Chapter 6
普林尼在本都─比提尼亚的职位,Gibson, Man of High Empire, 190–237有深入讨论。Greg Woolf, ‘Pliny/Trajan and the Poetics of Empire’, Classical Philology 110 (2015), 132–51与Myles Lavan, ‘Pliny Epistles 10 and Imperial Correspondence’, in Roman Literature under Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian: Literary Interactions, AD 96–138, edited by Alice K·nig and Christopher Whitton (Cambridge UP, 2018), 280–301分析了他跟图拉真的通信。Kathleen M. Coleman, ‘Bureaucratic Language in the Correspondence between Pliny and Trajan’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 142 (2012), 189–238研究信中的用语。A. N. Sherwin-White, ‘Trajan’s Replies to Pliny: Authorship and Necessity’, Journal of Roman Studies 52 (1962), 114–25探讨书记在写「图拉真」的信时扮演的角色。Pliny, Letters第十册不难找,至于我谈到的主题请见:10, 17b–18 and 39–40(建筑师与测量员);10, 23–4(布鲁萨的浴场);10, 33–4(消防队);10, 41–2 and 61–62(湖);10, 53(制式回复);96–7(基督徒)。阿埃里乌斯.阿里斯提德斯对皇帝的信大肆吹捧,是在氏着Roman Oration 33至于「犹如歌舞队等着老师的指示」则是Roman Oration 32(我使用的译文是J. H. Oliver, in ‘The Ruling Power’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 43 (1953), 871–1003)。「通讯治国」取自Fergus Millar的文章标题,‘Trajan, Government by Correspondence’, in the second volume of Rome, the Greek World and the East, edited by Cotton and Rogers(见前〈第一章〉),23–46。弗朗托的To Marcus Aurelius, On Eloquence 2.7强调通信对皇帝统治的重要性。
皇帝在司法判决或回应请愿时的角色,是皇帝传记的主题之一。除了Life相应传记的段落,其它说明如下。Cassius Dio 68, 24提到安提阿群众,Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 2, 5提到安敦宁对塞琉西亚代表团成员的回答。A. J. Graham, ‘The Division of Britain’, Journal of Roman Studies 56 (1966), 92–107 (esp. 100–1)因为其它原因,曾简短讨论到记录了代表团从以弗所追到不列颠一事的铭文。维斯帕先收到要钱的纸条,典出Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 5, 38。假自白案件的梗概纪录于The Digest of Justinian 48, 18, 27 (translated by Alan Watson, University of Pennsylvania Press)。塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯与卡拉卡拉(当时还是小孩)回得最制式的讯息,见Westermann and A. Arthur Schiller, Apokrimata: Decisions of Septimius Severus on Legal Matters (Columbia UP, 1954),但后来这些官样回复都有新增与改进。从莎草纸文件推测,行政长官一天最多可能收到六百封请愿(但这不是常态),William V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Harvard UP, 1989), 215对此有稍事讨论。斯卡普托帕拉的铭文已佚。Connolly, Lives behind the Laws(见前〈序幕〉),167–73有其中一种版本的译文。斯塔提乌斯写书信部长的诗,是Silvae 5, 1。Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 2, 24夸奖过优秀的代笔人。Plutarch, Julius Caesar 17提到西泽一次做很多事,Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 3, 16提到哈德良的产科研究。Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 254–60提到卡利古拉的阅读,Philostratus, The Lives of the Sophists 2, 9提到马可.奥里略苦民所苦。盖伦的段落(Diseases of the Mind 4),译文见Thomas Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery (Routledge, 1981), no. 198。「借用文采」是塔西陀在Annals 13, 3的讲法。尤利安开的图拉真玩笑,在The Caesars 327。
法雷里奥与费尔姆之间的争议,其记录(也就是从图密善阿尔巴诺别墅发出的文)译文见Sherk, The Roman Empire from Augustus to Hadrian(见前〈第四章〉),no. 96。康茂德对佃农的回复,译文见Dennis Kehoe, The Economics of Agriculture on Roman Imperial Estates in North Africa (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1988) 67–8(在线版加上进一步的讨论,可见https://www.judaism-and-rome.org/coloni-north-africa-complain-mistreatment-roman-officials-cil-viii-10570)。阿芙萝黛西雅的「档案墙」,Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome(见前〈第五章〉)有文件的翻译与讨论;指甲税,no. 15。Menander Rhetor, Treatise 2, 12解释如何写信给皇帝。亚历山大.塞维鲁斯坚持不该阻挠民众向皇帝上诉,记录此事的莎草纸文件在Oliver, Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors(见前〈通论〉),no. 276有翻译与讨论。拿钱给大象的妙语,引自Macrobius, Saturnalia 2, 4,亦见于Suetonius, Augustus 53。捕鸟问题是皇帝裁断的案例,引自The Digest of Justinian 8, 3, 16。Westermann and Schiller, Apokrimata讨论了塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯与卡拉卡拉的十三件回复。Stephen Mitchell, ‘Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 66 (1976), 106–31深入研究了征用运输的问题;哈德良在一二九年实施的规定,见Tor Hauken and Hasan Malay, ‘A New Edict of Hadrian from the Province of Asia’, in Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation, edited by Rudolf Haensch (C. H. Beck, 2009), 327–48(Christopher P. Jones, ‘An Edict of Hadrian from Maroneia’, Chiron 41 (2011), 313–25有另一个比较晚的例子)。纪念涅尔瓦改革的钱币,见图52。普林尼显然破坏规矩,见Letters 10, 120–21。
Millar在The Emperor in the Roman World(见前〈通论〉)标志性的研究取径,就是认为罗马皇帝基本上是个反应的角色,这一点他在‘Emperors at Work’, Journal of Roman Studies 57 (1967), 9–19一文有简要解释。Tacitus, Annals 14, 38–9提到发生在不列颠的事情以及吹哨者。皇帝对于小酒馆饮食的规定,在Annalisa Marzano, ‘Food, Popinae and the Emperor’, in The Past as Present, edited by Giovanni Alberto Cecconi et al. (Brepols, 2019), 435–58有充分讨论(但我觉得规定是象征性的,作者则不这么认为);关键的段落见Cassius Dio,如60, 6(克劳狄乌斯),65, 10(维斯帕先)。其它规定(包括「托加袍」规定),可以在苏埃托尼乌斯的相应皇帝传记中找到。S. J. V. Malloch, The Tabula Lugdunensis (Cambridge UP, 2020)探讨克劳狄乌斯的演说以及其背景,但他对待克劳狄乌斯的态度比我来得友善;文言版见Tacitus, Annals 11, 23–5。我在SPQR(见前〈第一章〉),527–9讨论卡拉卡拉广授公民权的诏书。Alex Imrie, The Antonine Constitution: An Edict for the Caracallan Empire (Brill, 2018)对此有完整的研究,尤其是国库的状态)。Myles Lavan, ‘The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 CE’, Past and Present 230 (2016)研究这份诏书对罗马全体公民人数的影响。
近年来,有诸多对于罗马帝国经济体系的研究(结果彼此对立)。对于我提到的题目,The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, edited by Walter Scheidel et al. (Cambridge UP, 2007),是很可靠的背景研究,Garnsey and Saller, The Roman Empire(见前〈通论〉)则更为简明。对于格陵兰与其它地方的钻探,Philip Kay, Rome’s Economic Revolution (Oxford UP, 2014), 46–9有非技术性的说明。史特拉波对不列颠的评估在氏着Geography 2, 5。苏埃托尼乌斯与Imperial History提到许多个别皇帝的经济措施。除了苏埃托尼乌斯(Domitian 7),斯塔提乌斯在Silvae 4, 3也有提到葡萄藤的诏令没有成功;Brian W. Jones, The Emperor Domitian (Routledge, 1992), 77–8对相关争议有简短的介绍。对于土耳其的地震与提比留的响应,最完整的纪录是Tacitus, Annals 2, 47。Imperial History, Pertinax 7–8提到卖掉康茂德财产。关于皇帝在埃及的地产,G. M. Parassoglou, Imperial Estates in Roman Egypt (Hakkert, 1978)搜集了零星的莎草纸文件证明,G. M. Parassoglou, Imperial Estates in Roman Egypt (Hakkert, 1978),Dorothy J. Crawford, ‘Imperial Estates’ in Studies in Roman Property, edited by Moses I. Finley (Cambridge UP, 1976), 35–70有简要的介绍。「尼罗的农场」(Saltus Neronianus),讨论见Mariette de Vos, ‘The Rural Landscape of Thugga’, in The Roman Agricultural Economy, edited by Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson (Oxford UP, 2013), 143–218。Levick, Faustina I and II(见前〈通论〉),23 and 178提到法乌丝蒂娜的砖头。对于奥古斯都的慷慨遗赠,Suetonius, Augustus 101, Tacitus, Annals 1, 8以及Cassius Dio 56, 32记录的数字稍有不同。合唱队的故事见Macrobius, Saturnalia 2, 28。Cassius Dio 77, 17有塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯日常行程的摘要。Tacitus, Annals 12, 1–3提到克劳狄乌斯婚娶对象的讨论。
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参观景点:在罗马的话,可以登记去「陶片山」,不过通常不开放踏进去。我提到的许多铭文,如今都收藏在博物馆地下室里。但也有一些通常会公开展出的,例如里昂高卢罗马文明博物馆(Museum of Gallo-Roman Civilisation)展出克劳狄乌斯的演说词,伦敦的大英博物馆则有那名吹哨者──盖乌斯.尤利乌斯.克拉斯西奇阿努斯(Gaius Julius Classicianus)──的墓碑。眼尖的人想必会发现,罗马卡比托利欧博物馆旧馆墙上嵌有许多未有说明牌的小片墓志铭,多属于皇帝的奴隶与前奴隶。