(138).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, l.38; d.3, l.10.
(139).AFSBVO, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo N.A.Golovina.
(140).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, ll.102–4.
(141).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, l.93.
(142).AFSBVO, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo N.A.Golovina; MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, l.69; d.3, ll.7–8.
(143).GAVO, f.407, op.1, d.98, l.7.
(144).AFSBVO, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo N.A.Golovina; MSP, f.3, op.14, d.3, l.9.
(145).AFSBVO, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo N.A.Golovina.
(146).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.3, l.11.
(147).Tragediia sovetskoi derevni: kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie.Dokumenty i materialy , 5 vols.（Moscow,1999–2004）, vol.1, pp.36, 148–50, 228–30, 742; Izvestiia TsK KPSS , 1991,
(148).Cited in M.Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization （London, 1968）, p.257.
(149).R.Davies, The Soviet Economy in Turmoil, 1929–30（London, 1989）, pp.198–9; Pravda , 1 September,10 November, 1929.
(150).Pravda , 7November1929; I.Stalin, Sochineniia , 13vols.(Moscow,1946–55）, vol.12, p.174.
(151).R.Davies, The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivization of Soviet Agriculture, 1929–1930 （London,1980）, p.111; Tragediia sovetskoi derevni , vol.1, pp.702–10, 716–27; M.Hindus,
(152).Davies, The Socialist Offensive , p.218; V.Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom（New York, 1946）, p.91.
(153).M.Vareikis, ,O partiinom rukovodstve kolkhozam, , Na agrarnom fronte , 1929, no.8, p.65; Izvestiia , 19 April 1930; GARK, f.3, op.1, d.2309, l.6.
(154).Davies, The Socialist Offensive , p.198.
(155).M.Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule（Cambridge, Mass., 1958）, p.250.
(156).R.Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine （London, 1986）,pp.120–21; S.Fitzpatrick, Stalin , s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russi
(157).GAVO, f.22, op.1, d.37, l.41; GARK, f.136, op.1, d.121, l.153; MSP, f.3, op.14, d.3, l.75; Tragediia sovetskoi derevni , vol.3, pp.66–8.
(158).MP, f.4, op.18, d.2, l.44.
(159).Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p.137; Tragediia sovetskoi derevni , vol.3, p.15; Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power , p.508.
(160).MP, f.4, op.18, d.5, l.15.
(161).MP, f.4, op.7, d.2, l.39.
(162).MP, f.4, op.5, d.2, l.30.
(163).VFA, ,Vospominaniia, , ms., p.8; Komsomol, skaia pravda , 8 September 1989, p.2.
(164).LFA, ,Roditeli, , p.24.
(165).A.Zverev, Zapiski ministra （Moscow, 1973）, p.54.
(166).L.Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer （London, 1981）, p.235.
(167).Tragediia sovetskoi derevni , vol.1, pp.8–9; R.Davies and S.Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933（London, 2004）, p.451.
(168).Davies, The Socialist Offensive , pp.442–3; Tragediia sovetskoi derevni , vol.3, pp.8–9; Davies and Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger , pp.31, 37; Politbiuro i krest, ianstvo: vysylk
(169).AFSBVO, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo N.A.Golovina; MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, ll.82–101, 122–3; d.3, ll.11,56–8.
(170).Hindus, Red Bread , p.142.
(171).E.Foteeva, ,Coping with Revolution: The Experience of Well-to-do Russian Families, , in D.Bertaux, P.Thompson and A.Rotkirch（eds.）, On Living through Soviet Russia（London, 2004）,
(172).Interviews with Olga Ramenskaia（neée Zapregaeva） and Galina Petrova, Strugi Krasnye（Pskov oblast）, August 2003.
(173).RGAE, f.7486, op.37, d.101, ll.61–2; M.Tauger, ,The 1932 Harvest and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33, ,Slavic Review , vol.50, no.1（Spring 1991）; Davies and Wheatcroft, The Years of
(174).For the link between the famine and the introduction of the passport system, in December 1932, see RGASPI, f.81, op.3, d.93, ll.24–5; f.558, op.11, d.45, l.109.
(175).Fitzpatrick, Stalin, s Peasants , p.80; Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p.237.
(176).G.Kessler, ,The Passport System and State Control over Population Flows in the Soviet Union,1932–1940, , Cahiers du Monde Russe , vol.42, nos.2–4（2001）, pp.477–504; D.Shearer, ,
(177).Tragediia sovetskoi derevni , vol.3,p.63; A.Applebaum, Gulag: AHistory of the SovietCamps（London,2003）, p.333; GARF, f.5207, op.3, d.49, l.190; f.8131, op.37, d.137, l.4.
(178).L.Viola, ,Tear the Evil From the Root: The Children of Spetspereselentsy of the North, , in N.Baschmakoff and P.Fryer（eds.）, Modernization of the Russian Provinces, special issue o
(179).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, ll.25–6; d.3, ll.12–18, 125.
(180).MP, f.4, op.18, d.2; d.5, ll.16–17.
(181).MP, f.4, op.5, d.2, ll.37, 38.
(182).Politbiuro i krest, ianstvo, pp.467–553; Viola, The Unknown Gulag , p.232.
(183).MP, f.4, op.9, d.5, ll.2–7.
(184).AMILO, M.A.Solomonik, ,Zapiski raskulachennoi, , ts., pp.7–34.
(185).Pravda , 7 November 1929.
(186).AFA, A.M.Alekseyev, ,Vospominaniia, , p.18.
(187).See e.g.GARF, f.9414, op.1, d.368, l.115.另可参考曾于1954—1957年担任诺里尔斯克采矿综合企业主管的Aleksei Loginov的事后评论，见于：A.Macqueen, ,Survivors, , Granta , 64（Winter 1998）
(188).关于古拉格制度的经典政治解释，参见：R.Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment（London,1992）, 以及同一作者的Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps（New York, 1978）。强调经济解释的则有：M
(189).Sistema ispravitel, no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR, 1923–1960.Spravochnik （Moscow, 1998）, p.395;Applebaum, Gulag, pp.31–40.
(190).GARF, f.5446, op.11a, d.555, l.32; RGASPI, f.17, op.3, d.746, l.11; Sistema ispravitel, no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR , p.38.
(191).GARF, f.9414, op.1, d.2920, l.178; Applebaum, Gulag , pp.62–5; C.Joyce, ,The Gulag in Karelia,1929–41, , in Gregory and Lazarev（eds.）, The Economics of Forced Labor , p.166; N.Ba
(192).MSP, f.3, op.19, d.2, ll.1–4.
(193).GARF, f.5515, op.33, d.11, ll.39–40; GASO, f.148, op.5, d.26, l.75.
(194).GARF, f.9414, op.1, d.3048, ll.25–36; V.Shalamov, Vishera: antiroman（Moscow, 1989）, p.23.
(195).D.Nordlander, ,Magadan and the Economic History of the Dalstroi in the 1930s, , in Gregory and Lazarev（eds.）, The Economics of Forced Labor , p.110.
(196).V.Shalamov, Kolyma Tales（London, 1994）, pp.368–9.沙拉莫夫于1937年抵达科雷马，他所写的有关别尔津时期的故事，多取材于劳改营中的传闻。
(197).MP, f.4, op.10, d.1, ll.1–4, 14–17.
(198).A.Barmine, One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian Under the Soviets（New York, 1945）, p.196.
(199).C.Ward, Stalin, s Russia（London, 1999）, p.56; A.Smith, I Was a Soviet Worker（London, 1937）, p.43.
(200).Interviews with Lydia Pukhova, St Petersburg, May, October 2004.
(201).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, ll.23–4, 26, 29; d.3, ll.20, 63–70.
(202).Y.Druzhnikov, Informer 001: The Myth of Pavlik Morozov（London, 1997）, pp.45–6, 155–6; C.Kelly,Comrade Pavlik: The Rise and Fall of a Soviet Boy Hero（London, 2005）, p.66.
(203).Druzhnikov, Informer , pp.19–20, 30–31, 42, 114, 152; Kelly, Comrade, pp.13, 94.查阅过秘密警察档案的Kelly，怀疑莫罗佐夫审判是否真有发生。在她看来，帕夫利克的举报全是警察和媒体所捏造
(204).Kelly, Comrade, pp.26–72.
(205).Druzhnikov, Informer , pp.9–11; Kelly, Comrade, p.14.
(206).Kelly, Comrade, p.156 （为求清晰，译文略有调整）.
(207).See ibid., pp.22, 26–9, 169–71.
(208).M.Nikolaev, Detdom（New York, 1985）, p.89.
(209).V.Danilov, Sovetskaia dokolkhoznaia derevnia: naselenie, zemlepol , zovanie, khoziaistvo （Moscow,1977）, p.25; P.Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mob
(210).Interviews with Nina Gribelnaia, St Petersburg, March, June, October 2004; AFSBTO, Arkhivnosledstvennoe delo F.Z.Medvedeva.
(211).Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p.295; Fitzpatrick, Stalin, s Peasants , p.256.
(212).Vskhody kommuny , 19 December 1932; K.Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia （Cambridge, Mass.,1968）, p.308 （为求清晰，译文略有调整）.
(213).A.Mar, ian, Gody moi, kak soldaty: dnevnik sel, skogo aktivista, 1925–53 （Kishinev, 1987）, pp.55, 71,78–9.
(214).Cited in Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia , p.140.
(215).A.Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture, 1923–1939（Bloomington, 2006）, p.61.感谢A.Shternshis向我提供了她采访索菲亚的资料。
(216).V.Baevskii, ,Syn kulaka i vrag naroda: A.T.Tvardovskii v Smolenske v 1937 g., , in Stalinizm v rossiiskoi provinstii: smolenskie arkhivnye dokumenty v pochtenii zarubezhnykh i rossii
(217).Istoriia sovetskoi politicheskoi tsenzury（Moscow, 1997）, p.109; Baevskii, ,Syn kulaka, , pp.255–8.
(218).I.Tvardovskii, ,Stranitsy perezhitogo, , Iunost, , 1988, no.3, pp.14, 18.
(219).Ibid., p.23.
(220).Ibid., p.26.
(221).Ibid., p.27.
(222).E.Iaroslavskii（ed.）, Kak provodit, chistku partii （Moscow, 1929）, p.10.
(223).See S.Fitzpatrick, ,The Problem of Class Identity in NEP Society, , in S.Fitzpatrick, A.Rabinowitch and R.Stites（eds.）, Russia in the Era of NEP: Explorations in Soviet Society and
(224).G.Alexopoulos, ,Portrait of a Con Artist as a Soviet Man, , Slavic Review, vol.57, no.4（Winter 1998）,pp.774–90.See further, S.Fitzpatrick, ,Making a Self for the Times: Impersonat
(225).E.Bonner, Mothers and Daughters（London, 1992）, p.317.
(226).S.Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s（Oxford, 1999）, pp.118–38.
(227).Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia , pp.141–2.See further Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism , p.133.
(228).B.Engel and A.Posadskaya-Vanderbeck, A Revolution of their Own: Voices of Women in Soviet History（Boulder, 1997）, pp.29–32（translation slightly altered for clarity）.
(229).Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia , p.143; N.Novak-Decker（ed.）, Soviet Youth: Twelve Komsomol Histories（Munich, 1959）, p.99.
(230).RGALI, f.1814, op.10, d.339, l.6.
(231).RGALI, f.1814, op.10, d.339, l.3.
(232).K.Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia（Moscow, 1990）, pp.29–30.
(233).RGALI, f.1814, op.10, d.339, l.5.
(234).Simonov, Glazami cheloveka, p.32.
(235).Ibid., p.33.
(236).Ibid., pp.35–6.
(237).W.Leonhard, Child of the Revolution（London, 1957）, p.143.
(238).J.Hellbeck, ,Fashioning the Stalinist Soul: The Diary of Stepan Podlubnyi（1931–1939）, , Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 44（1996）, pp.350, 353–5 （为求清晰，译文略有调整
(239).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.3, l.22.
(240).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, l.31; d.3, ll.18–19.
(241).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, l.38.
(242).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, l.84.
(243).MSP, f.3, op.14, d.2, ll.119–20.
