36. Staubwasser et al., “Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley,” 1425.
37. Donald B.Redford,“Mendes＆Environs in the Middle Kingdom,”Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson,vol.2,ed.Peter Der Manuelian(Boston:Museum of Fine Arts, 1996), 679-82.
38. Peter deMenocal, “Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene,”Science, vol. 292, no. 5517 (2001): 667-73, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059287; H. M. Cullen et al., “Climate Change and the Collapse of the Akkadian Empire:Evidence from the Deep Sea,”Geology, vol. 28, no. 4 (2000): 379-82, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28＜379:CCATCO＞2.0.CO;2.
39. John Baines and Jaromir Malek,Atlas of Ancient Egypt(New York:Facts on File,1984).
40. Van Haarlem, “Tell Ibrahim Awad,” 33-35.在该处遗址墓区发现的遗存，是生活在古王国末期到第一中间期初期的人们所留。Delia L. Phillips et al., “Bioarchaeology of Tell Ibrahim Awad,”Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. 19 (2009): 157-210.
41. Jacques Vandier, Mo’alla: La tombe d’Ankhtifi et la tombe de Sébekhotep (Cairo:l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale,1950);Miriam Lichtheim,Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom (Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht,1988),23-26;Miriam Lichtheim,Ancient Egyptian Literature.Volume I:The Old and Middle Kingdoms(Berkeley:University of California Press,2006).
铭文#1：伊德富的执事梅勒说：“在旱灾发生时，每到一地，我都会埋葬死者，拯救生者。我把城镇和乡村里的所有田地及土丘封堵，免得灌溉用水流入辖区外的田地。作为一个值得尊敬的公民，此举可以为家人积下福德。” (See Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature.Volume I:The Old and Middle Kingdoms,87.)此人直接提及旱灾。他所说的“封堵田地”，实际上就是阻止那些至关重要的灌溉用水从本诺姆流出。如果他不这么做，那么这些水就会流走并被用于灌溉其他诺姆的作物。
铭文#2：伊米尤特鲁（靠近现代的基波林，位于卢克索以南30千米处）的司库伊提解释：“在连年的苦难中，我一直在拯救伊米尤特鲁的民众。尽管有400人陷入困境之中，但我不曾强掳任何人的女儿，也不曾强占任何人的田地。” (See Lichtheim,Ancient Egyptian Literature.Volume I:The Old and Middle Kingdoms,88.)我们从伊提的话语中可以看出，“灾难”并非只持续了一年，而是持续了多年。虽然我们无从得知他的确切所指，但很明显，当地人遭了灾。
铭文#3：在科普托斯（现代的库伏特，位于卢克索以北30千米处）的主管塞尼西的纪念石碑上刻有如下文字：“在持续多年的苦难岁月里，我在爵主兼大祭司德杰菲的大门口，称量上埃及的大麦，并分配给全镇人民作为口粮。” (See Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature.Volume I:The Old and Middle Kingdoms,89.)我们再一次看到了对持续多年的灾难的记录。从这段话中我们可以看出，人们依靠配给的大麦维持生存，说明当时人面临严重的饥荒。
铭文#4：在诺马尔赫亨克乌的自传中，铭文写道：“我也将来自其他诺姆的人安顿在本诺姆萧条的城镇。”(See Lichtheim,Ancient Egyptian Literature.Volume I:The Old and Middle Kingdoms,89.)这些城镇之所以出现萧条景象，可能是因为当地发生了瘟疫、饥荒或战争，才会有其他诺姆的人填补迁入。这表明该时期社会动荡不安。
铭文#5：一位名叫赫蒂的诺马尔赫在自传中写道：“我为该城修建水渠，而上埃及则面临严重灾情，久旱无雨，河道干涸。我封堵边界……我把高地化为湿润的沼泽地。我让洪水淹没老旧土丘。在周边区域面临严重旱灾时，我确保耕地有水可用。”(See Lichtheim,Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies,23-24.)这是旱灾的明显证据，而诺马尔赫通过开挖灌溉水渠和修建堤坝等创新方法保留了水源。在治理洪泛区方面，他可能是相当成功的。
铭文#6：在司库内菲利尤的门碑铭文中写道：“在‘勒紧裤腰带’的这一年里，我拯救了很多人。”(See Lichtheim,Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies,26-27.)伴随旱灾而来的是一年的歉收。这是另外一项表明第一中间期至少出现过一次旱灾的证据。
铭文#7：穆阿拉（位于卢克索周边）的安赫梯菲墓葬：“整个上埃及都面临严重饥荒，但我不允许本诺姆中的任何人死于饥饿……全国人民就像蝗虫一样，从上游到下游，沿着河流四处寻找食物。”对于这类文本的重要性，埃及古物学家做了淡化处理(see Stephan Seidlmayer, “First Intermediate Period [ca. 2160-2055 BC]”)，并表示安赫梯菲只不过是重复了其他众多墓葬主人的记述而已，言辞难免有夸大之嫌(see D.B.Spaniel,“The Date of Ankhtifi of Mo’alla,”Göttinger Miszellen,vol.78 [1984]: 87-94)。安赫梯菲还提及古埃及人吃自己的孩子，这被大多数现代埃及古物学家驳斥。安赫梯菲的墓葬铭文的制式，同其他墓葬铭文的制式大同小异，只不过他更进一步。安赫梯菲很自豪地告诉子孙后代，旱灾时他也没有让自己诺姆内的人挨饿。常规的制式描述于是呈现了完全不同的寓意：在全诺姆陷入困顿的艰难时期，安赫梯菲恪尽职守，展现了自己的领导才能。
42. Edward Brovarski, “Ahanakht of Bersheh and the Hare Nome in the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom,”Studies in Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Sudan:Essays in Honor of Dows Dunham on the Occasion of his 90th birthday, June 1, 1980, ed. William Kelly Simpson and Whitney M. Davis (Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1981), 14-30.
43. Brovarski, “Ahanakht of Bersheh and the Hare Nome in the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom.”
8 古都重现
1. 我最喜欢的一本关于中王国时代历史的书：Wolfram Grajetzki,The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt(London:Gerald Duckworth,2006)。
2. Grajetzki,Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,19.
3. Grajetzki,Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,19-23.
4. Grajetzki,Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,28.
5. 关于该遗址的概述，参见：William Kelly Simpson,“Lischt,”Lexikon Ägyptologie, der vol. 3, ed. Wolfgang Helck and Wolfhart Westendorf (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1979), 1058-61。
6. Dieter Arnold, The Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat I at Lisht: The Architecture, Egyptian Expedition Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, vol. 29 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015).
7. Grajetzki,Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,29-32.
8. Dieter Arnold and Peter Jánosi, “The Move to the North: Establishing a New Capital,”Ancient Egypt Transformed:The Middle Kingdom,ed.Adela Oppenheim et al.(New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015), 54-67. This co-regency is debated, though. See Grajetzki,Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,33.
9. Arnold and Jánosi,“The Move to the North,”54-67; Grajetzki, Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,55.
10. William Kelly Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry, 3rd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 54-66.
11. See Dieter Arnold,The South Cemeteries of Lisht,Volume III:The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret I,Egyptian Expedition Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, vol. 25 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992); Dieter Arnold, The South Cemeteries of Lisht, Volume I: The Pyramid of Senwosret I, Egyptian Expedition Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, vol. 22 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988).
12. Wolfram Grajetzki,Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (London:Gerald Duckworth, 2009), 132-33.
13. 见于赫努姆霍特普二世的陵墓：Naguib Kanawati and Linda Evans,Beni Hasan, Volume 1:The Tomb of Khnumhotep II,The Australian Centre for Egyptology,Report 36 (Oxford: Aris and Phillips, 2014)。
14. 关于中埃及语的概述，参见：James P.Allen,Middle Egyptian:An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000);Mark Collier and Bill Manley, How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-Step Guide to Teach Yourself, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003);Richard B. Parkinson, “The Impact of Middle Kingdom Literature: Ancient and Modern,”in Oppenheim et al.,Ancient Egypt Transformed,180-87。
15. R.B.Parkinson,Voices from Ancient Egypt:An Anthology of Middle Kingdom Writings, Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture, vol. 9 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 5-6.
16. 关于伊塔威的概述，参见：Grajetzki,Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt,29-31。
17. 未必适合所有人看。参见：Wolfram Grajetzki,Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt:Life in Death for Rich and Poor(London:Gerald Duckworth,2003)。
18. Dieter Arnold, Middle Kingdom Tomb Architecture at Lisht, Egyptian Expedition Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, vol. 28 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008).
19. 中王国时代的金字塔的周围或附近地区，至今仍能看到数量众多、样式不一的泥砖坡道。参见：Dieter Arnold,Building in Egypt:Pharaonic Stone Masonry(Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1991), 81-90。
20. 在中王国时代，采挖硬质和软质石材的采石场主要集中在东部沙漠，但西部沙漠也有一些采石场。参见：Barbara G.Aston et al.,“Stone,”Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology,ed.Paul T.Nicholson and Ian Shaw(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000),5-77,esp.8-15,figs.2.1-2 maps,table 2.1;for quarries,see Rosemarie Klemm and Dietrich D.Klemm,Stones and Quarries in Ancient Egypt,trans. and ed. Nigel Strudwick (London: British Museum Press, 2008)。
21. See Arnold,South Cemeteries of Lisht,Volume I:The Pyramid of Senwosret I,14.
22. Felix Arnold,“Settlement Remains at Lisht-North,”House and Palace in Ancient Egypt: International Symposium in Cairo, April 8 to 11, 1992, vols. 1 and 2, ed. Manfred Bietak, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, vol. 14 (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1996), 13-21.
23. “Necklace of Sithathoryunet,” Metropolitan Museum of Art, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545532, accessed 5 May 2018; Wolfram Grajetzki, Tomb Treasures of the Late Middle Kingdom: The Archaeology of Female Burials (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), 36-45.
24.“Amenemhet and Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan,”in Simpson, Literature of Ancient Egypt,418-24.
25. 在第二中间期（约公元前1648——前1540年），尽管权力中心从伊塔威转移到了三角洲东北部，但想必还有人居住在伊塔威。我们之所以持这一观点，是因为“皮耶胜利纪念碑”（Victory Stele of Piye）的碑文中提到了伊塔威。“皮耶胜利纪念碑”是第二十五王朝时期遗留下来的刻有铭文的石碑，现收藏于开罗的埃及博物馆。该纪念碑的年代与定都伊塔威的年代相隔大约1 100年。当然，这一观点也未完全得到证实。碑文中所提的伊塔威，所指的可能不是旧都，而是另一个城市或整个地区的统称。
26.“白色城墙”指的是法老统治时期的孟斐斯。参见：Steven Snape,The Complete Cities of Ancient Egypt (London:Thames and Hudson, 2014), 170; see also Nadine Moeller, The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt, From the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 158-60。
27. 考古研究发现，在中王国时代，很多政府主导建造的社区和一部分自然形成的聚落，较少采用多层建筑模式（相对于屋顶通道），这不同于中王国早期的一些“灵室”（soul house）的建筑模式(Aikaterini Koltsida,Social Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Domestic Architecture, British Archaeological Reports International Series, book 1608 [Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007], pls. 11-15)，也不同于新王国时代及以后的房屋建筑模式(Dieter Arnold,The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture[Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003], 112)，包括新王国后期的多层建筑模式。在拉罕（楼梯多与谷仓相连）、象岛（可能的多层建筑H84；房屋H70和H93）、达普亚台形遗址（Tell el-Dab’a，宫殿建筑群）、北利什特（房屋A 1.3和A 3.3）以及其他地区的很多房屋内，考古学家发现了楼梯等遗迹，表明它们可能是多层建筑，但目前仍缺乏确凿证据。(Moeller,Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt, 285, 311, 314, fig. 8.44, 336-37, 341, 352-55, fig.9.10,361-64,figs.9.18-19,370;see also Stephen Quirke,Egyptian Sites:Lahun. A Town in Egypt 1800 B.C.,and the History of Its Landscape[London:Golden House Publications, 2005], 49).
28. Percy Newberry, El Bersheh, Part I: The Tomb of Tehuti-hetep (London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1895).
29. Sarah Parcak et al., “Satellite Evidence of Archaeological Site Looting in Egypt: 2002- 2013,”Antiquity, vol. 90, no. 349 (2016): 185-205, https://doi. org/10.15184/aqy.2016.1.
30. 见于阿玛尔纳台形遗址中依石体开凿的墓葬。参见：Norman de Garis Davies,The Rock Tombs of el Amarna(London:Egypt Exploration Fund,1903)。
31. 但该墓区目前已发掘的墓葬屈指可数。参见：Wolfram Grajetzki, “Multiple Burials in Ancient Egypt to the End of the Middle Kingdom,”Life and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt During the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period, ed. Silke Grallert and Wolfram Grajetzki, GHP Egyptology 7 (London: Golden House Publications, 2007), 16-34。
32. 关于墓葬内铺设泥砖堤道的另一个例子，参见：Alexander Badawy,A History of Egyptian Architecture, Volume 2: The First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, and the Second Intermediate Period (Berkeley: University of California Press,1966),152,fig.59;and at Lisht,Grajetzki,Tomb Treasures of the Late Middle Kingdom,18,fig.2。
33. 关于古埃及绘画和艺术风格的概述，参见：W.Stevenson Smith,The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, rev. with additions by William Kelly Simpson (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998)。
34. 中王国时代的众多绘画作品，参见：Oppenheim et al.,Ancient Egypt Transformed。
35. 关于这类头衔以及中王国时代其他头衔的讨论，参见：Henry George Fischer, Egyptian Titles of the Middle Kingdom:A Supplement to Wm.Ward's Index,2nd ed.,rev. and augmented (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997)。
36. See Collier and Manley,How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs,41;and Grajetzki,Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom,101.
37. See Ingrid Melandri, “Female Burials in the Funerary Complexes of the Twelfth Dynasty: An Architectonic Approach,”The World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000-1550 BC), Volume II: Contributions on Archaeology, Art, Religion, and Written Records,ed.Gianluca Miniaci and Wolfram Grajetzki,Middle Kingdom Studies,book 2 (London: Golden House Publications, 2016), 161-79.
38. 关于中王国时代平民、军人、祭司、精英阶层、王室成员和旅居埃及的外国人的着装讨论，参见：Philip J.Watson,Costume of Ancient Egypt,Costume Reference (London: B. T. Batsford, 1987), 12-17, 30, 39-40, 47-48, 51, 55。
39. 在古埃及，女性墓葬内极少设有祭堂，但也有例外，比如中王国时代维西尔英泰菲克（Intefiqer）在底比斯为其母亲塞尼特（Senet）修建了设有祭堂的陵墓 (Gay Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt[Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1993],100,165)。在古埃及社会，铭文[比如中王国时代的文本《杜亚夫教子赫提书》(Teaching of Duaf's son Khety）]和以男性为主导的丧葬制度中(Robins,Women in Ancient Egypt,106-7)，均可看到作为母亲的女性的尊崇地位。
40. See Janine Bourriau, Pharaohs and Mortals: Egyptian Art in the Middle Kingdom, Fitzwilliam Museum Publications (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 144, pl. 149.
41. Carol Andrews,Amulets of Ancient Egypt(London:British Museum Press,1994).
42. Janet Richards, Society and Death in Ancient Egypt: Mortuary Landscapes of the Middle Kingdom(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005),196-97,E830 N 780 Burial 9,fig.97.
43. Aidan Dodson and Salima Ikram, The Tomb in Ancient Egypt: Royal and Private Sepulchres from the Early Dynastic Period to the Romans(Cairo:American University in Cairo Press, 2008), 36-38.
9 过去的未来
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4. Rebecca J. Rosen, “Why Today's Inventors Need to Read More Science Fiction,”Atlantic,20 September 2013,https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/why-todays-inventors-need-to-read-more-science-fiction/279793/, accessed 10 March 2018.
5. “Sub-$50 Small Multirotor Drone Mini Reviews,” RotorCopters, http://www.rotorcopters.com/sub-50-multirotor-drone-mini-reviews/, accessed 30 March 2018.
6. “Micro and Nano Drones——the Smaller the Better,” Dronethusiast, https://www.dronethusiast.com/best-micro-mini-nano-drones/, accessed 30 March 2018.
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8. Eyal Ben-Dor, ed.,“Hyperspectral Remote Sensing,”Remote Sensing, special issue, vol. 12, no. 2 (2012), http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing/special_issues/hyperspectral-remote-sens, accessed 8 March 2018.
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12. Janet Nichol and Pui Hang To, “Temporal Characteristics of Thermal Satellite Sensors for Urban Heat Island Analysis,”Earthzine, 8 July 2011, https://earthzine.org/2011/07/08/temporal-characteristics-of-thermal-satellite-sensors-for-urban-heat-island-analysis/, accessed 31 March 2018.
