(20).RGALI, f. 3084, op. 1, d. 1389, l. 17; f. 2804, op. 1, d. 45.
(21).E. Drabkina, Chernye sukhari（Moscow, 1975）, pp. 82–3.
(22).S. Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar（London, 2003）, p. 61.
(23).RGALI, f. 2804, op. 1, d. 22, l. 4; f. 3084, op. 1, d. 1389, l. 3; Drabkina, Chernye sukhari, pp. 23–9; N. Burenin, Pamiatnye gody: vospominaniia（Leningrad, 1961）, pp. 150–51.
(24).Partiinaia etika: dokumenty i materialy diskussii dvadtsatykh godov（Moscow, 1989）, p. 16; M. Gorky, Untimely Thoughts: Essays on Revolution, Culture and the Bolsheviks, 1917–18（London, 1970）, p. 7.
(25).Cited in E. Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology（Princeton, 1997）, pp. 91–2.
(26).RGALI, f. 2804, op. 1, dd. 22, 40, 1389; V. Erashov, Kak molniia v nochi（Moscow, 1988）, p. 344.
(27).O. Figes, A People, s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924（London, 1996）, pp. 752–68.
(28).I. Stalin, Sochineniia, 13 vols.（Moscow, 1946–55）, vol. 6, p. 248.
(29).K. Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia（Cambridge, Mass., 1968）, p. 61.
(30).L. Kirschenbaum, Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–1932（New York, 2001）, p. 48.
(31).O. Maitich, ,Utopia in Daily Life, , in J. Bowlt and O. Maitich（eds.）, Laboratory of Dreams: The Russian Avant-garde and Cultural Experiment（Stanford, 1996）, pp. 65–6; V. Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism（Oxford, 1999）, pp. 65–8.
(32).W. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936（Cambridge, 1993）, p. 107; N. Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn, sovetskogo goroda: normy i anomalii, 1920–1930 gody（St Petersburg, 1999）, p. 272.
(33).I. Halfin, ,Intimacy in an Ideological Key: The Communist Case of the 1920s and 1930s, , in same author（ed.）, Language and Revolution: Making Modern Political Identities（London, 2002）, pp. 187–8.
(34).L. Trotsky, Problems of Everyday Life: Creating the Foundations of a New Society in Revolutionary Russia（London, 1973）, p. 72; A. Inkeles and R. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society（Cambridge, Mass., 1959）, p. 205.
(35).Trotsky, Problems of Everyday Life, p. 48.
(36).MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 2, 7, 46–62.
(37).See O. Figes, Natasha, s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia（London, 2002）, pp. 119–30.
(38).MSP, f. 3, op. 18, d. 2, ll. 24, 26.
(39).MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, l. 15.
(40).E. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters（London, 1992）, pp. 40, 46, 61–2, 101.
(41).Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism, p. 131.
(42).V. Maiakovskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 13 vols.（Moscow, 1955–61）, vol. 2, pp. 74–5.
(43).V. Dunham, In Stalin, s Time: Middle-Class Values in Soviet Fiction（Durham, 1990）, p. 64 （为求清晰，译文略有调整）.
(44).W. Rosenberg（ed.）, Bolshevik Visions: First Phase of the Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, 2 vols.（Ann Arbor, 1990）, vol. 1, p. 37（为求清晰，译文略有调整）.
(45).MM, f. 1, op. 1, dd. 167, 169; f. 12, op. 27, d. 2, ll. 47–54.
(46).MSP, f. 3, op. 47, d. 2, ll. 32–3, 59–64; d. 3, ll. 1–6; L. El, iashova, My ukhodim, my ostaemsia. Kniga 1: Dedy, ottsy（St Petersburg, 2001）, pp. 191–4.
(47).OR RNB, f. 1156, d. 597, ll. 3, 14; IISH, Vojtinskij, No. 11（Box 3, file 5/b）; VOFA, A. Levidova,,Vospominaniia, , ms., p. 11; interview with Ada Levidova, St Petersburg, May 2004.
(48).OR RNB, f. 1156, d. 576, ll. 4, 12–19; d. 577, l. 1; d. 597, l. 51; VOFA, A. Levidova, ,Vospominaniia, , ms., p. 12.
(49).V. Zenzinov, Deserted: The Story of the Children Abandoned in Soviet Russia（London, 1931）, p. 27.
(50).A. Lunacharskii, O narodnom obrazovanii（Moscow, 1948）, p. 445.
(51).E. M. Balashov, Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve 1917–1927 gg. Stanovlenie ,novogo cheloveka, （St Petersburg, 2003）, p. 33; J. Ceton, School en kind in Sowjet-Rusland（Amsterdam, 1921）, p. 3. 关于幼儿园的工作和游戏，参见：L. Kirschenbaum, Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–32（New York, 2001）, pp. 120–23。
(52).MP, f. 4, op. 18, d. 2, ll. 1–2; RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 154; L. Holmes, ,Part of History: The Oral Record and Moscow, s Model School No. 25, 1931–1937, , Slavic Review, 56（Summer 1997）, pp. 281–3; S. Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934（Cambridge, 1979）, p. 27; SFA, I. Slavina, ,Tonen, kii nerv istorii, , ms., p. 16.
(53).RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 30, ll. 241–56; d. 51, ll. 113–14; d. 154, ll. 47–8.
(54).RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 154, l. 397; d. 155, ll. 5, 8, 9, 15; d. 156, ll. 11–12, 171; d.157, ll. 98–103.
(55).R. Berg, Sukhovei: vospominaniia genetika（Moscow, 2003）, p. 29.
(56).A. Mar, ian, Gody moi, kak soldaty: dnevnik sel, skogo aktivista, 1925–1953 gg.（Kishinev, 1987）, p. 17; E. Liusin, Pis, mo – vospominaniia o prozhitykh godakh（Kaluga, 2002）, pp. 18–19. See further C. Kelly, ,Byt, Identity and Everyday Life, , in S. Franklin and E. Widdis（eds.）, National Identity in Russian Culture: An Introduction（Cambridge, 2004）, pp. 157–67.
(57).Balashov, Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve, p. 137.
(58).MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 8–9; op. 14, d. 3, ll. 24–6; MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 41–2; op. 3, d. 2, l. 24; V. Frid, 58?: zapiski lagernogo pridurka（Moscow, 1996）, p. 89.
(59).MSP, f. 3, op. 8, d. 2, ll. 1, 7; MP, f. 4, op. 9, d. 2, ll. 11–12.
(60).C. Kelly, ,Shaping the ,,Future Race,, : Regulating the Daily Life of Children in Early Soviet Russia, , in C. Kaier and E. Naiman（eds.）, Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside（Bloomington, 2006）, p. 262; Rosenberg, Bolshevik Visions, vol. 2, p. 86; MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, l. 43.
(61).Interview with Vasily Romashkin, Norilsk, July 2004.
(62).Interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, June 2003.
(63).MSP, f. 3, op. 17, d. 2, l. 8.
(64).P. Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929（Cambridge, 1985）, pp. 168–9.
(65).N. Vishniakova, Dnevnik Niny Vishniakovy（Sverdlovsk, 1990）, pp. 28–9.
(66).E. Dolmatovskii, Bylo: zapiski poeta（Moscow, 1982）, pp. 22–3.
(67).V. Pirozhkova, Poteriannoe pokolenie（St Petersburg, 1998）, pp. 46–7.
(68).Interview with Vasily Romashkin, Norilsk, July 2004; D. Hoffman, Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Stalinist Modernity（Cornell, 2003）, pp. 121–2.
(69).M. Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror（New Jersey, 1995）, pp. 56, 68, 71 （为求清晰，译文略有调整）.
(70).Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn, , p. 274.
(71).Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren, pp. 94–6, 161–2.
(72).Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 6, p. 46; Partiinaia etika, p. 287.
(73).M. Rubinshtein, Sotsial, no-pravovye predstavleniia i samoupravleniia u detei（Moscow, 1925）, pp. 69–70.
(74).Partiinaia etika, p. 329.
(75).O. Khakhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices（Berkeley, 1999）, pp. 35–74, 212–28. 同理，“无产阶级觉悟”也需要证据，即在思想上对党的事业的承诺。光是出身于无产阶级还是不够的，因为很多工人阶级出身的人，养成了“小资产阶级”的心态。
(76).L. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union（London, 1970）, p. 385.,
(77).See further I. Halfin, ,From Darkness to Light: Student Communist Autobiography DuringNEP, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 45（1997）, pp. 210–36; same author, Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial（Cambridge, Mass., 2003）.
(78).Khakhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia, pp. 123–5.
(79).V. Kozlov, ,Denunciation and Its Functions in Soviet Governance,: A Study of Denunications and Their Bureaucratic Handling from Soviet Police Archives, 1944–1953, Journal of Modern History, 68（Decem, ber 1996）, p. 867; C. Hooper, ,Terror from Within: Participation and Coercion in Soviet Power, 1924–6, 4（Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2003）, p. 13.
(80).XIV sezd VKP(b）: stenograficheskii otchet（Moscow, 1926）, p. 600.
(81).Ibid., p. 615.
(82).Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, p. 148.
(83).Partiinaia etika, p. 329.
(84).Interview with Elena Dombrovskaia, Moscow, January 2003.
(85).MSP, f. 3, op. 48, d. 2, ll. 1, 23, 32–4.
(86).MSP, f. 3, op. 42, d. 2, ll. 5–6.
(87).MP, f. 4, op. 9, d. 1, ll. 4–8; d. 2, l. 13.
(88).MP, f. 4, op. 12, d. 2, l. 7.
(89).Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, p. 17., , , ,
(90).V. Semenova, ,Babushki: semeinye i ,s otsialnye funktsii praroditelskogo pokoleniia, in Sudba liudei: Rossiia xx vek. Biografii semei kak obekt sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniia（Moscow, 1996）, pp. 326–54.
(91).Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, pp. 14, 15, 16, 27, 40, 78, 145; interview with Elena Bonner, Boston, November 2006., ,
(92).GFA, O. Golovnia, ,Predislovie k pismam, ms., p. 20; interview with Yevgeniia Golovnia, Moscow, November 2004.
(93).Interview with Vladimir Fomin, St Petersburg, September 2003.,
(94).Interview with Yevgeniia Yevangulova, St Petersburg, March 2004; E. P. Evangulova, Krestnyi put（St Petersburg, 2000）, pp. 7–9, 36; RGAE, f. 5208, op. 1, d. 28.
(95).Interview with Boris Gavrilov, St Pet,e rsburg, Ju,n e 2003.,
(96).,Obydennyi NEP（Sochineniia i pisma shkolnikov 20-x godov）, in Neizvestnaia Rossia xx vek, vol.3（Moscow, 1993）, pp. 285–7; HP,, ,5 9 A, vol. 5, ,p, . 25; Inkeles and Bauer, The Soviet ,C itizen, p. 216. See similarly, S. Tchouikina, ,The ,,Old and ,,New Intelligentsia and the Soviet State, in T. Vihavainen（ed.）, The Soviet Union – A Popular State？（St Petersburg, 2003）, pp. 99–100.
(97).Inkeles and Bauer, The Soviet Citizen, p. 223; MSP, f. 3, op. 52, d. 2, l. 19.
(98).E. Olitskaia, Moi vospominaniia, 2 vols.（Frankurt, 1971）, vol. 2, p. 56; MP, f. 4, op. 8, d. 2, l. 6. See also, MM, f. 12, op. 31, d. 2, ll. 1–2; MS,P , f. 3, op. 53, d. 2, ll. 11–12; f. 3, op. 8, d. 2, ll. 1–7.
(99).Partiinaia etika, p. 437; Liusin, Pismo, p. 11; MP, f. 4, op. 32, d. 4, l. 7.
(100).Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, pp. 41, 138–9, 200–202.
(101).MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 3–4, 7.
(102).MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 13–15; I. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti: 1925–1953（Moscow, 1998）, pp. 5–6.,
(103).V. Danilov, Sovetskaia dokolkhoznaia derevnia: naselenie, zemlepolzovanie, khoziaistvo（Moscow, 1977）, p. 31.
(104).MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 3, ll. 34–5.
(105).与农民革命相关内容，参见：O. Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–1921（Oxford, 1989）。
(106).MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 3, ll. 8, 104; G. Dobronozhenko, Kollektivizatsiia na Severe, 1929–1932（Syktyvkar, 1994）, pp. 27–8.
(107).MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 3, ll. 7–8.
(108).MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, ll. 18, 69.
(109).MSP, f. 3, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 20, 43–5.,
(110).VFA, E. Vittenburg, ,Pamiati P. V. Vittenburga, ms., p. 4; interviews with Yevgeniia Vittenburg, St Petersburg, August 2003, September 2004; E. Vittenburg, Vremia poliarnykh stran（St Petersburg, 2002）, pp. 44–74.
(111).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 351, l. 3; interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003.
(112).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2613, ll. 7, 13; K. Simonov, Segodnia i davno（Moscow, 1978）, p. 65. Family legend has it that Aleksandra blamed Mikhail for the miscarriage of a baby daughter and decided to leave him（interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, June 2003）.
(113).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 360; op. 9, d. 2613, ll. 3, 13.
(114).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2698, l. 1.
(115).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 360, l. 31.
(116).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 353, l. 38; d. 337, l. 7.
(117).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 339, l. 11; op. 9, d. 1534, l. 31.
(118).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 6, d. 70, l. 103; d. 170, l. 17; op. 9, d. 2613, l. 13; dd. 23, 24.
(119).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1533, l. 18; d. 24, l. 16; d. 25, ll. 6, 17, 26; d. 1010, ll. 9–10; Simonov, Segodnia i davno, p. 66.
(120).K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia（Moscow, 1990）, pp. 25–6.
(121).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 25, l. 12; d. 1010, ll. 16–19; op. 10, d. 339, l. 11.
(122).SLFA, M. Laskin, ,Vospominaniia, , ms., p. 2.
(123).SLFA, ,Lichnyi listok po uchety kadrov, （Samuil Laskin）; interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, November 2003, March 2005.
(124).A. Ball, Russia, s Last Capitalists: The NEPmen 1921–1929（Berkeley, 1987）, p. 39.
(125).Interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, June, November 2003, February, July 2004; interviews with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; SLFA,M. Laskin, ,Vospominaniia, , ms., pp. 20, 21, 29.
(126).Y. Slezkine, The Jewish Century（Berkeley, 2005）, p. 217; Vsesoiuznaia perepis, naseleniia. 1937 g. Kratkie itogi（Moscow, 1991）, p. 90.
(127).A. Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939（Bloomington, 2006）, pp. 35–43; J. Veidlinger, The Moscow State Yiddish Theatre: Jewish Culture on the Soviet Stage（Bloomington, 2000）.
(128).Interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, June, November 2003; interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; SLFA, M. Laskin, ,Vospominaniia, , p. 19.
(129).Interview with Rebekka（Rita） Kogan, St Petersburg, May 2003.
(130).I. Slavin, Protsess v Novikakh（Vitebsk, 1920）.
(131).SFA, I. Slavina, ,Tonen, kii nerv istorii, , ms., p. 11; interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, October 2003.
(132).Interview with Fania Laskina, Moscow, March 2005.
(133).A. Barmine, One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian Under the Soviets（New York, 1945）, pp. 124–5; H. Kuromiya, Stalin, s Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1932（Cambridge, 1988）, p. 110; RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 157, l. 183.
(134).V. Danilov, ,Vvedenie: sovetskaia derevnia v gody ,,Bol, shogo terrora,, , , in Tragediia sovetskoi derevni: kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie. Dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomakh 1927–1939, 5vols.（Moscow,1999–2004）, vol.5:1937–1939, Part1,1937,p.9;A. Meyer, ,The War Scare of 1927, , Soviet Union/Union Soviétique, vol. 5, no. 1（1978）, pp. 1–25; S. Fitzpatrick, ,The Foreign Threat During the First Five Year Plan, , Soviet Union/Union Soviétique, vol. 5, no. 1（1978）, pp. 26–35; Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 11, pp. 170–72.
(135).R. Davies, The Industrialization of Soviet Russia 3: The Soviet Economy in Turmoil, 1929–1930（London, 1989）, p. 76; Ball, Russia, s Last Capitalists, pp. 76–7.
(136).SLFA, ,Lichnyi listok po uchety kadrov, （Samuil Laskin）; interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, November 2003, March 2005.
(137).N. Mandelstam, Hope Abandoned（London, 1989）, p. 551.
