Chapter 4
斐洛在On the Embassy to Gaius (Legatio) 349–67中描述他与卡利古拉的过从。当时的情况(以及亚历山德拉港争议的背景)在Erich S. Gruen, Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Harvard UP, 2002), 54–83可见讨论。Panayiotis Christoforou在‘“An Indication of Truly Imperial Manners”: The Roman Emperor in Philo’s Legatio ad Gaium’, Historia 70 (2021), 83–115一文中取笑斐洛对于「皇帝」的看法。Katharine T. von Stackelberg, The Roman Garden: Space, Sense and Society (Routledge, 2009)介绍罗马各种花园,包括御苑,也特别讨论卡利古拉和拉米阿别苑,134–40。Kim J. Hartswick, The Gardens of Sallust: A Changing Landscape (University of Texas Press, 2004)对于装饰这类别苑的工艺品有绝佳的设想。Amanda Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2nd ed., Oxford UP, 2010), 330–33对于「马耶克纳斯讲堂」的探讨简明易懂,同时也是罗马城所有皇居的可靠指南。
T. P. Wiseman, The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story (Princeton UP, 2019)以奥古斯都时代的帕拉丁山与皇居的历史(与史前史)为主轴,‘Access for Augustus: “The House of Livia” and the Palatine passages’, Journal of Roman Studies 112 (2022), 57–77有进一步的细节。我的看法是,即便其它理论这么多,但Wiseman已经一锤定音,指出所谓的「奥古斯都邸」与「利薇雅邸」不可能真是他们的住所。西塞罗说,可以从自己在帕拉丁山的房子看到城区(以及被城区的人看到)的说法,来自他的演说词,On his House 100。约瑟夫斯对于卡利古拉遇害一事,以及事发之际帕拉丁山环境的描述,见其所著Jewish Antiquities 19, 1–273, translated by Wiseman in Death of Caligula(见前〈第一章〉)。早期宫殿区的布局,见117(我使用的是Wiseman的译文)。Wiseman在‘The Palatine, from Evander to Elagabalus’, Journal of Roman Studies 103 (2013), 234–68,讲述了直到公元三世纪的帕拉丁山历史。
Aureo Filo(见前〈第三章〉)谈到尼罗时代在帕拉丁山上的建设。古代对于金宫的主要讨论,有Suetonius, Nero 31(包括「活得像个人」的戏言,引自39),Tacitus, Annals 15, 42以及Cassius Dio 64, 4(维特尔利乌斯的嗤之以鼻)。关于金宫还剩下什么,以及该如何重建(并有深入的专业考古研究),有Opper, Nero(见前〈第三章〉),228–41,早期的皇宫建筑,216–28; Edward Champlin, Nero (Harvard UP, 2003), 178–209以及Anthony A. Barrett, Rome is Burning: Nero and the Fire that Ended a Dynasty (Princeton UP, 2020), 175–222。Larry F. Ball, The Domus Aurea and the Roman Architectural Revolution (Cambridge UP, 2003)谈建筑创新。Maren Elisabeth Schwab and Anthony Grafton, The Art of Discovery: Digging into the Past in Renaissance Europe (Princeton UP, 2022), 190–225对于文艺复兴时代艺术家与金宫之间的相遇有绝佳的讨论。诗人马尔提阿利在氏着On the Spectacles 2提到罗马恢复原状。
Martial, Epigrams 8, 36对新的开发讲得天花乱坠,将之比座金字塔。Jens Pflug and Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt in The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(见前〈通论〉),vol. I, 204–38对帕拉丁宫殿区主要区域有清楚的介绍,Paul Zanker, ‘Domitian’s Palace on the Palatine and the Imperial Image’, in Representations of Empire: Rome and the Mediterranean World, edited by Alan Bowman et al. (Proceedings of the British Academy 114, Oxford UP, 2002), 105–30(提到前往皇宫致意的迂回路线,足以夸耀皇宫的辉煌)Wulf-Rheidt, ‘The Palace of the Roman Emperors on the Palatine in Rome’, in The Emperor’s House: Palaces from Augustus to the Age of Absolutism, edited by Michael Featherstone et al. (Walter de Gruyter, 2015), 3–18有更进一步的资料。Maria Antonietta Tomei, The Palatine (Electa, 1998)清楚说明了皇宫的遗迹与旧有建筑脉络的关系。千代田城的复杂,见Duindam, Dynasties(见前〈通论〉),185。「竞技场式花园」的构想见Pliny, Letters 5, 6。帕拉丁皇宫发展历史上的许多事件,以及宫殿的特色,可见于相应的古代传记。但以下几点也要注意。Cassius Dio 68, 5提到普罗蒂娜在台阶上发表演说;Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 4, 1 and 20, 1回想学者等待谒见时会聊天。一九二年大火的范围,见Cassius Dio 73, 24。Herodian提到卡拉卡拉与盖塔划分皇宫(History 4, 1)以及盖塔遇刺(History 4, 4)。
老普林尼在氏着Natural History中谈到,帕拉丁与其它皇宫里各式各样的艺术品:比方说劳孔雕塑(36, 37)提比留的画(35, 69)以及因民众抗议而返还的雕像(34, 61–62)。Greek Anthology 9, 224提到奥古斯都的山羊(Loeb Classical Library等亦收录)。Josephus, Jewish War 7, 162提到耶路撒冷圣殿特定的一些宝物最后进了皇宫。浮雕宝石的文化,讨论见R. R. R. Smith, ‘Maiestas Serena: Roman Court Cameos and Early Imperial Poetry and Panegyric’, Journal of Roman Studies 111 (2021), 75–152。「世界最早的古生物博物馆」,见Adrienne Mayor, The First Fossil Hunters (revised ed., Princeton UP, 2011), 143(皇宫与其它人的收藏,通论见142–54)。奥古斯都的「卡利敦野猪」牙齿与「珍奇照管者」,见Pausanias, Description of Greece 8, 46。「半人马」的故事见Phlegon, Book of Marvels 34,译本与讨论见William Hansen, Phlegon of Tralles’ Book of Marvels (University of Exeter Press, 1996)。Steven Rutledge, Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting (Oxford UP, 2012)探讨在罗马,「搜集」与「权力」之间有什么关系。Mary Beard et al., Religions of Rome (Cambridge UP, 1998), vol. II, no. 2.10b稍微谈到钉刑的涂鸦;所有涂鸦(及其考古出土脉络)都发表在Heikki Solin and Marja Itkonen-Kaila, Graffiti del Palatino, I Paedogogium (Finnish Institute in Rome, 1966)(意大利文)。近年来对于这处建物、涂鸦讽刺的意义,以及基督徒出现在皇帝府内的研究,有Felicity Harley-McGowan, ‘The Alexamenos Graffito’, in The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries, edited by Chris Keith et al. (T&T Clark, 2019), Vol. 3, 105–40; Peter Keegan, ‘Reading the “Pages” of the Domus Caesaris’ in Roman Slavery and Roman Material Culture, edited by Michele George (University of Toronto Press, 2013), 69–98;以及Michael Flexsenhar III, Christians in Caesars Household: The Emperor’s Slaves in the Makings of Christianity (Penn State UP, 2019)。
Michele George在The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(见前〈通论〉),vol. I, 239–66爬梳了罗马城外的皇帝别墅。对于个别地产的研究有:Villa Magna: An Imperial Estate and its Legacies, edited by Elisabeth Fentress et al. (British School at Rome, Oxbow Books, 2017); Federico Di Matteo, Villa di Nerone a Subiaco (L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2005); Clemens Krause, Villa Jovis: Die Residenz des Tiberius auf Capri (Philipp von Zabern, 2003); La villa dei Quintili, edited by Andreina Ricci (Lithos, 1998); R. Paris, Via Appia: La villa dei Quintili (Electa, 2000);以及Robin Darwall-Smith, ‘Albanum and the Villas of Domitian’, Pallas 40 (1994), 145–65。马可.奥里略在写给家教的信上提到自己在乡间的生活风格,见Fronto, Letters to Marcus 4, 6,亦见于Caillan Davenport and Jennifer Manley, Fronto: Selected Letters (Bloomsbury, 2014) no. 6; Pliny, Letters 6, 31提到自己拜访图拉真的别墅。阿尔巴诺别墅发出的那份文件(涉及法雷里奥与费尔姆之间的冲突,见第五章),译文见Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire from Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge UP, 1988), no. 96;蒂沃发出的希腊文信件刊于Oliver, Greek Constitutions(见前〈序幕〉),no. 74 bis(残缺严重,无法翻译)。
对于哈德良别墅整体最详尽的英文说明,包括跟后代艺术家之间的过从,是MacDonald and Pinto, Hadrian’s Villa(见前〈第三章〉);with, more briefly, Thorsten Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict (British Museum Press, 2008), 130–65。意大利文的话,Eugenia Salza Prina Ricotti的研究一直都很有影响力,例如Villa Adriana: Il sogno di un imperatore (L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2001)。Thea Ravasi, ‘Displaying Sculpture in Rome’, in A Companion to Ancient Aesthetics, edited by Pierre Destrée and Penelope Murray (Blackwell, 2015), 248–60探讨其雕塑展现的美学。在‘The Antinoeion of Hadrian’s Villa: Interpretation and Architectural Reconstruction’, American Journal of Archaeology 111 (2007), 83–104,Zaccaria Mari and Sergio Sgalambro提出了现场的新发现,并主张该埃及风建筑为安提诺乌斯的墓(恐难尽信)。Wilhelmina F. Jashemski and Salza Prina Ricotti, ‘Preliminary Excavations in the Gardens of Hadrian’s Villa’ American Journal of Archaeology 96 (1992), 579–97讨论若干园林的部分发掘工作。Marina De Franceschini, ‘Villa Adriana (Tivoli, Rome) Subterranean Corridors’, Archeologia Sotterra-nea 2012 (online journal: www.sotterraneidiroma.it/rivista-online)探讨地下通道。Gemma C. M. Jansen, ‘Social Distinctions and Issues of Privacy in the Toilets of Hadrian’s Villa’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003), 137–52是对厕所的精辟分析。Imperial History, Hadrian 26是其中一份可以用于辨别园区分区的文本。
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参观景点:罗马的主要皇居,从帕拉丁皇宫本身(不包括尼罗时代的楼层)到金宫都是对外开放的。想知道别苑的样貌,「马耶克纳斯讲堂」对外开放(通常要事先预约),还有新开幕的拉米阿别苑博物馆(「宁芙博物馆」〔Museo Ninfeo〕)。卡比托利欧博物馆展示了许多来自御「苑」的奢侈品(哥本哈根的新嘉士伯美术馆〔Ny Carlsberg Museum〕则藏有大量雕塑)。帕拉丁博物馆经常展示那幅钉刑涂鸦。出了罗马(到了用餐室以外的地方),可参访哈德良的蒂沃利别墅(但占地非常广大),你也可以探索尼罗在安齐奥的别墅、罗马城边的库因提利别墅(在罗马跟钱皮诺〔Ciampino〕机场之间)、图拉真在阿尔奇纳佐罗马诺(Arcinazzo Romano)的别墅,以及尼罗苏比亚科别墅的部分。甘多尔福堡的花园可以看到图密善别墅的几个区(梵蒂冈博物馆安排了许多导览选项)。提比留别墅的遗迹是现代卡普里岛的旅游热点。