饭饭TXT > 军事历史 > 《罗马皇帝(出版书)》作者:[美]玛莉·毕尔德/译者:冯奕达【完结】 > 罗马皇帝.txt

第五章

作者:美-玛莉·毕尔德/译者:冯奕达 当前章节:7251 字 更新时间:2026-7-22 18:11

Chapter 5

以克劳狄乌斯.伊特鲁斯库斯之父为题的诗,是Statius, Silvae 3, 3; P. R. C. Weaver, ‘The Father of Claudius Etruscus: Statius, Silvae 3, 3’, Classical Quarterly 15 (1965), 145–54讨论了此人的生涯。前面〈序幕〉已列出近年来对于罗马宫廷文化的研究。关于宫廷风气特性,很容易在相应的古代自传中(或者Marcus Aurelius, Jottings to Himself)找到,试举如下。宫里的孩子们见Cassius Dio 48, 44。小提图斯目击不列塔尼库斯身亡一事,记录在Suetonius, Titus 2。Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus 4, 7把资深朝臣比喻成小孩。Tacitus, Annals 15, 23提到色雷塞亚.帕耶图斯遭到排挤,普鲁塔克的一篇文章(On Talkativeness 11)提到富尔维乌斯自杀。宫里为了避免疱疹传染爆发而禁止亲吻,是从Pliny, Natural History 26, 3与Suetonius, Tiberius 34重建得来的。Seneca, On Benefits 2, 12提到亲吻卡利古拉的脚。老维特尔利乌斯的谄媚,见于苏埃托尼乌斯写的小维特尔利乌斯传,Vitellius 2。大菱鲆的讽刺故事出自Juvenal, Satires 4,Christopher S. van den Berg, ‘Imperial Satire and Rhetoric’, in A Companion to Persius and Juvenal, edited by Susanna Braund and Josiah Osgood (Blackwell, 2012), esp. 279–81可见详尽介绍,如今还有Gowers, The Loaded Table(见前〈第三章〉),202–11的经典分析。Jerzy Linderski, ‘Fumum vendere and fumo necare’, Glotta 65 (1987), 137–46对于「放烟雾」的意思有深入剖析。

皇帝的奴隶与前奴隶的家庭,讨论见P. R. C Weaver, Familia Caesaris: A Social Study of the Emperor’s Freedmen and Slaves (Cambridge UP, 1972), Rose MacLean, Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values (Cambridge UP, 2018), 104–30(聚焦在前奴隶),还有Jonathan Edmondson in The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(见前〈通论〉),vol. I, 168–203的杰出论文。奴隶在帕拉丁皇宫的涂鸦,讨论见Solin and Itkonen-Kaila, Graffiti del Palatino(见前〈第四章〉)。提图斯的医生出现在Alison E. Cooley and M. G. L. Cooley, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook (2nd ed., Routledge, 2014), 110;Garrett G. Fagan, ‘Bathing for Health with Celsus and Pliny the Elder’, Classical Quarterly 56 (2006), 190–207,就是那个扫兴鬼。Susan Treggiari在‘Jobs in the Household of Livia’, Papers of the British School at Rome 43 (1975), 48–77讨论利薇雅的人手。Keith Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge UP, 1994), 2–3简短讨论到穆西库斯.斯古尔拉努斯;墓志铭译文见Harvey, Roman Lives(见前〈第三章〉),no. 68(还有一段谈到其它皇帝的奴隶,包括帮图拉真管衣服的人,no. 77)。详述了那位试毒者生涯的铭文,译文见Harvey, Roman Lives no. 74,以及The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug, vol. II, no. 5.11;科耶图斯.希律狄阿努斯墓志铭在前面〈第三章〉曾提到。提比留与奴隶守门人的故事,见Phaedrus, Fables 2, 5,John Henderson, Telling Tales on Caesar: Roman Stories from Phaedrus (Oxford UP, 2001), 9–31对此有讨论。塔西陀在Annals 15, 35 and 16, 8对这些「皇帝派头」的部门表示不满。

Henrik Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World (Cambridge UP, 2011), 66–119,以及P. R. C. Weaver, ‘Social Mobility in the Early Roman Empire: The Evidence of the Imperial Freedmen and Slaves’, in Studies in Ancient Society, edited by M. I. Finley (Routledge, 1974), 121–40深入探讨大权在握的前奴隶。爱比克泰德的补鞋奴故事,见Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus 1, 19。帕尔拉斯的生平,讨论见MacLean, Freed Slaves, 107–11,普林尼的反应见James McNamara, ‘Pliny, Tacitus and the Monuments of Pallas’, Classical Quarterly 71 (2021), 308–29(普林尼的信,我采用McNamara的译文)。一份今藏于伦敦的莎草纸文件,记录了帕尔拉斯的财产(P.Lond II, 195 recto): https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx·ref=Papyrus_195(A-B)。Suetonius, Vitellius 2提到神龛里帕尔拉斯的小雕像。斐洛对于赫利科的几点攻击,见On the Embassy to Gaius, 168–206;克烈安德遭受到的「指控」,A. R. Birley in the Cambridge Ancient History vol. 11 (2nd ed. Cambridge UP, 2000), 189–90可见其大要。贺拉斯拒绝出任奥古斯都秘书一事,在Suetonius, Horace曾提及(苏埃托尼乌斯也有写文人传记)。关于特里马尔奇欧的刻划,见前〈第三章〉。塔西陀对于尼罗前奴隶(波利克利图斯)任务的描述,见Annals 14, 39。Pliny, Letters 10, 63 and 67提到他在等皇帝的前奴隶下指示。

皇帝欢场生活的再现(以及相关的幻想)在Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge UP, 2007)(包括对安提诺乌斯、斯波洛斯、春光以及潘忒雅的讨论),以及Anise K. Strong, Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World (Cambridge UP, 2016), 80–96可见深入讨论。除了相应的古代传记中关于性剥削与性伴侣的段落,还有以下文献。尤利安关于图拉真的笑话,见The Caesars 311c,斯塔提乌斯关于春光的诗见Silvae 3, 4,Cassius Dio, Roman History 65, 14提到卡耶妮丝之富有(她墓碑的图收录在The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug, vol. II, no. 3.50,见前〈通论〉)。

皇帝的妻子与女性亲属具备的影响力,几乎是现代对于宫廷政治与皇帝史的所有讨论的重点,皇后的传记数量也不少(我最喜欢的几部作品,已经列在前面的〈通论〉)。Mary T. Boatwright, Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context (Oxford UP, 2021),对一人统治前三个世纪的皇室女性有清楚的介绍,书也才刚出。非严格传记性质的研究中,有几个特别重要,如(以利薇雅为主题)Nicholas Purcell, ‘Livia and the Womanhood of Rome’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 32 (1986), 78–105,以及(以小阿格丽普庇娜为主题)Judith Ginsburg, Representing Agrippina: Constructions of Female Power in the Early Roman Empire (Oxford UP, 2006)。比较不容易在Suetonius或Imperial History找到的文献,兹罗列如下。Cassius Dio 57, 3公开表示,利薇雅操盘提比留的继位。Tacitus, Annals 13, 5提到塞涅卡暗示尼罗应该从讲台下去,去见阿格丽普庇娜。Cassius Dio 78, 18提到尤莉亚.多姆娜接管了卡拉卡拉的往来信件。尤莉亚在论坛上做爱的事,备受Seneca, On Benefits 6, 32的挞伐,而梅萨丽娜跟妓女比赛的事,则出于Pliny, Natural History 10, 172。Levick, Faustina I and II(见前〈通论〉)79–80,揭发了法乌丝蒂娜跟格斗士的情事,以及背后的理论。Cassius Dio 58, 2提到有人称呼利薇雅为「国母」(‘Mother of her Country’,Tacitus, Annals 1, 14有稍微不同的故事)。普罗蒂娜写给哈德良的信,在Riet van Bremen, ‘Plotina to all her Friends: The Letter(s) of the Empress Plotina to the Epicureans in Athens’, Chiron 35 (2005), 499–532有完整讨论(以及译文);利薇雅替萨摩斯人出手干预,见Joyce Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome (Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1982), no. 13 (104–6);哈德良关于玛提蒂雅的演说,在Christopher P. Jones, ‘A Speech of the Emperor Hadrian’, Classical Quarterly 54 (2004), 266–73有讨论(与译文)(Jones认为,这篇演说词是在官方将她神格化的仪式上,而非葬礼上讲的)。塔西陀在Annals 3, 17提到反对利薇雅运用影响力。铭文内容是Alison E. Cooley, The Senatus Consultum de Pisone Patre: Text, Translation. and Commentary (Cambridge UP, 2023)的主题。Suetonius, Claudius 36或许没有我爱用的现代版译本那么生动(克劳狄乌斯其实「只有问自己的位子安不安全」)。尤莉亚对通奸开的玩笑,引自Macrobius, Saturnalia 2, 5。我所引用的铭文,其译文(有些只有部分)收入The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(见前〈通论〉),vol. II, no. 3.27(利薇雅与萨摩斯人)、3.29(利薇雅影响审判)、3.32(普罗蒂娜与以弗所人)、3.34(尤莉亚.多姆娜与以弗所人)。

那篇用塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯的口吻撰写的古怪论文,是Keith Hopkins, ‘How to be a Roman Emperor: An Autobiography’, in Sociological Studies in Roman History, edited by Christopher Kelly (Cambridge UP, 2018), 534–48。The Cambridge Companion to Galen, edited by R. J. Hankinson (Cambridge UP, 2008)以及Susan P. Mattern, The Prince of Medicine: Galen in the Roman Empire (Oxford UP, 2013)是对盖伦及其研究的优秀介绍。Claire Bubb, Dissection in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge UP, 2022)对于盖伦在解剖学上的地位有很好的说明(书中引用的材料不见于标准版的翻译)。Antoine Pietrobelli找到的On the Avoidance of Grief,业已译为Galen: Psychological Writings, edited by P. N. Singer (Cambridge UP, 2013), Galen’s Treatise Peri Alupias (De indolentia) in Context: A Tale of Resilience, edited by Caroline Petit (Brill, 2019)有深入讨论,同一本文集中还有Matthew Nicholls谈盖伦对康茂德的看法,245–62。盖伦对皇帝的诊断,译本与讨论见Mattern, The Prince of Medicine, 200–1(康茂德的扁桃腺)、205–7(马可.奥里略跟粥),以及207–12(底野迦)。

Davenport and Manley, Fronto(见前〈第四章〉)清楚介绍了弗朗托的信件如何找到,以及他跟皇家的关系。两人也翻译了颇有价值的部分信件,例如nos. 20 and 21(生病)、24(坏脾气)、26(生病)= Letters to Marcus 5, 55; 5, 23; 4, 12; 5, 25(按照最新的标准编目)。Annelise Freisenbruch, ‘Back to Fronto: Doctor and Patient in his Correspondence with an Emperor’, in Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography, edited by Ruth Morello and A. D. Morrison (Oxford UP, 2007), 235–56讨论了信里对于疾病的痴迷。我在正文中提到跟生病相关的短引文,摘自Letters to Marcus 5, 27–30。阿埃里乌斯.阿里斯提德斯的病,见氏着Sacred Tales。Amy Richlin, Marcus Aurelius in Love: The Letters of Marcus and Fronto (Chicago UP, 2006)强调这些信件内容的情欲面向(另外还选节了其它的信)。我引用了Richlin的nos. 1, 3, 9 (Letters to Marcus 3, 9; additional letters 7; Letters to Marcus 3, 3)。

马可.奥里略《给自己的便条》的译本,多半都采用《沉思录》为书名(但我避免这么用,因为听起来太有深度,或者太有神秘感了)。我提到的内容都不难在译本中找到。A Companion to Marcus Aurelius, edited by Marcel van Ackeren (Blackwell, 2012)对于这份文本的各个面向,以及皇帝本人的生平,有很精采的介绍。猿猴的故事见Phaedrus, Fables 4, 13(以及Henderson, Telling Tales on Caesar, 177–80)。

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