Chapter 3
图密善的「黑色晚宴」是Cassius Dio 67, 9的勾勒；Seneca, Moral Letters 12, 8提到把这场晚宴当成对葬礼的预演。晚宴与死亡的联想，是Catharine Edwards, Death in Ancient Rome (Yale UP, 2007), 161–78的主题之一。整体来说，罗马人的用餐是新进的研究。Katherine M. B. Dunbabin and William J. Slater, ‘Roman Dining’ in The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, edited by Michael Peachin (Oxford UP, 2011), 438–66是很好的入门通论。Dunbabin的The Roman Banquet: Images of Conviviality (Cambridge UP, 2003)把重点聚焦在视觉再现。John H. D’Arms在‘Performing Culture: Roman Spectacle and the Banquets of the Powerful’, in The Art of Ancient Spectacle, edited by Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon (National Gallery of Art/Yale UP, 1999), 300–19探讨饮宴的场面，在‘The Culinary Reality of Roman Upper-Class Convivia: Integrating Texts and Images’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 (2004), 428–50探讨用餐的实际与想象之间的关系。皇室以外的飨宴实例，则有公元前一世纪巨头卢库尔卢斯（Lucullus，Plutarch, Lucullus 41）与普林尼的水景用餐室（Pliny, Letters 5, 6）。Justin Goddard, ‘The Tyrant at Table’, in Reflections of Nero, edited by Ja· Elsner and Jamie Masters (Duckworth, 1994), 67–82, Susanna Morton Braund, ‘The Solitary Feast: A Contradiction in Terms·’, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 41 (1996), 37–52以及John F. Donahue, The Roman Community at Table During the Principate (University of Michigan Press, 2017), 66–78特别探讨宴客的皇帝。我在本章讨论过皇帝享用晚餐的几个例子，Verena Schulz, Deconstructing Imperial Representation: Tacitus, Cassius Dio, and Suetonius on Nero and Domitian (Brill, 2019), 11–32也有相关处理。
关于尼罗旋转用餐室（Suetonius, Nero 31）所在地，最新的论点在Francoise Villedieu in the online periodical Neronia Electronica 1 (2011): http://www.sien-neron.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Neronia-Electronica-F.1.pd有简短讨论；内文为法文，但有丰富的平面图与照片。关于人称「利薇雅浴场」的用餐室，详尽说明可见Thorsten Opper, Nero: The Man behind the Myth (British Museum Press, 2021), 219–22；更详尽的意大利文讨论见Aureo Filo: La Prima Reggia de Nerone sul Palatino, edited by Stefano Borghini et al. (Electa, 2019)（p. 13提到博福尔公爵的角色，至于他的大理石像大部分的下落，见Lucy Abel Smith, ‘The Duke of Beaufort’s Marble Room’, Burlington Magazine 138, no. 1114 (January 1996), 25–30）。斯塔提乌斯的诗是Silvae 4, 2（Silvae字面上的意思是「树丛」或「森林」，对今人的来说则意近于「自然诗文」或「花冠」）。Carole Newlands, Statius’ Silvae and the Poetics of Empire (Cambridge UP, 2002), 260–83, by K. M. Coleman, Statius Silvae IV (Oxford UP, 1988), 8–13, 82–101（比较艰深的语言学研究）以及Martha Malamud, ‘A Spectacular Feast: Silvae 4. 2’, Arethusa 40 (2007), 223–44都有探讨斯塔提乌斯的诗。对于那栋很有可能是图密善宴会所在地的用餐室建筑（或者说部分建筑），Sheila Gibson et al., ‘The Triclinium of the Domus Flavia: A New Reconstruction’, Papers of the British School at Rome 62 (1994), 67–100有一番重建。其它设宴地点的讨论见Deborah N. Carlson, ‘Caligula’s Floating Palaces’, Archaeology 55 (2002)（游舫），以及（哈德良的别墅）Eugenia Salza Prina Ricotti, ‘The Importance of Water in Roman Garden Triclinia’, in Ancient Roman Villa Gardens, edited by Elisabeth Blair MacDougall (Dumbarton Oaks, 1987), esp. 174–81, William L. MacDonald and John A. Pinto, Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy (Yale UP, 1995), 102–16，以及The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug (above, General), vol. II, no. 2.21。卡利古拉的「鸟巢」见Pliny, Natural History 12, 10，尼罗的水上用餐室（民众争相围观）见Cassius Dio 62, 15（Tacitus, Annals 15, 37的描述则大不相同）。斯塔提乌斯提到，在大竞技场内野餐的诗是Silvae 1, 6，Martha Malamud, ‘That’s Entertainment! Dining with Domitian in Statius’ Silvae’, Ramus 30 (2001), 23–45与Newlands, Statius’ Silvae, 227–59对此有讨论。Petronius: A Handbook, edited by Jonathan Prag and Ian Repath (Blackwell, 2009)对于特里马尔奇欧晚宴及其文学脉络有很实用的介绍。Emily Gowers, The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature (Oxford UP, 1996)缜密探讨了文学中出现的浮夸罗马饮宴（包括「密涅瓦之盾」）。特里马尔奇欧的剥豆子专人，见Petronius, Satyricon 28。
我在Laughter in Ancient Rome（见前〈第一章〉），142–5讨论过皇宫晚宴上的喜剧演员及娱乐表演者。M.-A. Le Guennec, ‘être cuisinier dans l’Occident romain antique’, Archeologia Classica 70 (2019), 295–327研究皇宫与其它地方的厨师职业。个别的墓碑很难找到，重要研究也多半不是英文。 Konrad V·ssing, Mensa Regia (K. G. Saur, 2004), 509–29（德文）列出了全部并稍事讨论。普利米提乌斯的墓志铭刊于Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum（见前〈通论〉）VI, 7458 and 8750；希律狄阿努斯的墓志铭亦见于Corpus VI, 9005。佐西穆斯与试毒人的讨论见Leonhard Schumacher, ‘Der Grabstein des Ti Claudius Zosimus’, Epigraphische Studien 11 (1976), 131–41。普鲁塔克对亚历山德拉港厨房之一窥，见于氏着Antony 28。皇宫厨师团队另外两名成员的墓志铭，原文与译文可见Brian K. Harvey, Roman Lives: Ancient Roman Life as Illustrated by Latin Inscriptions (Focus, 2004), nos. 74 and 76。
从安敦宁．庇护的阿纳尼（Anagni）别墅的安排，可以清楚看出用餐场所的权力关系，Elizabeth Fentress et al., ‘Wine, Slaves and the Emperor at Villa Magna’, Expedition 53 (2011), 13–20 (available online: https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/53-2/fentress.pdf)对此有点简短讨论，详尽讨论可见Fentress and Marco Maiuro, ‘Villa Magna near Anagni: The Emperor, his Winery and the Wine of Signia’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 24 (2011), 333–69。Emlyn Dodd et al., ‘The spectacle of production: a Roman imperial winery at the Villa of the Quintilli, Rome’, Antiquity 97 (2023), 436–53探讨类似的用餐安排。Suetonius, Augustus 74提到皇帝请来用餐的人之间的社交隔阂。Lisa Trentin, ‘Deformity in the Roman Imperial Court’, Greece and Rome 58 (2011), 195–208提到对于「异常身体」的展示（包括把驼背的人摆在餐盘上）。乌埃迪乌斯．波勒利欧的故事见Seneca, On Anger 3, 40与Cassius Dio 54, 23；不列塔尼库斯之死见Tacitus, Annals 13, 15–17。我在Laughter in Ancient Rome（见前〈第一章〉）129–35讨论对于玩笑的滥用，其中也包括本章提及的几个故事。Sorcha Carey, ‘A Tradition of Adventures in the Imperial Grotto’, Greece and Rome 49 (2002), 44–61与Michael Squire, ‘Giant Questions: Dining with Polyphemus at Sperlonga and Baiae’, Apollo 158, no. 497 (2003), 29–37探讨了斯佩尔隆加与巴伊埃等地的用餐室。塔西陀提到洞窟塌陷（Annals 4, 59）与阿格丽普庇娜人生最后一夜（Annals 14, 4–9）的故事；把巴伊埃的用餐室跟阿格丽普庇娜最后一餐的地点连在一起的人，是Lawrence Keppie, ‘“Guess who’s coming to dinner·”: The Murder of Nero’s Mother in its Topographical Setting’, Greece and Rome 58 (2011), 33–47
关于宴客的其它用处及滥用，下面列出相应的古代传记中比较不容易找到的部分。哈德良的餐巾见Imperial History当中的Alexander Severus 3。Visitors to Versailles: From Louis XIV to the French Revolution, edited by Dani·lle Kisluk-Grosheide and Bertrand Rondot (Metropolitan Museum of Art, Exhibition Catalogue, 2018), 21–2提到，扒手趁观光客观赏国王在凡尔赛宫用餐时动手。西塞罗在Letters to Atticus 13, 52提到宴请西泽。希律设宴游说一事，见Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18, 289–97。Cassius Dio 57, 11提到提比留欢迎来宾（跟来宾道别则是Suetonius, Tiberius 72）。克劳狄乌斯的温和性情见Plutarch, Galba 12以及Suetonius, Claudius 32；晚宴时的通奸见Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man 18，亦见于Suetonius, Caligula 36（以及Augustus 69）。
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参观景点：罗马帕拉丁皇宫主餐室遗址对外开放（本书写作时，「利薇雅浴场」再度关闭，但未来应该会在适当时机开放──部分装饰展示于附近的帕拉丁博物馆〔Palatine Museum〕）。「利薇雅花园间」（Livia’s Garden Room，用途是用餐室）的壁画如今展示在罗马中央车站附近的马西莫宫博物馆。去意大利时，你可以探访哈德良蒂沃利别墅几个奢华的用餐区域，以及斯佩尔隆加的洞窟（与附属博物馆），还有巴伊埃火山区考古博物馆（Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields）里克劳狄乌斯水景用餐区的重建。卡利古拉游舫残骸现藏内米的罗马船舶博物馆（Roman Ship Museum，部分华丽内装藏于马西莫宫博物馆）。庞贝与赫库兰尼姆（Herculaneum）还有许多比较朴实，但同样令人印象深刻的用餐间可以参观。至于铭文，佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆（Uffizi Gallery）展出其中一块提及佐西穆斯的石碑，另一块在德国的邦立美因茨博物馆（Landesmuseum Mainz）。
