(378).Pravda, 31 January 1932; Golgofa. Po materialam arkhivno-sledstvennogo dela no. 603 na Sokolovu-Piatnitskuiu Iu. I., ed. V. I. Piatnitskii（St Petersburg, 1993）, p. 42.
(379).Ibid., pp. 8–9.
(380).V. Piatnitskii, Zagovor protiv Stalina（Moscow, 1998）, p. 198.
(381).Golgofa, p. 9.
(382).J. Haslam, ,Political Opposition to Stalin and the Origins of the Terror, 1932–1936, , Historical Journal, vol. 29, no. 2（June 1986）, p. 412. See also same author, ,The Soviet Union, the Comintern and the Demise of the Popular Front, 1936–39, , in H. Graham and O. Preston（eds.）, The Popular Front in Europe（London, 1987）, pp. 152–60; K. McDermott, ,Stalinist Terror in the Comintern: New Perspectives, , Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 30, no. 1（January 1995）, pp. 111–30.
(383).The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949（New Haven, 2003）, p. 110; McDermott, ,Stalinist Terror, , p. 118.
(384).B. Starkov, ,The Trial That Was Not Held, , Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 46, no. 8（1994）, p. 1303.
(385).Golgofa, pp. 20, 21, 24; interviews with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, September 2005.
(386).Golgofa, pp. 62–3.
(387).Ibid., pp. 25, 39–40.
(388).Ibid., pp. 26, 34; interviews with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, September 2005.
(389).M. Ellman, ,Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments, , Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 54, no. 7（November 2002）; H. Kuromiya, ,Accounting for the Great Terror, , Jahbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 53（2005）, p. 88; A. Applebaum, Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps（London, 2003）, pp. 516, 519. The figures for 1929–32 are from V. Popov, ,Gosudarstvennyi terror v sovetskoi Rossii. 1923–1953 gg., , Otechestvennyi arkhiv, 1992, no. 2, p. 28.
(390).J. Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938（Cambridge, 1985）.
(391).P. Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice Under Stalin（Cambridge, Mass., 1996）, chap. 5; O. Khlevniuk, ,The Politburo, Penal Policy and ,,Legal Reforms,, in the 1930s, , in P. Solomon（ed.）, Reforming Justice in Russia, 1864–1996: Power, Culture, and the Limits of Legal Order（Armonk, 1997）, pp. 190–206.
(392).J. Getty, , ,,Excesses Are Not Permitted,, : Mass Terror and Stalinist Governance in the Late 1930s, , Russian Review, 61（2002）, no. 1, pp. 113–38.
(393).S. Fitzpatrick, ,Varieties of Terror, , in same author（ed.）, Stalinism: New Directions（London, 2000）, p. 258. For a similar view: B. McLoughlin and K. McDermott, ,Rethinking Stalinist Terror, , in same authors（eds.）, Stalin, s Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union（New York, 2003）, pp. 1–18.
(394).O. Khlevniuk, ,The Reasons for the ,,Great Terror,, : The Foreign Political Aspect, , Annali della Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, vol. 34（1998）, pp. 163ff.; same author, ,The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–38, , in J. Cooper, M. Perrie and E. Rees（eds.）, Soviet History, 1917–1953: Essays in Honour of R. W. Davies（London, 1995）, pp. 158–76. 另可参见H. Kuromiya, ,Accounting for the Great Terror, ，我从中借鉴引用了后面的段落。
(395).Kuromiya, ,Accounting for the Great Terror, , p. 94; S. Payne, The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism（New Haven, 2004）, p. 309.
(396).S. Allilueva, Twenty Letters to a Friend（London, 1967）, pp. 88–9; J. Getty and O. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939（New Haven, 1999）, pp. 157, 256–7.
(397).V. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom（London, 1947）, p. 213.
(398).V. Rogovin, Partiia rasstreliannykh（Moscow, 1997）, pp. 487–9; Reabilitatsia. Kak eto bylo, 3 vols.（Moscow, 2000–2004）, vol. 1, p. 30; O. Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 1938–1938（Moscow, 1998）, p. 315.
(399).Istochnik, 1994, no. 3, p. 80; N. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers（London, 1971）, p. 283;M. Jansen and N. Petrov, Stalin, s Loyal Executioner: People, s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940（Stanford, 2002）, pp. 89, 201.
(400).F. Chuev, Sto sorok besed s Molotovym（Moscow, 1991）, pp. 390, 413; Piatnitskii, Zagovor protiv Stalina, p. 65; Kuromiya, ,Accounting for the Great Terror, , p. 96.
(401).Tragediia sovetskoi derevni: kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie. Dokumenty i materialy, 5 vols.（Moscow, 1999–2004）, vol. 5: 1937–1939, Part 1, 1937, pp. 32, 33, 46, 54, 387; Kuromiya, ,Accounting for the Great Terror, , pp. 92–3.
(402).N. Petrov and A. Roginskii, , ,,Pol, skaia operatsiia,, NKVD 1937–1938 gg., , in L. Eremina（ed.）Repressii protiv poliakov i pol, skikh grazhdan（Moscow, 1996）, pp. 40–43. 关于“国家行动”作为“种族清洗”的形式，参见：T. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939（Ithaca, 2001）, pp. 328–43.
(403).V. Garros, N. Korenevskaya and T. Lahusen（eds.）, Intimacy and Terror（New York, 1995）, p. 357.
(404).Interview with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, September 2005.
(405).R. Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalin, s Russia（New Haven, 1996）, pp. 72–7.
(406).V. Frid, 58?: zapiski lagernogo pridurka（Moscow, 1996）, p. 91.
(407).Interview with Viacheslav Kolobkov, St Petersburg, May 2004.
(408).E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind（New York, 1967）, pp. 21–2.
(409).E. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters（London, 1992）, p. 263.
(410).MP, f. 4, op. 4, d. 2, ll. 2, 25; op. 5, d. 5, ll. 3–4; L. Il, ina, Moi otets protiv NKVD（St Petersburg, 1998）, pp. 16–21.
(411).MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, ll. 35–40, 116–17.
(412).SFA, I. Slavina, ,Tonen, kii nerv istorii, , ms., pp. 9–13.
(413).R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment（London, 1992）, pp. 75, 87, 89, 127.
(414).V. Bronshtein, ,Stalin and Trotsky, s Relatives in Russia, , in T. Brotherstone and P. Dukes（eds.）, The Trotsky Reappraisal（Edinburgh, 1992）, pp. 8–15.
(415).Getty and Naumov, The Road to Terror, pp. 486–7; Chuev, Sto sorok besed, p. 415.
(416).Golgofa, p. 29.
(417).See also MSP, f. 3, op. 34, d. 2; MP, f. 4, op. 16, dd. 2, 3.
(418).Golgofa, pp. 31, 34, 35–6, 43, 45; interview with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, August 2005.
(419).Golgofa, p. 37.
(420).M. Prishvin, ,Dnevnik 1937 goda, , Oktiabr, , 1995, no. 9, p. 168.
(421).Conquest, The Great Terror, p. 256; M. Prishvin and V. Prishvin, My s toboi. Dnevnik liubvi（Moscow, 1996）, p. 13.
(422).MP, f. 4, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 9–10.
(423).MSP, f. 3, op. 8, d. 2, l. 9.
(424).MP, f. 4, op. 6, d. 2, ll. 18, 37.
(425).E. Gerstein, Moscow Memoirs（London, 2004）, p. 79.
(426).MM, f. 12, op. 14, d. 2, ll. 15–16.
(427).MM, f. 12, op. 7, d. 2, l. 23.
(428).Gerstein, Moscow Memoirs, p. 214.
(429).MP, f. 4, op. 8. d. 2, l. 22.
(430).MM, f. 12, op. 28, d. 2, ll. 12, 35–6.
(431).GFA, O. Golovnia, ,Dom na Vasil, evskoi, , ms., pp. 2–3.
(432).Prishvin, ,Dnevnik 1937 goda, , Oktiabr, , 1995, no. 9, p. 158.
(433).A. Man, kov, Dnevniki tridtsatykh godov（St Petersburg, 2001）, p. 144.
(434).Prishvin, ,Dnevnik 1937 goda, , Oktiabr, , 1995, no. 9, p. 165.
(435).关于日记的作用的不同看法，参见“引言”部分注释中所提到的Jochen Hellbeck的作品。
(436)., ,,Zhizn, stala veselei . . .,, Iz dnevnika 1936 goda, , Oktiabr, , 1993, no. 10, p. 4; M. Prishvin, ,Dnevnik 1937 goda, , Oktiabr, , 1994, no. 11, p. 144; same author, Sobranie sochinenii, 8 vols.（Moscow, 1986）, vol. 8, p. 473.
(437).J. Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary Under Stalin（Cambridge, Mass., 2006）, pp. 304–5, 306, 308–9, 311–22; RGALI, f. 2172, op. 3, d. 5, l. 249.
(438).E. Evangulova, Krestnyi put, （St Petersburg, 2000）, pp. 68, 81, 83.
(439).Man, kov, Dnevniki, p. 59.
(440).Prishvin and Prishvin, My s toboi, pp. 22–3, 35, 37.
(441).MM, f. 12, op. 25, d. 2, l. 136; Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 448; Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalin,s Russia, p. 71. 一名政治警察官员提供了较低的数字，说莫斯科在1930年有1万名举报人，载于：G. Agabekov, GPU: zapiski chekista（Moscow, 1931）. 另可参见：V. Semystiaha, ,The Role and Place of Secret Collaborators in the Informational Activity of the GPU-NKVD in the 1920s and 1930s（on the Basis of Materials of the Donbass Region）, , Cahiers du Monde Russe, vol. 42, nos. 2–4（2001）, pp. 231–44.
(442).关于较低层次的举报人网络，参见：C. Hooper, ,Terror from Within: Participation and Coercion in Soviet Power, 1924–64, （Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2003）, pp. 154–64.
(443).K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia（Moscow, 1990）, p. 50.
(444).W. Leonhard, Child of the Revolution（London, 1957）, pp. 100–102.
(445).Frid, 58?, pp. 160–61.
(446).MP, f. 4, op. 9, d. 2, ll. 25–7; d. 5, ll. 8–9.
(447).O. Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put, （Moscow, 2002）, p. 172.
(448).TsAODM, f. 369, op. 1, d. 161, ll. 1–2.
(449).Interviewed in The Hand of Stalin（Part 2）, October Films, 1990.
(450).Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put, , pp. 19–20.
(451).Cited in Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalin, s Russia, p. 154.
(452).MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 3–4, 63–5.
(453).Interview with Lev Molotkov, St Petersburg, May 2003.
(454).N. Adler, Beyond the Soviet System: The Gulag Survivor（New Brunswick, 2002）, p. 216; I. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika vremen kul, ta lichnosti: 1925–1953（Moscow, 1998）, p. 32.
(455).Conquest, The Great Terror, p. 222; V. Kozlov, ,Denunciation and Its Functions in Soviet Governance: A Study of Denunciations and Their Bureaucratic Handling from Soviet Police Archives, 1944–1953, , Journal of Modern History, vol. 68, no. 4（December 1996）, p. 875. On apartments see V. Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism（Oxford, 1999）, pp. 113–17.
(456).MSP, f. 3, op. 36, d. 2, ll. 3, 13–14; d. 3, ll. 4–6.
(457).Simonov, Glazami, pp. 55, 62.
(458).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 5, ll. 65–7; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003.
(459).RGALI, f. 632, op. 1, d. 12, ll. 28–9; d. 13, l. 10; interview with Semyon Vorovsky, Moscow, June 2005.
(460).RGALI, f. 631, op. 15, d. 242, ll. 6–8; f. 618, op. 3, d. 27, ll. 5–14.
(461).RGALI, f. 653, op. 1, d. 1087, l. 4.
(462).RGALI, f. 631, op. 15, d. 226, l. 72.
(463).RGALI, f. 1814, op. 1, d. 437, ll. 1–7.
(464).RGALI, f. 632, op. 1, d. 15, l. 23.
(465).RGALI, f. 632, op. 1, d. 12, l. 13.
(466).E. Dolmatovskii, Bylo: zapiski poeta（Moscow, 1982）; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003.
(467).RGALI, f. 1812, op. 1, d. 96, l. 7.
(468).RGALI, f. 631, op. 15, d. 265, l. 34.
(469).A. Granovsky, All Pity Choked: The Memoirs of a Soviet Secret Agent（London, 1952）, p. 101.
(470).Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 90–92.
(471).A. Gorbatov, Years off My Life（London, 1964）, pp. 103–4.
(472).Conquest, The Great Terror, pp. 203–4.亚基尔将军的动机之一，可能是为了拯救自己的家人（后来都被枪决或送去了劳改营）。
(473).F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession（London, 1951）, p. 86.
(474).S. Vilenskii（ed.）, Till My Tale is Told（London, 1999）, pp. 124–6.
(475).Interviewed in The Hand of Stalin（Part 2）, October Films, 1990.
(476).Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 206. See further: S. Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin, s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941（Cambridge, 1997）, pp. 131–5; Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalin,s Russia, pp. 143–6.
(477).Interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, June 2003.
(478).MM, f. 12, op. 21, d. 2, ll. 28–9; op. 32, d. 2, l. 17.
(479).MP, f. 4, op. 18, d. 2, ll. 32–5, 49–50.
(480).VFA, letter from Pavel to Yevgeniia Vittenburg, [February] 1937.
(481).TsMAMLS, f. 68, op. 1, d. 76, l. 77; d. 124, l. 19; d. 141, l. 88.
(482).N. Kaminskaya, Final Judgment: My Life as a Soviet Defence Attorney（New York, 1982）, p. 19.
(483).MM, f. 12, op. 23, d. 2, ll. 37–8.
(484).Simonov, Glazami, pp. 54–5.
(485).Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put, , p. 11.
(486).Deti GULAGa 1918–1956, Rossiia XXvek. Dokumenty（Moscow, 2002）, pp. 272–3.
(487).O. Khlevniuk, ,The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–1938, , in D. Hoffman（ed.）, Stalinism（London, 2003）, p. 98; Jansen and Petrov, Stalin, s Loyal Executioner, pp. 187–8, 192.
(488).SLFA, Mark Laskin, ,Vospominaniia, , ms., p. 41.
(489).Simonov, Glazami, p. 59.
(490).V. Shentalinsky, The KGB, s Literary Archive（London, 1993）, pp. 186–7.
(491).RGALI, f. 1712, op. 1, d. 21, l. 4, op. 4, d. 8, l. 37.
(492).RGALI, f. 1712, op. 3, d. 13, l. 1.
(493).GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 66, ll. 287–8. See also L. Siegelbaum and A. Sokolov（eds.）, Stalinism as a Way of Life: A Narrative in Documents（Yale, 2000）, pp. 237–41.
(494).Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put, , pp. 77–8.
(495).P. Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice under Stalin（Cambridge, 1996）, p. 234.
(496).M. Shreider, NKVD iznutri: zapiski chekista（Moscow, 1995）, p. 42.
(497).Ibid., p. 91.
(498).Ibid., pp. 104–5.
(499).Ibid., p. 120.
(500).Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, p. 304.
(501).A. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, 3 vols.（London, 1974–8）, vol. 2, p. 637.
(502).Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put, , pp. 11–12.
(503).MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, l. 93.
(504).MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, ll. 42–3.
(505).MP, f. 4, op. 6, d. 2, ll. 6–10, 39–41, 45–9; d. 3, ll. 1–6.
(506).Golgofa, pp. 30, 32, 35; interview with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, August 2005.
(507).MSP, f. 3, op. 18, d. 1, l. 1; d. 2, ll. 2–3, 7–10.
(508).MP, f. 4, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 7–8, 13–16, 18, 19, 21–2, 26–30.
(509).See e.g. MSP, f. 3, op. 4, d. 2; MP, f. 4, op. 4, d. 2; V. Shapovalov（ed.）, Remembering the Darkness: Women in Soviet Prisons（Lanham, 2001）, pp. 228–9; N. Ulanovskaia and M. Ulanovskaia, Istoriia odnoi sem, i（New York, 1982）, p. 135.
(510).MM, f. 12, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 16–20.
(511).O. Liubchenko, ,Arbat 30, kvartira 58, , Istochnik, 1993, nos. 5–6, pp. 26–9.
(512).SFA, I. Slavina, ,Tonen, kii nerv istorii, , ms., p. 31; interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, June 2003.
(513).Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, pp. 254–5（艾莱娜·邦纳把校长的名字误记成Klavdia Vasileevna）; interview with Elena Bonner, Boston, November 2006.
(514).Interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, September 2004.
(515).MSP, f. 3, op. 46, d. 2, ll. 17–18, 42–3.
(516).MP, f. 4, op. 18, d. 2, l. 53.
(517).MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 23–5, 37.
(518).MM, f. 1, op. 1, d. 169（Sofia to Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, 16 October 1937）.
(519).GARF, f. 7523, op. 123, d. 202, ll. 16–19.
(520).GARF, f. 5446, op. 26, d. 105, ll. 35–6.
(521).Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put, , pp. 60–63.
(522).MP, f. 4, op. 6, d. 2, ll. 37–8.
(523).MSP, f. 3, op. 4, d. 2, l. 24.
(524).The Diary of Nina Kosterina（London, 1972）, pp. 35, 44, 53, 85, 163, 165.
(525).M. Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror（New Jersey, 1995）, pp. 334–5.
(526).MSP, f. 3, op. 10, d. 1, l. 1; d. 3, ll. 7, 10–11.
