Chapter 1
Shadi Bartsch, Actors in the Audience: Theatricality and Doublespeak from Nero to Hadrian (Harvard UP, 1994), 148–87，以及by the essays in Pliny’s Praise: The Panegyricus in the Roman World, edited by Paul Roche (Cambridge UP, 2011)对于普林尼的Speech of Praise有极其到位的阐释。F. R. D. Goodyear在Cambridge History of Latin Literature, edited by E. J. Kenney and W. V. Clausen (Cambridge UP, 1982), 660表达了反感（「人皆耻之」）。Roy K. Gibson, Man of High Empire: The Life of Pliny the Younger (Oxford UP, 2020)是当代对普林尼生涯最好的概述。Michael Peachin, ‘Rome the Superpower: 96–235 CE’, in A Companion to the Roman Empire, edited by David S. Potter (Blackwell, 2006), 126–52同样把普林尼的Speech of Praise（以及奥古斯都的What I Did）当成皇帝征才条件与工作内容的叙述来探讨。
罗马帝国崛起、「专制前传」，以及尤利乌斯．西泽带来的变革，在我的SPQR (Profile, 2015)有更多讨论。西泽的生涯、内战表现以及遇刺有诸多研究，以下是很实用的起点：A Companion to Julius Caesar, edited by Miriam Griffin (Blackwell, 2009); Greg Woolf, Et Tu Brute: The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination (Profile, 2006); T. P. Wiseman, Remembering the Roman People (Oxford UP, 2009) (chapter 10 on the assassination); Barry Strauss, The War that Made the Roman Empire: Antony, Cleopatra and Octavian at Actium (Simon and Schuster, 2022)，以及Josiah Osgood, Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire (Cambridge UP, 2006)。
以奥古斯都「新政」为主题的研究甚至更多。关于他的治世，Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Augustan Rome (2nd ed., Bloomsbury, 2018)是很可靠的简短概述。关于我讨论的几个主题，有几部论文集分别从不同的角度出发探讨，帮助很大：Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects, edited by Fergus Millar and Erich Segal (Oxford UP, 1984); The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus, edited by Karl Galinsky (Cambridge UP, 2005) ;Augustus, edited by Jonathan Edmondson (Edinburgh UP, 2009)，集结了当时影响力最大的几篇论文，最后则是The Alternative Augustan Age, edited by Josiah Osgood et al. (Oxford UP, 2019)，挑战了当代过度注重奥古斯都本人的情况。Fergus Millar对于奥古斯都时期的政局，写过一系列著名论文，后重新集结在他的论文集Rome, the Greek World and the East: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution, edited by Hannah M. Cotton and Guy M. Rogers (University of North Carolina Press, 2002)的第一册。Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Civilis Princeps: Between Citizen and King’, Journal of Roman Studies 72 (1982), 32–48探讨civilitas（身为「吾辈之一员」）的重要概念。
关于Cassius Dio的阿格丽普庇娜与马耶克纳斯之辩（氏着Roman History, Book 52），讨论见：Millar, A Study of Cassius Dio（见前〈通论〉），102–18; J. W. Rich, ‘Dio on Augustus’, in History as Text: The Writing of Ancient History, edited by Averil Cameron (Duckworth, 1989), 86–110；以及Christopher Burden-Strevens, ‘The Agrippa-Maecenas Debate’, in Brill’s Companion to Cassius Dio, edited by Jesper Majbom Madsen and Andrew G. Scott (Brill, 2023), 371–405。关于What I Did，Alison E. Cooley, Res Gestae Divi Augusti: Text, Translation and Commentary (Cambridge UP, 2009)是最全面的介绍。Ja· Elsner, ‘Inventing imperium’, in Art and Text in Roman Culture, edited by Elsner (Cambridge UP, 1996), 32–53分析奥古斯都对于城内大型纪念建物的重视。Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1988)的第十章，堪称分析「复仇者」马尔斯神庙，以及周边「奥古斯都广场」的新一代经典，这本书对于视觉艺术在一人统治之始的影响力有广泛的研究。Zanker的论文‘By the Emperor, for the People’, in The Emperor and Rome: Space, Representation and Ritual, edited by Bj·rn C. Ewald and Carlos F. Nore·a (Cambridge UP, Yale Classical Studies 35, 2010) 45–87探讨皇帝在建筑方面各种形式的「大手笔」。奥古斯都广场雕像的安排规画，是Joseph Geiger, The First Hall of Fame: A Study of the Statues of the Forum Augustum (Brill, 2008)探讨的重点。
古今以罗马的一人统治为题所写的历史，都是从皇帝与元老院关系切入。Richard J. A. Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton UP, 1987)探讨元老院在皇帝统治下的制度性角色。皇帝与元老关系的细致讨论，可见Keith Hopkins, Death and Renewal (Cambridge UP, 1983), 120–200（与Graham Burton一同重写）以及Matthew Roller, Constructing Autocracy: Aristocrats and Emperors in Julio-Claudian Rome (Princeton UP, 2001)。关于一人统治如何动用人们对于共和制度的理念，以及共和「自由」的看法，有不同的观点，可见Alain M. Gowing, Empire and Memory: The Representation of the Roman Republic in Imperial Culture (Cambridge UP, 2005)与Matthew Roller, ‘The Difference an Emperor Makes’, Classical Receptions Journal 7 (2015), 11–30。S. P. Oakley, ‘Res olim dissociabiles: Emperors, Senators and Liberty’, in The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, edited by A. J. Woodman (Cambridge UP, 2010), 184–94探讨塔西陀对皇帝与元老院的看法。关于在政治僵局中以谈笑为武器，见Aloys Winterling, Caligula: A Biography (University of California Press, 2011), 64–5，以及我所写的Laughter in Ancient Rome (University of California Press, 2014), 1–8（关于大竞技场中的康茂德与众元老，见Cassius Dio 73, 18–21）。Emily R. Wilson, Seneca: A Life (Penguin, 2016)是对塞涅卡的生平与死亡的优秀入门。Gibson, Man of High Empire（见前）充分把握到「合作」的风情。
除了Suetonius的Life与Imperial History相应段落提到之外，还可以注意以下几点。普林尼对维苏威火山爆发的描述，出现在Tacitus, Letters 6, 16 and 20这几封信中；八旬元老的意见于Letters 2, 1。克拉苏对于谁算有钱人，还有他自己脑袋的下场，记录在Plutarch, Crassus 2 and 33。关于星星的妙语出自Marcus Tullius Cicero，记载于Plutarch, Julius Caesar 59。布鲁图斯放高利贷的细节，亦见于Cicero, Letters to Atticus 5, 21 and 6, 1。Cassius Dio 53, 16（以及Suetonius, Augustus 7）解释了奥古斯都对称号的选择。Macrobius, Saturnalia 1, 12提到「五月」在公元前四十四年易名的事情（不确定是在西泽遇刺前还是遇刺后），还有「六月」在公元前八年的改名（亦见于Suetonius, Augustus 31与Cassius Dio 55, 6），而奥古斯都为保安全而全副武装，和有意退休之事（部分跟体恙有关）在Cassius Dio 54, 12 and 53, 30曾提到（亦见于Suetonius, Augustus 35 and 28）。罗马军人实际上的装束，讨论见Wearing the Cloak: Dressing the Soldier in Roman Times, edited by Marie-Louise Nosch (Oxbow, 2012)。如果想了解罗马凯旋式，我的The Roman Triumph (Harvard UP, 2007)提供的内容绝对超过你的需要。Keith Hopkins, ‘Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 bc–ad 400), Journal of Roman Studies 70 (1980), 101–25的附录，提供对于罗马军费最可信的评估。Tacitus, Annals 1, 34提到牙齿掉光的老士兵，1, 15提到选举的改变。关于投票厅的大小，讨论见Henrik Mouritsen, Plebs and Politics (Cambridge UP, 2001), 27–8; Suetonius, Augustus 43很可能提到厅内有格斗士（但问题在于如何解读其拉丁文原文）。勤王派的史家Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2, 91谈Tiberius的段落，从偏奥古斯都的观点，解释了奥古斯都为何除掉出资设立消防队的人（指控他有所阴谋）。爱比克泰德对于卧底的说法，见于Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus 4, 13（相关背景见Fergus Millar, ‘Epictetus and the Imperial Court’, in the second volume of his collected essays, Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire, edited by Hannah M. Cotton and Guy M. Rogers (University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 105–19）。Tacitus, Annals 1, 74提到，提比留跟元老之间虚情假意的交流。卡利古拉遇刺及其余波过后，那段呼吁重归共和的演说，引自Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 19, 166–85，讨论与脉络见T. P. Wiseman, The Death of Caligula (2nd ed., Liverpool UP, 2013)。
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参观景点：阿克提乌姆战役古战场（胜利城〔Nicopolis〕就盖在这里）附近有博物馆刚落成，靠近希腊的普雷韦扎（Preveza）。安卡拉那座墙上写了What I Did文本的古罗马神庙，目前虽然未对外开放，但从外面仍然看得很清楚。墨索里尼下令复制的文字，保存在依奥古斯都的「和平祭坛」（Altar of Peace）而新建的博物馆基墙上、统帅奥古斯都广场（Piazza Augusto Imperatore）旁边，完全免费参观。「复仇者」马尔斯神庙、周边的奥古斯都广场，以及附近跟皇帝有关的建筑（例如图拉真柱及其周边）尽皆对外开放（从切穿这些广场的主要道路帝国广场大道〔Via dei Fori Imperiali〕，看得也差不多清楚）。尤利乌斯．西泽投票厅（拉丁文作Saepta）的部分遗址，可以直接从万神殿东边的街道看到。
