Chapter 2
继承议题,以及罗马统治者出身愈来愈多元的情况,深植于一人统治的历史发展中,也深植于皇帝与元老院的碰撞中。现代的皇帝传记一再讨论到继承规画,而重要女性的传记也会谈到她们在过程中扮演的角色(有好有坏),例见Anthony A. Barrett, Agrippina: Mother of Nero (Batsford, 1996)与Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome (Yale UP, 2002)。做为皇族集体入土之用的奥古斯都陵墓,是Penelope J. E. Davies, Death and the Emperor (Cambridge UP, 2000), 13–19, 49–67探讨的其中一个重点。继承的原则及难题,讨论见The Julio-Claudian Succession: Reality and Perception of the ‘Augustan Model’, edited by A. G. G. Gibson (Brill, 2013),这两者也是Olivier Hekster, Emperors and Ancestors: Roman Rulers and the Constraints of Tradition (Oxford UP, 2015)的重点之一,作者对塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯虚构的收养,在205–17有精辟讨论。John D. Grainger, The Roman Imperial Succession (Pen and Sword, 2020)按照时间顺序,爬梳了每一回继承的情势。预兆与奇迹对于维斯帕先即位的影响,已经有许多深入讨论,例如Albert Henrichs, ‘Vespasian’s Visit to Alexandria’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3 (1968), 51–80与Trevor S. Luke, ‘A Healing Touch for Empire: Vespasian’s Wonders in Domitianic Rome’, Greece and Rome 57 (2010), 77–106。Hugh Lindsay, Adoption in the Roman World (Cambridge UP, 2009)讨论罗马与现代世界性质大不相同的收养(直到公元三世纪的皇帝收养也在讨论范围内)。Barbara Levick, Claudius (2nd ed., Routledge, 2015), 38–44跟我一样,我们都怀疑克劳狄乌斯在那场让他上位的政变中究竟有多无辜(深入探讨见A. G. G. Gibson, ‘“All Things to All Men”: Claudius and the Politics of AD 41’, in The Julio-Claudian Succession, 107–32)。Julian Bennett, Trajan Optimus Princeps (2nd ed., Routledge, 2001), 42–52说明了涅尔瓦收养图拉真时的情势。
Harriet I. Flower, The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace and Oblivion in Roman Political Culture (University of North Carolina Press, 2006)的后半,探讨先皇雕像的破坏,以及对其名讳的抹除。普林尼在图密善统治期间的仕途(以及现代史家各异的看法),相关讨论见Christopher Whitton, ‘Pliny’s Progress: On a Troublesome Domitianic Career’, Chiron 45 (2015), 1–22与Gibson, Man of High Empire(见前〈第一章〉),92–102,后者162–6收录其履历铭文的原文与译文(流传至今的原文,有大部分是透过一份十五世纪的抄录手稿)。Martin Szoke ‘Condemning Domitian or Un-damning Themselves· Tacitus and Pliny on the Domitianic “Reign of Terror”’, Illinois Classical Studies 44 (2019), 430–52把普林尼与塔西陀放在一起讨论。其中,认为普林尼「在任何独裁政权」统治下都能飞黄腾达,是Karl Strobel, ‘Plinius und Domitian: Der willige Helfer eines Unrechtssystems·’ in Plinius der Jüngere und seine Zeit, edited by Luigi Castagna and Eckard Lefèvre (K. G. Saur, 2003), 303–14的看法。Pliny, Letters 4, 22描述与涅尔瓦的晚宴。对于这个场合也有其它的诠释,如William C. McDermott, ‘Pliny, Epistulae iv 22’, Antichthon 12 (1978), 78–82(涅尔瓦之天真);Paul Roche, ‘The Panegyricus and the monuments of Rome’, in ‘Pliny’s Praise’, edited by Roche(见前〈第一章〉)(涅尔瓦无法摆脱过去);以及The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(见前〈通论〉),vol. II, no. 4.30(涅尔瓦朝中的紧张情势)。
大多数的重点,在Suetonius或Imperial History等古代传记的相应章节很容易就能找到。其它参考文献下述。利薇雅和无花果的故事,见Cassius Dio 56, 30。提比留共治计划有稍微不同的版本,见Cassius Dio 58, 23 and Suetonius, Tiberius 76。埃拉加巴卢斯穿上卡拉卡拉的衣服,以及「找到父亲」的揶揄,皆出自Cassius Dio 79, 30 and 77, 9。吉朋名言引自氏着History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (first published 1776)第一卷第三章,与Niccolò Machiavelli, in his Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (first published, posthumously, in 1531; in English, Discourses on Livy)相呼应。权力易手时的各种暗算或诡计,例见Tacitus, Annals 1, 5(利薇雅的情报操作)、Annals 6, 50(闷死提比留)与Cassius Dio 66, 71(否认维斯帕斯之死相关的阴谋传闻)。狄欧「调整脸上的表情」在74, 13。途经现场化解哗变的哲学家是金口狄欧,此事记载于三世纪的Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 488。
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参观景点:本书写作时,位于罗马统帅奥古斯都广场中心的奥古斯都陵墓尚未对外开放,但不久后有望开放。普林尼履历铭文现存米兰,嵌在圣安布罗焦圣殿(church of Sant’Ambrogio,位于圣安布罗焦广场〔Piazza Sant’Ambrogio〕)前庭墙上。