1. 乌萨马·本·拉登的这一电视讲话于2001年10月7日在半岛电视台播出。讲话的英译文本见英国广播公司网站：“Bin Laden's Warning: Full Text,” BBC, October 7, 2001, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1585636.stm。
2. 该统计数字来自以色列人权组织B'tselem，转引自BBC， “Intifada Toll 2000—2005,” BBC, last updated February 8, 2005, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3694350.stm。
3. 所有有关行政拘留、房屋毁损及隔离墙的统计数据均可参见“List of Topics,” B'tselem.org, http:// www.btselem.org/english/list_of_Topics.asp。
4. 值得注意的是，英国情报部门并不认同布什政府的评估。正如2016年《齐尔考特报告》所指出的那样：“联合情报委员会继续判定伊拉克与基地组织之间的合作‘不大可能’，也没有‘可信证据’表明伊拉克向恐怖主义分子转让大规模杀伤性武器相关的技术和专门知识。”见Iraq Inquiry, executive summary, paragraph 504, p.70。
5. 美军在伊拉克的伤亡数字见美国国防部网站：www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf。
6. “Bridging the Dangerous Gap Between the West and the Muslim World” (remarks prepared for delivery by Deputy Secretary Paul Wolfowitz at the World Affairs Council, Monterey, California, May 3, 2002).
7. Secretary Colin L. Powell, “The U.S.-Middle East Partnership Initiative: Building Hope for the Years Ahead” (lecture delivered to the Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, 2002).
8. Gareth Stansfield, Iraq, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 2016), pp.185-194.关于伊拉克3300万庞大人口，没有官方统计数据。2011年，美国中央情报局估计什叶派占伊拉克总人口的比例多达60%—65%，余下的人口中逊尼派阿拉伯人和库尔德人各占一半。皮尤研究中心2011年末的调查发现，51%的伊拉克穆斯林自称属于什叶派。
9. 非政府组织伊拉克罹难人数统计组织（Iraq Body Count）统计了媒体和官方报道的死亡人数，发表报告称2003—2011年间，共有近12万平民丧生，见“Documented Civilian Deaths from Violence,” www.iraqbodycount.org/data base。联合国支持的伊拉克家庭健康调查研究小组估计，仅2003年3月至2006年6月期间，就有15.1万人死于暴力，见“Violence-Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006,” New England Journal of Medicine 358 (2008): 484-493。
10. Micah Zenko, “Obama's Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy,” New York Times, January 12, 2016.官方报告的平民死亡人数在64—116之间，该统计遭到质疑。杰克·塞尔称有380—801名平民死于无人机轰炸，见Jack Serle, “Obama Drone Casualties Number a Fraction of Those Recorded by the Bureau,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, July 1, 2016。
11. Ala'a Shehabi and Marc Owen Jones, eds., Bahrain's Uprising: Resistance and Repression in the Gulf (London: Zed Books, 2015), pp.1-2.
12. Shehabi and Jones, Bahrain's Uprising, p.4.
13. Toby Matthiesen, Sectarian Gulf: Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the Arab Spring That Wasn't (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013), pp.36-48.
14. 引自“Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry,” originally delivered November 23, 2011, final revised version December 10, 2011, accessed online at http://www.bici.org.bh/BICIreportEN.pdf, pp.47-48。
15. Shehabi and Jones, Bahrain's Uprising, p.84.
16. “Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry.”
17. 转引自利比亚流亡小说家Hisham Matar的作品The Return: Fathers, Sons and the Land in Between (London: Penguin Viking, 2016), p.235。1990年，Matar的父亲因在政治上反对政权被利比亚安全部队绑架、关押，他在狱中消失，没有留下任何线索。
18. Robert F. Worth, A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016), p.107.
19. 这10个国家是巴林、埃及、约旦、科威特、摩洛哥、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、苏丹和阿拉伯联合酋长国。
20. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, “Global Report on Internal Displacement 2016” (May 2016); Ahmad al-Haj, “Yemeni Civil War: 10,000 Civilians Killed and 40,000 Injured in Conflict, UN Reveals,” Independent, January 17, 2017.
21. Samar Yazbek, A Woman in the Crossfire: Diaries of the Syrian Revolution (London: Haus, 2012), p.4.
22. 人权观察在《2017年世界报告》中援引叙利亚政策研究中心有关伤亡和流离失所人数的说法，称截至2016年2月，已有47万人死亡，见“Syria: Events of 2016,” Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/syria。
23. Jean-Pierre Filiu, From Deep State to Islamic State: The Arab Counter-revolution and Its Jihadi Legacy (London: Hurst, 2015); Fawaz Gerges, ISIS: A History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).
24. “伊拉克与沙姆伊斯兰国”的阿拉伯语缩略语是“达伊什”（Daʻish），而由于不确定“沙姆”的所指，西方世界既使用“ISIS”（IS in Iraq and Syria，即“伊拉克与叙利亚伊斯兰国”），也使用“ISIL”（IS in Iraq and Levant，即“伊拉克与黎凡特伊斯兰国”）。
25. 埃及卫生部报告称在拉拜阿广场有638人死亡，人权观察称至少有817人遇害，而穆兄会称有2600人遇害。
26. Ashraf El-Sherif, “The Muslim Brotherhood and the Future of Political Islam in Egypt” (paper published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 21, 2014).
原书索引
Abbas II, Khedive
Abbas, Ferhat
Abbas, Mahmoud
Abbas Pasha
Abbasid caliphate
Abduh, Muhammad
Abdulhamid II
Abdullah, King (formerly Amir)
Abdullah II, King
Abdulmecid I
Abouzeid, Leila
absolutism
Abu Ala (Ahmad Qurie)
Abu Dhabi
Abu Ghurayb Jail
Abu Musa
Abu Nidal Group
Abyssinian Campaign
Acheson, Dean
Acre
occupied by Muhammed Bey
siege of
Aden
Administrative Council of Mount
Lebanon
Afghani, al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-
Afghanistan
Arab volunteers in
and Soviet Union
US war against Taliban
Aflaq, Michel
Ahmad, Imam
Ahmad Bey
Ahmad Pasha (Damascus)
Ahmad Pasha (Egypt)
Aida
Ain Rummaneh attack
Ait Ahmed, Hocine
Ajman
Al-Ahram
Al-Asifa (Fatah)
al-Istiqlal
al-Jamiʻa al-Islamiyya
Al-Jazeera
al-Jihad
al-Liwa
Al-Muqattam
al-Nakba (The Disaster)
al-Qaida
al-Qaida in Iraq
al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula
al-Qastal
ALA
Alami, Musa
Alaoui sultans
Alawites
Aleppo
Alexandretta
Alexandria
British occupation
counterrevolution against the Arab Spring
riots
surrendered to British
Algeciras Conference
Algeria
abolition of slavery
Battle of Algiers
Code de l'Indigénat
destruction of piracy
Egyptian support for FLN
Evian negotiations
French citizenship rights
French colonialism
and imperialism
independence from France
National Liberation Front (FLN)
OAS (Secret Armed Organization)
oil
Philippeville massacres
republic established
Sétif repression
Soviet influence
volunteers in Afghanistan
women's status
in WWI
Algerian Muslim Congress
Algerian War (1954-62)
Algiers
autonomy
Battle of
European trade
French occupation
as Ottoman vassals
siege of
Ali Bey
Allenby, General Lord
Amal
Amal militia
Amar, Abu
see Yasser Arafat
Amer, Field Marshal Abd al-Hakim
Amin, Ahmad
Amin, Muhammad VIII al-
Amin, Qasim
Amir, Yigal
Ammoun, Daoud
Anas, Abdullah
Anatolia
Anglo-Egyptian Evacuation Agreement
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Anglo-French Declaration
Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
Anglo-Jordanian Treaty
Anjar, battle of
Aoun, General Michel
Aqsa Mosque
Arab
high officials
Arab - cont.
journalism
language
religions
threat to Ottoman Empire
unity
volunteers in Afghanistan
Arab Higher Committee
Arab League
Arab Legion
Arab liberalism
rejection of
Arab Liberation Army (ALA)
Arab malaise
Arab Renaissance Party
see Baʻth Party
Arab Revolt
Arab Socialist Union
Arab Spring
Bahrain
counterrevolution against
Egypt
Libya
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Tunisia
Yemen
Arab Union
Arab Women's Association
Arabi, Colonel
see Urabi
Arab-Israeli War (1948)
Arab-Israeli War (1956)
Arab-Israeli War (1967)
Arab-Israeli War (1973)
Arafat, Yasser
Aramco
Argov, Shlomo
Arguello, Patrick
Arif, Abd al-Rahman
Arif, Colonel Abd al-Salam
Arif, Arif al-
Arslan, Adil
Asad, Bashar al-
Asad, Basil al-
Asad, General Hafiz al-
Asad, Hafez al-
Asad, Rifa'at al-
Ashrawi, Hanan
Ashu, Mustafa
Asquith, Herbert
Assembly of Delegates
Aswan Dam
Atassi, Nur al-Din
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal
Atrash, Pasha al-
Attiga, Ali
Atwan, Abdul Bari
Avnery, Uri
Ayn Dara, battle of
Ayyash, Yahya
Aziz, Abdul
Aziz, Moulay Abd al-
Aziz, Nawwaf bin Abdul
Azm, Asʻad Pasha al-
Azm, Khalid al-
Azm, Sulayman Pasha al-
Azm family
Azzam, Abdullah
Baalbek, siege of
Bab Zuwayla
Badr, Imam
Baghdad
Baghdad Pact
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-
Bahrain
and Arab Spring
constitution, 2002
National Action Charter
Bahri, Yunis
Baker, James
Bakir Pasha
Balad, Shaykh al-
Balfour, Arthur
Balfour Declaration
Banna, Hassan al-
Barak, General Ehud
Barbarossa (Khayr al-Din)
Barbary Coast pirates/corsairs
Barber of Damascus
see Budayri
Baring, Sir Evelyn (later Lord Cromer)
Bar-Lev, General Chaim
Bar-Lev Line
Barudi, Mahmud Sami al-
Bashir II, Amir
Baʻth Party
The Battle of Algiers
Bayhum, Muhammed Jamil
Beaufort d'Hautpoul, General Charles de
Bedouins
Begin, Menachem
Beilin, Yosse
Beirut
Airport bombing
bombarded by British
civil war (1975-76)
Israeli attacks on
and journalism
Marine barracks bombing
and Ottoman rule
PLO expelled
riots/demonstrations
sectarian massacres
see also Lebanon
Belen, battle of
Belhadj, M.
Bell, Gertrude
Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine
Ben Arafa
Ben Badis, Abd al-Hamid
Ben Bella, Ahmed
Ben Gana, Bouaziz
Ben-Gurion, David
Benghazi
Benjedid, Chadli
Berbers
Bernadotte, Count Folke
Berri, Nabih
Bevin, Ernest
Bey, Muhammad al-Sadiq
Bin Laden, Osama
Bin Zayd, Sharif Shakir
Bitar, Salah al-Din
Black September
Black Letter
Black Saturday
Blair, Tony
Blignières, Ernest-Gabriel de
Blix, Hans
Blum, Léon
Blum-Viollette bill
BOAC
book of laws
Bouazizi, Basma
Bouazizi, Mohamed
Bouchard, Henri
Boudiaf, Mohamed
Bouhired, Djamila
Bouhired, Fatiha
Boumedienne, Houari
Bourgés-Maunoury, Maurice
Bourguiba, Habib
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros
boy levy
BP (British Petroleum)
Brezhnev, Leonid
Britain
and Alexandria
Anglo-Egyptian treaty
anti-Jewish riots
Battle of the Nile
colonial rivalry with France
condominium colonialism
and Cyprus
decline in Middle East
and Egypt
Entente Cordiale with France
Gambetta Note
and Gulf protectorates
gunboat diplomacy
and Ibn Saud
ignorance of Arab world
invasion of Iraq
and Iraq (Mesopotamia)
and Jordan
and Morocco
and oil
and Palestine
postwar plans for Ottoman Empire
RAF bombs Middle Euphrates
Red Line Agreement 239 reliance on oil
Suez Canal. see Suez Canal
and Suez Crisis
and Transjordan
Treaty of Preferential Alliance
in WWI
in WWII
British East India Company
Broadley, A.M.
Budayri, Ahmad al- (al-Hallaq)
Bugeaud, General Robert
Bulgarian Horrors
Bülow, Prince Bernhard von
Bunche, Ralph
Bush, George H.W.
Bush, George W.
Byron, Lord
Byzantine Empire
Cairo
bankruptcy
battle
Citadel massacre
counterrevolution against the Arab Spring
and journalism
Mamluks in
surrendered to British
Tahrir Square protests
Cairo Accord
CalTex
Camp David Accords (Carter era)
Camp David meetings (Clinton era)
Carbillet, Captain Gabriel
Carter, Captain (TWA)
Carter, Jimmy
Casablanca
Casablanca conference
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia
Catroux, General Georges
Ceausescu, Nicolae
Cemal Pasha
Chamoun, Camille
Chancellor, Sir John
Charles V, Emperor
Charles X, King
Chehab, Amir Farid
Chemical Ali (Ali Hasan al-Majid)
Cherchel
Chevron
Churchill, Winston
CIA
Citadel massacre
Clayton, Sir Gilbert
Clemenceau, Georges
Clement, Marguerite
Clinton, Bill
Code de l'Indigénat
condominium colonialism
Congress of Berlin
Congress of the League against
Colonial Oppression
Constantine
Constituent Assembly
Constitutional Bloc
constitutional government
constitutional reform
Consultative Council of Deputies
corporal punishment
corruption
cotton
Council of Four
Council of Ministers
Council of Ten
Covenant of the League of Nations
Cox, Lady
Cox, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles
Cox, Sir Percy
Crane, Charles R.
Crimean War
Cromer, Lord
see Baring
Crusader army (1249)
Crusaders
Cyprus
Damascus
and Arab Spring
under Azm rule
Damascus - cont.
capture by Ibrahim Pasha
captured by Mamluks
corruption
prostitution in
riots
sack of
Damurdashi, Ahmad Kathuda al-
Dayan, General Moshe
Dayr Yasin
de Bunsen, Sir Maurice
de Bunsen Committee
de Gaulle, General Charles
Declaration of Principles
Declassé, Théophile
democracy promotion
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Denizli, Ahmad Agha al-
Dentz, General Henri
Deraa
Desmichels, General Louis
Deval, Pierre
devshirme
see boy levy
Dhahbour, Amina
Din, Khaled Mohi El
Din, Khayr al- (Barbarossa)
Din, Khayr al- (Tunisia)
Din, Muhi al-
Din, Zakaria Mohi El
Dinshaway Incident
Dirʻiyya Agreement
Dirʻiyya destruction
Disraeli, Benjamin
Dodge, David
Doria, Andrea
Druzes
Dubai
Dulles, John Foster
early colonialism
Eastern Orthodox Church
Eban, Abba
Eden, Anthony
Egypt
Abyssinian Campaign
administration
Alexandria riots
Ali Bey as ruler
Anglo-Egyptian treaty
anti-British strikes
Arab Socialist Union
and Arab Spring
Arab-Israeli War (1948)
Arab-Israeli War (1967)
army austerity
Assembly of Delegates
Aswan Dam
attack on Libya
as autonomous Ottoman province
Axis support in
bankruptcy
Baʻth party
Black Saturday
bread riots
British occupation
Central Revolutionary Committee
clash with French culture
Communists
constitution of 1882
Constitution of 1923
constitutional movement
Constitutions
Consultative Council of Deputies
counterrevolution against the Arab Spring
covert Israeli operations in
democracy
Dinshaway Incident
elections, 2011
elections, 2014
financial indemnity
foreign debt
foreign military asistance
Free Officers
French occupation
French savants in
