American Association of Retired Persons(AARP)美国退休人士协会 122
Anti-Federalists 反联邦党人:and congressional presidency 与议会总统制28;and Constitutional Convention 与制宪会议5;and impeachment provisions 与弹劾条款14;on selection of executive 论行政首长遴选7;and term length and limits 与任职期限和限制 10
Anti-Masonic party 反共济会党 49
appointments 人事任命:See also ambassadors 也见大使;cabinet 内阁;other specific posts 其他专门岗位;conflicts with 冲突80,95;and congressional presidency 与议会总统制,29(t);in first and second terms 在第一在和第二任期82——83;of judges 法官的16,21(t),35,71,79,92;and policies 与政策,76;power to make 决策权15——16,21(t);and presidents-elect 与当选的总统75——76;in presidential presidency 绝对总统制中的27;process 过程76;process of making 作出过程78——79;removal of 免职155(t);scope of 范围70——73;and Senate 与参议院79;and separated presidency 与分权总统制31;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府79
Arthur,Chester 切斯特·阿瑟,57(t),60
Article II 宪法第二条,21(t),33,46,87,159
Articles of Confederation 《邦联条例》:and Anti-Federalists 与反联邦党人5;and Committee of States 与诸邦委员会2;and Constitutional Convention 与制宪会议30;and governing powers 与治理权20;and selection of executive 与行政首长遴选8——9;and term length and limits 与任职期限和限制10;and treaty making 与缔结条约 17
Aspin,Les 莱斯·阿斯平,91
B
Baker,James 詹姆斯·贝克 100
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act(2002)2002年《跨党派竞选改革法》150(t)
bipartisanship 跨党政治 67,92
Birnbaum,Jeffrey H.杰弗里·H.伯恩鲍姆 106
branches of government 政府分支:balance in 平衡27,142;and executive powers 与行政权力28,31;and federal employees 与联邦雇员89(t);interdependency of 相互依赖110;management of 的管理92——93;separation of powers 分权 2,3,4,22
Bryan,William Jennings 威廉·詹宁斯·布赖恩 140
Buchanan,James 詹姆斯·布坎南57(t),63(t)
Buckley v.Valeo 巴克利诉瓦莱奥案 154
budget 预算90(t),90——91;See also economy 也见经济;balanced budget 平衡的预算163;budget process 预算 过 程134(t);and Congress 与国会112;and deficits 与赤字38,89——90,90(t),163;and federal debt 与联邦债务,38,89—— 90,90(t),163;legislation on 立法133,149(t);management of 的管理98;and policy agenda 与政策议程127,133——136;reforms in 改革 148,149(t),151
Budget and Accounting Act(1921)1921年《预算与会计法》 133,149(t)
bureaucracy and bureaucrats 官僚机构与官员:and appointments 与人事任命80;and policy agenda 与政策议程127;and presidents-elect 与当选总统75;relationship of president with 与总统的关系95——96;role of 的角色 35,69
Bureau of International Organizations 国际组织事务局 95
Bureau of the Budget(BOB)预算局149(t)
Burr,Aaron 阿龙·伯尔 44,46,47,140
Bush,George H.W.乔治·H.W.布什(老布什):cabinet posts 内阁职位72;and Congress 与国会115;elections 选举40,61(t),65;and expectations for presidents 与对总统的期待159;judicial appointments 法官任命92;and party margins与政党优势135;policy agenda 政策议程75,128;presidential ambitions of 的总统抱负104;and Reagan legacy 与里根的遗产 40;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府57(t),62,79,93;staff 幕僚100;transition period 过渡时期76;as vice president 身为副总统 103
Bush,George W.乔治·W.布什(小布什):cabinet posts 内阁职位71,72,73,80,81,82,83,91;campaign issues 竞选议题73——74,114;and communications surveillance 与通讯监控28;and Congress 与国会114;and consultants 与顾问102;domestic policy 国内政策115,116(t),117;elections 选举35,61,62,63(t),141,156;EOP units 总统办事机构单位96,97(t);ethics emphasis 伦理重点40;and expectations for presidents 与对总统的期待40,159;foreign policy 对外政策118(t),118——120;as governor 身为州长113;and Hurricane Katrina 与卡特里娜飓风125,131;and immigration reform 与移民改革124;job performance 工作表现58;and military tribunals 与军事法庭154,155(t),156;and party margins 与政党优势135;policy agenda 政策议程75,121,128,136——137;on role of president 总统角色111;second term 第二任期83;and social programs 与社会项目122;Social Security 社会保障reform of 20052005年改革60;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府57(t),79;staff 幕僚100,101(t);and terrorist attacks 与恐怖袭击38,124——125,161;transition period 过渡时期76;travel 巡回158;and vice presidency 与副总统,103
Bush v.Gore 布什诉戈尔案155(t)
Butler,Pierce 皮尔斯·巴特勒3
c
cabinet 内阁:appointments to 任命,70——73;backgrounds of appointees 被任命者的背景80;departments 部门77——78(t);diversity in 多样性71——72;duration of 持续时间,80——81;in first and second terms 在第一与第二任期82——83;management of 的管 理69,91;and presidents-elect 与当选总统75——76;of Reagan 里根的72(see also under other presidents 也见其他总统条目下);turnover in 人员流动81——83
campaigning 竞选:See also elections 也见选举;campaign consultants 竞选顾问74——75;of Clinton 克林顿的60;Federal Election Campaign Act(1974)1974年《联邦选举法》,150(t),154;and governing 与治理73——75;of members of Congress 国会议员的74;permanency of 的永久性58——60,67;promises made during 期间作出的承诺128——29;reforms in 改革52,150(t),151,152
Cannon,Lou 卢·坎农113
capital 首都24——27,25
Carter,Jimmy 吉米·卡特:cabinet posts 内阁职位71;and Congress 与国会113;and economy 与经济38;elections 选举,61(t),63(t);ethics emphasis 伦理重点40;and expectations for presidents 与对总统的期待159;and Oval Office access 与椭圆形办公室的开放性100;and party margins 与政党优势,135;policy agenda 政策议程75;and public expectations 与公众期待40;transition period 过渡时期76;and vice presidency 与副总统102——103
Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)中央情报局150(t)
checks and balances 权力制衡:and executive powers 与行政权力22;and impeachment provisions 与弹劾条款14;Madison on 麦迪逊论53;and political parties 与政党54;and reforms 与改革151;and separated presidency 与分权总统制31
Cheney,Richard 理查德·切尼79,103——104,105
Clay,Henry 亨利·克莱48
Cleveland,Grover 格罗弗·克利夫兰:elections 选举61,61(t),62,63(t);multiple-terms 多个任期35;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府57(t)
Clinton,Bill 比尔·克林顿:and balanced budget 与平衡预算163;and budget battle of 1995与1995年预算战争135;cabinet posts 内阁职位71,72,73,80,81,82,83,91;campaigning 竞选60;challenges faced by 面临的挑战39;and Congress 与国会112,113;domestic policy 国内政策115,116(t),117;elections 选举35,56,61,63(t);and expectations for presidents 与对总统的期待40;foreign policy 对外政策118(t),118——19;as governor 担任州长113;and health care bill 与医疗保险法案111;impeachment 弹劾11,13,14,84,141,146;and party mar-gins 与政党优势135;policy agenda 政策议程75,115——119,116(t),118(t),121,127——128,129,135;and political consultants 与政治顾问102;scandals 丑闻39,83,84,156;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府57(t),79,93;staff 幕僚100;and term limits 与任期限制147;transition period 过渡时期76;travel 巡回158;and vice presidency 与副总统103;and welfare reform 与福利改革 124
Clinton,George 乔治·克林顿 10,47
Clinton,Hillary 希拉里·克林顿 158
Clinton et al.v.New York City et al.克林顿等诉纽约市等案155(t)
Clinton v.Jones 克林顿诉琼斯案155(t),156
Cohen,William 威廉·科恩 71
commander in chief role 最高统帅角色:in Constitution 宪法中规定的16——17,21(t);and policy making 与政策制定118;and presidential presidency 与绝对总统制27;and separated presidency 与分权总统制 31,32(t)
Committee of Detail 细则委员会:on appointments 论人事任命16;on congressional presidency 论议会总统制28,29(t),30;on impeachment 论弹劾13;on legislative role of president 论总统的立法角色19;role of 的角色4,5(t);on selection of executive 论行政长官选举7;on veto power 论否决权 18
Committee of States 诸邦委员会 2
Committee on Style 文本委员会 4,5(t),19
Committee of the Whole 全体委员会 4,5(t),7
Committee on Postponed Matters 未决事务委员会:on appointments 论人事任命16;on congressional presidency 论议会总统制29(t);on impeachment 论弹劾13;role of 的角色4——5,5(t);on selection of executive 论行政长官的选举7;on term length 论任职期限11;on treaty making 论缔结条约 17
committees of the Convention 制宪会议委员会4,5(t)
communications 通讯传播 100,102,133,158
Congress 国会:and appointments 与人事任命15,16,29(t);and bills 与法案130;and budget process 与预算过程134(t),135;campaigning 竞选造势74;and capital 与首都24——25,26;Congressional Budget Of-fice 国会预算办公室98;Congressional caucuses 国会党团会议47——48;and congressional presidency 与议会总统制30;and Constitutional Convention 与制宪会议6——7;and Electoral College 与选举人团8,21(t),44——45;and executive powers 与行政权力31——33,32(t);and federal employees 与联邦雇员89(t);and foreign and national security policy 与对外和国家安全政策119,120——121;and incumbency return 与现任者回归35;and party loyalty 与政党忠诚161;and policies of president 与总统政策129,130,132;powers of 的权力14,20,21(t),22;and presidents-elect 与当选总统,75;and recommendations of president 与总统建议19;and reforms 与改革142,143,151,153;relationship of president with 与总统的关系93,112——15,117,148;and selection of president 与总统遴选7,15;and separation of powers 与分权47;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府56,57(t),62——63;and statutes 与法规148;and term lengths 与任职期限56——57;and treaty making 与缔结条约 17;and veto power 与否决权18——19,32(t);and wartime powers 与战时权力17,30,31
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act(1974)1974年《国会预算和截留控制法》39,133——134,149(t)
Congressional Budget Office(CBO)国会预算办公室134(t),134——135,149(t)
congressional presidency 议会总统制27,28——31,29(t)
Constitutional Convention 制宪会议:on balance of powers 论权力平衡27;committees 委员会4——5,5(t)(see also specific committees 也见专门委员会);and congressional presidency 与议会总统制28;innovation exercised in 施展的创新1——3;on legislative role of president 论总统的立法角色18——20;on military 论军事16——17;on number of executives 论行政长官人数8——9;on powers of the executive 论行政权力6,14——15;on removal of the president 论总统免职11——14;on selection of president 论总统选举6——8;on term length and limits 论任职期限与限制9——11;on treaty powers 论缔约权力17——18;on war-time powers 论战时权力,29(t)
Constitution of the United States 合众国宪法:See also Constitutional Convention 也见制宪会议;Article II,Constitution of the United States(continued)美国宪法第二条21(t),33,46,87,159;constitutional amendments 宪法修正案144——147,145(t)(see also specific amendments 也见特别修正案);on elections 选举条款44;experimental quality of 的试验特征1——2;and judicial review 与司法审查132;and political parties 与政党53,54;on powers of the president 总统权力条款21(t);“ presidency”in规定的总统制2;and presidential authority 与总统权威141;and separation of powers 与分权 18
consultants 顾问 74——75,100,102
Continental Congress 大陆会议 2,3
Coolidge,Calvin 卡尔文·柯立芝61(t),65,66,141
Council of Economic Advisers(CEA)经济顾问委员会96,97(t),98,149(t)
Council on Environmental Quality 环境质量委员会97(t),98
Crawford,William 威廉·克劳福德 48
crisis response in policy making 政策制定中的危机应对 124——125
custodial presidencies 备位人总统,40,137
customs 关税157——159
D
death of presidents 总统死亡 40,65
debt,federal 联邦负债 38,89——90,90(t),163
deficits 赤字 38,89——90,90(t),163
Democratic Party 民主党:and close elections 与势均力敌的选举63(t);ideological orientation of 意识形态倾向54;presidents elected from 选出的总统,48——49,60——62,61(t),63(t);primaries 党内初选50——51;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府57(t)Democratic-Republicans 民主共和党人 44,47,48,140
Department of Commerce 商务部77(t),95
Department of Defense 国防部69——70,77(t),88,95,150(t)
Department of Health and Human Services 卫生与公众服务部70,77(t)
Department of Homeland Security 国土安全部78(t),88
Department of Labor 劳工部77(t),95
Department of State 国务院77(t),95
Department of Treasury 财政部77(t),95,133
Dickinson,John 约翰·迪金森 9
domestic policy 国内政策98,115,116(t)
Domestic Policy Council 国内政策委员会97(t),98
E
economy 经济:See also budget 也见预算;and challenges facing new presidents 新总统面临的挑战37,38——39;and deficits 与赤字38,89——90,90(t),163;and Executive Office of the President 与总统办事机构98;and federal debt 与联邦负债38,89——90,90(t),163;and Federal Reserve System 与联邦储蓄体系92;Gross Domestic Product(GDP)国内生产总值90,90(t);reforms 改革149(t),151
education,federal aid for 联邦教育补助 38,94,121
Eisenhower,Dwight D.德怀特·D.艾森豪威尔:cabinet posts 内阁职位71,81,82;and chief of staff 与幕僚长100;and Congress 与国会114;elections 选举35,51,61;and ethics emphasis 与伦理重点40;and expectations for presidents 与对总统的期待159;and Kennedy 与肯尼迪78;policy agenda 政策议程127;scandals 丑闻83,84;and social programs 与社会项目38;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府57(t),62,93;and term limits 与任期限制147;and war 与战争38
elections 选举:and campaigning 与竞选58——60,60,67close elections 势均力敌的选举62,63,63(t),67;and Congress 与国会21(t),47——48;and Constitutional Convention 与制宪会议6——8;costs of 的成本52;early procedural corrections 早期程序纠正44——46;election day 选举日58;election of 17891789年选举45;1796年选举1796,44;1800年选举44,46,140;1812年选举47;1820年选举47;1824年选举47——48;1952年选举50——51;2000年选举58,141,155(t),156,160;2004年选举59,73——74,160;2006年选举160;Federal Election Commission(FEC)联邦选举委员会150(t);and inaugurations 与就职64;and national conventions 与政党全国代表大会48——50;nominations for president 总统提名47——52;and political parties 与政党45,53——57,61(t),66——67;and polls 与民意测验58;and popular vote 与普选7,45,62——63,63(t),67;and primaries 与初选50——52;and public expectations 与公众期待39——40;reelection of presidents 总统竞选连任9——11,35,60——61,61(t),107;and scandals or controversies 与丑闻或争议48,85;and separated presidency 与分权总统制31;separation of elections 选举分离4,5,66;and separation of powers 与分权55,56,66;split results in 分裂的结果56,57(t)(see also split-party government 也见政党分裂政府);and term limits 与任期限制147;and Twelfth Amendment 与宪法第十二条修正案44,46,48;and vice presidency 与副总统44——45,46,61(t),65——66,102;winners of 获胜者60——64
Electoral College 选举人团:and close elections 与势均力敌的选举63(t);and Congress 与国会8,21(t),44——45;development of 的发展7——8;and election system design 与选举体制设计66;and political parties 与政党54;and popular vote 与普选62,63;and reform proposals 与改革提议159;role of 的角色43;and term length 与任职期限11;ties in 平局21(t),24,44——45;and Twelfth Amendment 与宪法第十二条修正案145(t)
Elementary and Secondary Education Act《中小学教育法》 130
Employment Act(1946)1946年《就业法》149(t)
entitlement programs 权利保障项目121——122,148,162.See also specific programs 也见特别项目
executive branch 行政分支:authority of 的权威154,155(t),156;and capital 与首都26;expansion of 的扩展152——153;and federal employees 与联邦雇员89(t);managerial role of 的管理角色,91——98;and presidency 与总统制31;size of 规模33;units for 单位87——88
Executive Office of the President(EOP)总统办事机构96,97(t),105,149(t),150(t),152
expectations for presidents 对总统的期待ix——x,35,109——110,157——159
F
Fair Deal“ 公平施政”计划38
Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI)联邦调查局 76
Federal City 联邦城 25,25——26
Federal Election Campaign Act(1974)1974年《联邦竞选法》,150(t),154
Federal Election Commission(FEC)联邦选举委员会 150(t)
federal employment 联邦就业88——89,89(t)
Federal Hall 联邦大厅 24
Federalist essays《联邦党人文集》 5,9——10,11——12,53
Federalists 联邦党人:and Constitutional Convention 与制宪会议5;decline of 衰落47,48;and election of 1800与1800年选举140;and endorsement of Adams 与对亚当斯的支持44;on selection of executive 与行政长官遴选 6,7
Federal Reserve Act(1913)1913年《联邦储备法》 149(t),151
Federal Reserve System 联邦储备体系 92
Fifteenth Amendment 宪法第十五条修正案145(t),146
food stamps 食品券 38,121
Ford,Gerald 杰拉尔德·福特:cabinet posts 内阁职位71,81;and Congress 与国会114;elections 选举65;ethics emphasis 伦理重点40;and Freedom of Information Act(1974)与1974年《信息自由法》150(t);judicial appointments 法官任命92;pardon of Nixon 赦免尼克松159;and party margins 与政党优势135;presidency of 的总统任期60;and split-party government 与政党分裂政府57(t),79;and vice presidency 与副总统61(t),146
foreign policy 对外政策 17——18,95——96,98,115,118——119
Foreign Service 驻外事务处 95
Founding Fathers 开国元勋 1——3,12,20,31
Framers of the Constitution 宪法的起草者 6,12——13
franchise 选举权145(t),146
Franklin,Benjamin 本杰明·富兰克林 1,9,47
Freedom of Information Act Amendments(1974)1974年《信息自由法》修正案 150(t),152
future of the presidency 总统制的未来 159——163
G
Gallup Poll 盖洛普民意测验 58
Garfield,James 詹姆斯·加菲尔德57(t),63(t)
Gingrich,Newt 纽特·金里奇 128
Goldfine,Bernard 伯纳德·戈德法因 83
Gonzalez,Alberto 阿尔韦托·冈萨雷斯 73,77(t)
Gore,Al 阿尔·戈尔 65,103,104,146
Government Accountability Office(GAO)政府责任署 132
governor(title)总督;州长(头衔)2,27
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Anti-De-ficit Act(1985)1985年《格拉姆——鲁德曼——霍林斯反赤字法》149(t)
Grant,Ulysses S.尤利塞斯·格兰特57(t),61,62
Gray,C.Boyden 博伊登·格雷 76
Great Society“ 伟大社会”计划 38,112,122,123,130,136
H
Hamdan v.Runsfeld 哈姆丹诉拉姆斯菲尔德案155(t),156
Hamilton,Alexander 亚历山大·汉密尔顿:and creation of government 与创立政府1;on executive department 论行政部门5——6;on impeachment 论弹劾11——12,13;political involvement of 政治介入47;on presidential presidency 论绝对总统制27,28,31;as secretary of the treasury 担任财政部长36;on term length 论任职期限9——10;on veto power 论否决权18