
money trees,59
Monocoli,91
monopodes(single-footed creatures),89-91,94-96,186,227. See also Wutong,one-legged
moral equilibrium orientation:as basic orientation in Chinese religion,13-16,19,257,263-64;and bourgeois ethic,244-45,248-251;and doctrine of karma,73,233-34;in Zhou religion,26-27
morality books,222,233,264. See also ledgers of merit and demerit
Mount Lengqie,Wutong shrine at:as center of Wutong cult,204,229-32,237,241,243,254-55,317n100;founding of,192
Mount Shangfang. See Mount Lengqie
Mount Song(Central Marchmount),87
Mount Tai,41,172,177. See also Dongyue;Lord of Mount Tai
Mount Yang,King of(Yangshan wang),174
mountain gods,87-92;See also demons;Dongyue;Lord of Mount Tai;Five Marchmounts
mowang(Māra-kings),74,146
Mu,King of Zhou,274nn27-28
muke(tree lodgers),92-93,95,181-82
Mulian(Maudgalyayana):dramatic versions of story,227-28;and Huaguang mythology 215,219-20;as paragon of filial piety,142-44,151
mushi zhi guai(prodigies of trees and stones),87-88,165,184
muxia sanlang,181. See also shanxiao
native place associations,253
Nazhen tianzun(Celestial Venerable Who Dispenses Rarities),247
New Year festivals:and beggars’processions,123,125-26,257;commemorative prints for,248,250-51;and domestic rituals,155,222;and exorcism of plague demons,40,104-6,118,123;for Fierce General Liu,225;and god of wealth,222,229,245-46
Nezha,216
nianfo(recitation of name of Buddha),144,146-47
nine cauldrons,80,89
Nine Continents,80-82
Nine Shades Rites(Jiuyou zhai),139
nirvana,67,69,155
Nuo exorcism,104-5. See also Grand Exorcism
omens:anomalies and,84-85;and correlative cosmology,14-15,35,37;and divine punishment,44,113-14;See also correlative cosmology;fangshi;Five Phases
oracle bones,20,23,98
ordinances for the dead. See tomb documents
original destiny (benming),141
orphan souls,31,85,182;ritual offerings for,145,204;temples dedicated to,201
pa?ca-gati(five classes of rebirth),68-69
panghuang,182,282n24
pantheon:appointment of dead to celestial,66,140,169;Buddhist,67,260;bureaucratic conception of,6,45,53-57,64-66,68,157-60,169,258-59;Daoist,65-66,153,164,212-13;imperial,17,63,158-60,164,220-21,260-61;of Qin state,38;in the Song,153,157-79,259-61. See also chenghuang;Dongyue;Five Thearchs;Jade Emperor;registers of sacrifices;sovereign gods;tudi
Paper,Jordan,10
paradise,33,48-50,52-53;in Buddhism,69,143-44;in Daoism,70,74;of Queen Mother of the West,52,58-61. See Pure Land Buddhism;Queen Mother of the West;xian immortals
pathogenic humors (xieqi),101,108
penance. See ritual,penitential
penzhe(spouters),288n44
People of the Way(Daomin),146-47
Physician He,100,286n9
physicians,99-101,108. See also medicine
pilgrimage,63,148,150,176-79,230,261,299n139. See also Guanyin;regional cults;Wuyuan
Pilusi Monastery,301n11
ping’an ⅹⅰ(tranquility operas),227-28
plague. See epidemic
plague demons. See demons;exorcism;five directions,plague demons of
Poo,Mu-chou,13
popular religion,definitions of,7-12
portents. See omens
po “soul,” 32-33,46-49,51-53,275n38,278n18
Precious Scroll of the God of Wealth(Caishen baojuan),249
Premier Song(Songxiang),205,316n89
preta,135,145
Primordial Celestial Worthy(Yuanshi tianzun),71,158-59,197,247
Prince Jing of Chengyang(Liu Zhang),62-63
Prince Millet,59
Prince Ming(Mingwang),298n109
printing,and dissemination of religious knowledge,147,151,213-20,261
prodigies,79,82-87,282n23. See also anomaly;kui;monopodes;musbi zhi guai
Protocols of the Twelve Hundred Officers(Qian erbai guanyi),118
Pu Songling,236
Pure Land(Jingtu)Buddhism,67,144-48,155,259;liturgies of,147-48,152
Putuo,Mount,150
qi(matter/energy):concept of,32,36-37;and environment,92,113;in medicine,36-37,101-2,111-13;and prodigies,84-86. See also correlative cosmology
qi medicine,102,111,113
Qian Xiyan,209-10,225,230,232
Qian Yueyou,193
Qiguzi(Seven Sisters),cult of,95-96
Qin:conquest of Zhou,35;government of,34-35;royal cults of,37-43;unification of empire,37. See also First Emperor of Qin
Qin Shihuangdi. See First Emperor of Qin
qingmiaoshe(harvest festivals),225
Qingming:ancestral rituals on,155;festivals of tutelary gods on,225;and sericulture festivals,241,318n109;and worship of Wusheng,241-42;Wuxian festival on,226;Zhenwu feast day on,163
Qingwei(Pure and Sublime)Daoist tradition,120-21
Qu Yuan,186,302n18
Queen Mother of the West:in Han tomb art,48-50,58-61;and immortality,52,58-59;and Mount Kunlun,33,48;mythology of,58-59
Quest for the Divine(Soushen ji),86
Rabelais,Fran?ois,18
Rain Master(Yushi),41,276n63
rebirth,Buddhist conception of,67-69
Recipes for Fifty-two Ailments(Wushier zhang bingfang),100,108,288n44
Record of Verified Miracles of the Daoist Teachings(Daojiao lingyan ji),138,157
regional cults,160-61,173-79
registers of life and death,53,55-56. See also Lord of Mount Tai
registers of sacrifices (sidian),158,190,260
relics,176
resurrection,52
return-from-the-grave narratives,141-42
Return-to-the-West Assemblies(Guixishe),146
ritual:and ancestor worship,20-21,23-25,28-31,46,65,140,158,201;mortuary,10,24-26,46-59,134,138-43,145,153;and orthopraxy,10-11;penitential,65-66,113-14,138-39,145-47,171-72;primacy of,9-11;revolution,of Western Zhou,274n28;in Shang religion,21-25;standardization of,9-10;vernacularization of,12-13,15-16,129,134-79,259-60;vessels,bronze,21-22,24-26,28,30,46,48;and Wutong cult,205-6,210,220,225-26,232,241,243-44,253-54,263,308n120;in Zhou religion,28-30. See also ancestors;bin ritual;blood sacrifices;Avalambana Feast;divination;exorcism;Fangsheng ritual;fangshi;Golden Light Penance;jiaoxi ritual;Landand-Water Masses;Nine Shades Rites;shoujing ritual;spirit mediums;spirit money;tea séances;Yellow Register Rites
Rongguosi Monastery(Hangzhou),192-94
roushendeng(living flesh lamps),172,257
Roving Lights(plague demons). See Wild Youths and Roving Lights
Rowe,William,252
Sa Shoujian,312n25
Saddleback Mountain,God of,168
sage-kings,152;as civilizers of terrestrial world,79-82,175;myths of origins of,59-60;in Warring States legends,37-43,80-82;in Zhou mythology,27,79;See also Huangdi,Yu the Great
?ākyamuni Buddha,71-72,193;feast day of,189,195-96
San Miao(Three Barbarians),288n42
Sangren,Steven,9-11,15,176
Sanguan(Three Offices),65,114
?āriputra,193
Schipper,Kristof,12-13,154,165-66
Scripture of the Divine Incantations of the Grotto-Abyss(Dongyuan shenzhou jing),74-75,119,123
Scripture of the Ten Kings(Shiwang jing),136,157
Scripture of Universal Salvation(Duren jing),71-72,156-57
Seidel,Anna,55
self-mortification,147,150-51,172
sericulture gods,226,241-42,254,318n109,320nn133-134
Seven Sisters(Qiguzi),cult of,95-96
shamanism,260
shandu. See shanxiao
Shangdi(Supreme Thearch),34,37-38,118,158,173,272n4. See also Celestial Thearch;Di
Shangqing(Supreme Purity)Daoist tradition,69-72,75-76,118
shanhui,90,94-95. See also shanxiao
shanxiao:exorcism of,120,185,197,213,219;as god of wealth,181,nomenclature of,92,94,180-82;and sexual predation,94-95,181-83,185,315n67;as type of goblin,78,92-97,180-81,262;worship at congci shrines,165,190,300n4;Wutong spirits as type of,79,95,183-86,190,209,227. See also kui;muke;Wulang
Shanxiao wulang,186
Shaohao,38
she(Buddhist lay congregations),146-47
she(local cult group),167-68;171-72,178,296nn96,98;dedicated to Wuxian,196,200. See also shehui;Soil Altar
She(God of the Soil),59
She. See Soil Altar
shehui(also shemo;cult assembly for god’s festival),168,171;dedicated to Wuxian,196,200
sheji(soil and grain spirits),201
Shen Defu,217-18
Shennong,39
Shenshu,111,288n49
Shenxiao(Divine Empyrean)Daoist tradition,120-21,128,156,190
Shenzong,Emperor of Song:and canonization of gods,295n83
Shi Wenye,116-17
shoujing(dispelling fright)ritual,205-6,317nn99-100
Shuanglinsi Monastery(Wuzhou),178
Shutou Wusheng(Wusheng-Beneath-the-Trees),226
Sima Qian,38,81-82
Siming(Sovereign of Life Destiny),52,62,115
sin:confession of,65-66;expiation of,52-57,65-75,114,135-52,154,172-73;karmic retribution for,15,68-69,72-73,136-38,141;quantification of,141,146,222. See also underworld,judgment of dead in
Sire Li(Li Hou),166-67,175,177,312n7
Six Heavens:in Buddhism:72;in Daoism,64-65,72,135,279n42
Soil Altar(She),28-29,65,274n24,296nn96,98
Songxiang. See Premier Song
soul,existence of,after death,24,30-33. See also hun;orphan souls;po
sovereign gods,160,168-73,178. See also chenghuang;Dongyue;pantheon
Sovereign of Life Destiny(Siming),52,62,115
specters,5,84-86,88-89,282n18. See also anomaly;mushi zhi guai;shanxiao
spells:Daoist,114,120,154;in exorcism,101,103,109,113-14,120,135,154,288n44;Guanyin invocation (Dabei Guanyin zhou),147-48;in witchcraft,3-4,100
spirit mediums,66,74,165,220,279n51;child,154;and exorcism,99,108,154,182,235;female,185-86,205-6,209,232,238,240,263,300n4,316n73,317n98;impersonation of ancestors by,105;persecution of,3-4,112-13,118,182-83,201;and tudi cults,165-66,260,300n4,301n5;and Wutong cult,185-86,203-4,209,232,238,240-44,263,317n98;See also fashi
spirit money:for alleviating suffering in afterlife,141,157;as currency in afterlife,157;for “replenishing one’s fate,” 232-33;as ritual offering,133,155,163,171,313n33;and Wutong cult,206,229,232-33,244,246;See also covert loan;jie yuanbao
spirit possession,70,163,315n67;and deformed births,182-83;in exorcism,104-5,154;by shanxiao,182-83;by Wutong,205-10,234-40,315n67;See also Wutong,and sexual predation
spirit writing,201
state religion:as a category of religious culture,7,10,12;in Han,43-44;in Ming,200-202;pantheon of,64,157-60,165-67,260-61;in Qin 37-39,43;in Song,158-60,164-165,173,260-61
stove(hearth)god,59,65,135,161,163,289n60. See also household gods
Su Hanchen,193
subterranean prisons (diyu),51,136-39,142
Sun Quan,63
Sun Wukong,217
Sun Zuoyun,288n42
superscription,261
taboos,5
Tai,Mount,41,172,177. See also Dongyue;Lord of Mount Tai
Taima,Taimu. See Grand Dowager
Taishan fujun. See Lord of Mount Tai
Taisui,102-3
Taiyi(Grand Unity),43,103,186
Taiyi jiuku tianzun,136,138,142,219,292n18
Taizu,Emperor of Ming. See Zhu Yuanzhang
Tales of the Listener(Yijian zhi),141,161,163,169,172-73,Wutong stories in,1-2,186-88,198,200. See also Hong Mai
talismans:books as,88-89,135,156-57;bronze mirrors as,49,51;Daoist,114,120,288n44;exorcistic,120,123,125,135,235;gangmao,109-11,288n46;Marshal Ma,214-15;for protection from illness,103,109,228;for protection of tombs,49,51,53-54,89