[123] 许仲琳:《封神演义》卷二〇第九十九回《姜子牙归国封神》,第994页。.9
tanfo(purchase of divine blessings),254
Tang Bin:cooptation into Wutong cult,255;and suppression of Wutong cult,236-243,245-46,316n89;veneration of as god,242,320n138
Tang-Song transition:economic change in,130-33;in religious culture,8,12-13,15-16,133-79
Tao Hongjing,75,118,135
taotie,21-22,272nn7-8,273n15
tea séance (chayan),205-6,210,220,241,243,308n120,317n100
temples:branch (xinggong),174-78;as sacred places,154-55;urban location of,133-34,170;and vernacular religion,156. See also Buddhism;congci;Daoism;fenxiang;listings under names of individual deities
Ten Imperial Shrines,202-3
Ten Infernal Kings,courts of the,135,137-40,157,172,257
Thearch. See Celestial Thearch;Di;Five Thearchs;Huangdi
Three Offices(Sanguan),65,114
Three Teachings(Sanjiao),7-8,13
Three Worms(Sanshi),115
Thunder Magic:in Daoism,17,120,247;rituals,121-22,185,213
Tian. See Heaven. See also Celestial Thearch
Tiandi. See Celestial Thearch
Tianguang(Heavenly Light),53
Tianhou. See Mazu
tianming(Mandate of Heaven),26-27,30,274n22. See also Heaven
Tianpeng(Heaven’s Mugwort),121,162,290n77
Tianren shuo(doctrine of Heaven and Humanity),14-15,271n44
Tianshidao. See Way of Celestial Masters
Tiantai Buddhism,144-48
Tianxin(Celestial Heart)Daoist tradition,120-21,185
Tianyou(Heavenly Benefactor),121
tomb documents:53-54,62;ordinances for the dead,55-57,64-66,136,165
tomb furnishings:in Han,46-51,53-57,277n12,278n18;in Shang,24;in Tang-Song period,140. See also mingqi
tomb guardians,49,51,73,140,280n67
tombs:fear of,57,72-73;in Han,46-51,53-61;sacrifices at,47,140,155;in Shang,24,46-47,277n8;in Song,140,292n26;spirits of,55-56,118;in Tang,140,292n23;in Zhou,46-47,277nn7-8
“transformation images” (bianxiang),136,139,143,157
“transformation texts” (bianwen),143
tudi(tutelary gods):in divine hierarchy,160-69;festivals of,167-68;in Han dynasty,62-64,164-65;as household guardians,163;in Jiangnan,224-25,241-42,253-54;origins as ghosts,7,62-64,165-67;in Period of Disunion,63,164-65;ritual offerings for,313n33;in Song dynasty,164-69,173,178,259-60,300n4;subordination to sovereign gods,170,173,197;as temple guardians,185;as territorial cults,164-69,173,258-60. See also pantheon;zongguan cults
Tu?ita Heaven,67
tutelary gods. See tudi
underworld:in Buddhism,68-69,74,135-39,142-44;bureaucratic conception of,45,53-58,74,135-36,171;gods of,45,53-57,66,136-38,142,169,171;judgment of dead in,52-57,135-37,157;punishment of dead in,135-42,147,156,172,257-58. See also Celestial Thearch;death;Dongyue;Huangdi;Lord of Mount Tai;Mulian
Upper Tianzhu Monastery(Shang Tianzhusi;in Hangzhou),148,150;Guanyin statue at,51,177;as pilgrimage center,177-78
Vai?ravana,298n115
vernacular religion,12-19,134-153,220-21,255-56,261-65
violence:and apotheosis,62-65,74-75,119,128,164-66,258;and divine authority,29-32;39-40,165;in exorcism,104-11,121-25
Wang Chong,103,111-13,164-65
Wang Jie,191
Wang Ling,183
Wang Yi,284n46
Wang Yuangui
Wang Zhideng,227
Wang Zhijian,223
wangliang demons,87,104,181,280n4,287n23
wangxiang demons,87,104,281n4,282n24,287n23
Wangye(Lords of Pestilence),120
Watson,James,8,10
Way of the Celestial Masters(Tianshidao):and exorcism,71,302n24;and healing,113-15;origins and teachings of,64-66,69,74,279n45;pantheon of,64-66,118-19,153;priesthood of,65-66,70,128,303n40. See also Daoism
Weber,Max,8,20
Wei Liangchen,141
Wei Zhao,86-87,94,284n50
Weller,Robert,9-11,264
Wen,Emperor of Wei,4
Wen Qiong. See Marshal Wen
Wenchang,174,316n78. See also Zitong
Wendi,Emperor of Sui,119,121
White Lotus Assemblies(Bailianshe),147,202
White Marsh,84
White Thearch(Baidi),38
Wide World of Marvels(Guangyi ji),96-97,134-35
Wild Youths and Roving Lights(plague demons),106-8,181,287n23
wilderness regions:association with barbarism,78,80-84;demons of,78-80,87-97;geographical knowledge and conquest of,80-82,84;and physical prodigies,80,82,85-97. See also anomaly;goblins;sagekings;shanxiao;specters
Wind Lord(Fengbo),41,276n63
witchcraft,3-4,100
Wolf,Arthur,6-7,9,19
writs of grievance from the grave (zhongsong),57,66,115
Writs of the Three Sovereigns(Sanhuang wen),88-89,109
wu. See spirit mediums
Wu,Cheng’en,217
Wu Daozi,127,123,125,127,136-37,291n92,299n127
Wu,Emperor of Han,100
Wu,Emperor of Liang,195
Wu,King of Zhou,247
Wu Zeng,186
Wu Zixu,63
wubing. See five kinds of weapons
Wuchanggui(Five Fierce Demons),227-28
Wudao jiangjun(General of the Five Paths of Rebirth),106
Wudi. See Five Emperors;Five Thearchs
Wudoumi jiao,66
Wu family shrines,108,110
Wufang xiansheng(Worthy Saints of Five Directions):as epidemic god,224,226-28,242;persecution of,237,240-41,243
Wulang,186,204,210,224-25;in Hong Mai stories,2,4,180. See also Wutong
Wulu caishen(God of the Five Paths to Wealth):cult in Jiangnan,223,229,247,253;as surrogate of Wutong,245-48,255;temples(Wulutang),247. See also gods of wealth;Wutong
Wulu da jiangjun(Great Generals of the Five Paths),249
Wulu dashen(Great Spirits of the Five Paths),227-29. See also Wulu caishen
Wusheng(Five Saints):cult in Jiangnan region,198,204-5,224-26,228-29,241-42,254,312n12;as incarnation of Wuxian,198-99,307n106;as sericulture deity,226,254;temples,193,198,304n51;and Wutong cult,224,254. See also Wutong,Wuxian
Wutong(deity):ambivalent character of,17,186,212-21,223-24,262-65;apotheosis of,17,188-91,262;canonization of,189-91;cult in Suzhou,192,196,200,204-11,229-33,236-47,254-55;cult in Wuyuan,188-91,262;diffusion of cult of,191-97,204-5;domestic shrines dedicated to,191,204-6,225-26,232,243-44,253-54,263;as epidemic god,98,188-89,191,226;and eudaemonistic orientation,16,263-64;exorcism of,185-86,206-7,210;and female spirit mediums,185-86,205-6,209,232,238,240,243,263;as god of wealth,17,181,186-88,223,228-56,263-64;mother of,as cult figure(Grand Dowager),205,224-25,240-43,251,254;one-legged,181,183-84,186-87,200,210,227,315n67;and problem of evil,7,17;proscriptions against worship of,17,189-90,209,211,236-44,247,254;and sexual predation,181-82,187,206-10,219,234-40,263;in Song religious culture,2-3,180,262-63;as source of illness,98,187;sources for,18;and subordinate cults,205,242-43,247,251,254,308n117,316n89;tea séance and,205-6,210,220,241,243,308n120;temples,189-96,199,203-4,211-12,220,229-32,254-55;as type of shanxiao,79,96,183-86,198-200,209-10,213,227,257;and Xiao surname,191,224. See also Wulang,;Wulu caishen;Wusheng;Wuxian
wutong(five supernatural powers),183-84,213
Wuxian(Five Manifestations):canonization of Wutong as,190-92,197-99,263;cult in Hangzhou,192-94,196,200,204,226;cult in Taiwan,307n105;cult in Wuyuan,190-91,195-96,200,262;in Daoist hagiography,197-98,262,305n74;diffusion of cult of,192-94,195-96,200,203-4,311n157;feast day of,189,195-96,304n58,305n71,306n94,307n106;as god of wealth,244,254,317n101;Ming sponsorship of cult of,202-3;persecution of,in Qing,237,243;as state-sponsored version of Wutong cult,190-96,202,212,223-24;as regional cult in Song,174-76;temples,192-96,198,203,211-12,223,230,237,240-44,306n86. See also Huaguang;Marshal Ma;Wusheng;Wutong;Wuyuan
Wuxian(Five Transcendents),240. See also Wufang xiansheng
Wuxing. See Five Phases;Zou Yan
Wuyuan:cult of Wutong/Wuxian in,189-91,195-96,200,204,237;as official home of Wuxian cult,190-92,200,214-15,217,223;pilgrimage to,191,196,202,262,308n117;Wuxian festival in,189,195-96,306n86
Wuyue(Five Marchmounts),38,41,53,87-89
Xenocrates,16
Xia dynasty,31
Xiang Anshi,185-86
Xiang,Lord of Qin,38
Xiang Yu,63
xian immortals,33,37,48-49,58,62
xiaoyang(creature),90-91,282n24,284n46,284n49
Xia Song,4
Xiwangmu. See Queen Mother of the West
Xu Mi,4
Xu Shouxin,156
Xu Wentai,55-56
Xuanyuan. See Huangdi
Xuanzang,213,217
Xuanzong,Emperor of Tang,122-23,128
Xue Zong,106,287n25
xueshi. See blood sacrifices
Yama,68,106
Yan Shu,302n21
Yandi(Thearch),38-39,59,276n55,276n59
Yang,C.K.,7-12
Yang Xi,70
Yangshan wang(King of Mount Yang),174
yaotong(demonic power),184
ye bird,92-94
Yellow Register Rites (Huanglu zhai),72,139,142,154,296n88
Yellow Thearch. See Huangdi
yezhong youguang. See Wild Youths and Roving Lights
Yin Jishan,241,243
yin,as dark aspect of the divine,234,236,240,251
yinci(profane cults),62,158,190,200-201,236
Ying Shao,62,107-8
Yinghuo(Mars),287n34
yin-yang(female-male essences):and correlative cosmology:35,79,81;and illness,106-7,113;in medicine,101-2;as symbolic dyad,42-43,55,59,251
yinzhai. See covert loan
Yong(Qin ceremonial complex),41,43
Yongle,Emperor of Ming,202
Yu Jiao,244
Yuan Haowen,200
Yuan Mei,242
Yuan Miaozong,185
Yuanshi tianzun(Primordial Celestial Worthy),71,158-59,197,247
Yuhuang dadi. See Jade Emperor
Yulü,111,288n49
Yunjusi Monastery(Jianchang),188-89,303n40
Yunming Yanshou,184
Yunxiao wulang,186
Yuqian(Boluqian),243
Yushi(Rain Master),41
Yu the Great,59,80-82,175
Zaojun(God of the Hearth),59,289n60
Zhang Dai,228
Zhang Daoling,118
Zhang Dayou,188-89
Zhang Heng,104,106
Zhang Jue,113-14
Zhang Lu,113
Zhang Yuanbo,116-17,121
Zhang Yuchu,303n40
Zhang wang. See King Zhang,cult of
Zhao Gongming:as epidemic god,121-22,262;and exorcism,310n140;as god of wealth,247-48,251,255,262,319n121;as one of Four Grand Marshals,319n117;as plague demon 115-19,262. See also Four Grand Marshals
Zhao Yi,240
Zhaobao tianzun(Celestial Venerable Who Discovers Treasures),247
Zhaocai shizhe(Messenger Who Brings Wealth),247
Zhao Jinggong Monastery,136
Zhen Dexiu,190-91
Zheng,King of Qin. See First Emperor of Qin
Zheng Qingzhi,193
Zheng Xuan,269n8
zhenren(perfected),70-71
Zhenwu:apotheosis of,262;as demonqueller,128,213,217;feast day of,163,296n88;as household guardian,161,163-64;iconography of,157,162;imperial recognition of,159-60,202,309n130;as one of the Four Saints,121;temples,157,161,163,212
Zhenzong,Emperor of Song,159,170,191
zhiguai. See “Annals of the Strange”
Zhili(monk),146-47
Zhiyuan(monk),185,191
Zhong Kui,106,122-23,125-28,257
Zhong Shiji,116-19
zhongmin(elect),74
zhongsong(writs of grievance from the grave),57,66,115
Zhou Chu,165-66
Zhou,King of Shang,113,247
Zhou Mi,96
Zhou Que. See King Zhou Xuanling
Zhu Conglong,1
Zhu Yuanzhang(Emperor Taizu of Ming):and patronage of Wuxian cult,204-5,211-12,223-24;religious reforms of,200-202
Zhuanxu,104
Zhurong,111
Zichan,32
Zitong,122,174-76
zongguan cults:224-25,260,312n7. See also Commandant Jin;Fierce General Liu;Sire Li;tudi
Zou Yan,36-37,80-82
Zu Chongzhi,92,94
Zunshi. See Ciyun Zunshi
zuodao(“sinister way”),3-4,269n2,269n4,269n8
Zürcher,Eric,8