Chapter 8
我在Civilisations (Profile, 2018), 23–32讨论过这尊会唱歌的雕像。Strabo, Geography 17, 1对所谓歌声抱持怀疑。巴尔比尔拉的诗,在T. Corey Brennan, ‘The Poets Julia Balbilla and Damo at the Colossus of Memnon’, Classical World 91 (1998), 215–34与Patricia A. Rosenmeyer, The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus (Oxford UP, 2018)有讨论。那首刻在金字塔上的诗,Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor(见前〈通论〉),246,有译文(现在只能从中世纪抄写的手稿看到原文)。巴尔比尔拉立的斐洛帕普波斯纪念碑,讨论见Ian Worthington, Athens after Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian (Oxford UP, 2021), 299–302。提到筹备哈德良巡狩所需的莎草纸文件,细节可以在在线轻松找到,还有译文,见https://papyri.info/ddbdp/sb;6;9617。
关于哈德良的旅程,Elizabeth Speller, Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey Through the Roman Empire (Review, 2003)有详尽介绍,Danziger and Purcell, Hadrian’s Empire(见前〈通论〉),129–38有简短描述。维塔利斯的墓志铭,译文见Brian Campbell, The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook (Routledge, 1994), no. 196,以及Purcell and Danziger, 163。Mary T. Boatwright, Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire (Princeton UP, 2000), 140–2对于提到哈德良留心造访陵墓的文献,有搜集与讨论;Cassius Dio 76, 13提到塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯走访庞培墓。Boatwright, 144–57对于哈德良与雅典的关系,对于他「改造」雅典的考古研究,以及相关的零星文献都有爬梳;Worthington, Athens after Empire 302–31亦然(明确谈到哈德良门〔Hadrian’s Gate〕的重要性)。Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1, 25提到,宙斯神庙揭幕式上发表演说的文人是出身斯米纳(位于今土耳其)的波勒门(Polemo);崇拜哈德良的文人是Pausanias, Description of Greece 1, 18。Julia L. Shear, ‘Hadrian, the Panathenaia, and the Athenian Calendar’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 180 (2012), 159–72讨论到纪年体系。Dylan K. Rogers, ‘Roman Athens’, in The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Athens, edited by Jenifer Neils and Rogers (Cambridge UP, 2021), 421–36 (esp. 430–2)简短概述雅典地方上层人士的影响力。帕德嫩神庙内的哈德良肖像,见Pausanias, Description of Greece 1, 24.
关于巡狩,Helmut Halfmann, Itinera principum; Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im R·mischen Reich (Frank Steiner, 1986)是整体的奠基之作,不过Halfmann也有一篇比较短的英文文章,‘Imperial Journeys’, in The Roman Emperor and his Court, edited by Kelly and Hug(见前〈通论〉),vol. I, 267–87。Suetonius, Tiberius 10提到提比留离开前往罗德斯岛的各种可能原因。古代文人对于尼罗造访希腊,主要的纪录有:Suetonius, Nero 19 and 22–24; Cassius Dio 62, 8–18;现代学者的深入讨论,则有Susan Alcock, ‘Nero at Play· The Emperor’s Grecian Odyssey’, in Reflections of Nero, edited by Elsner and Masters(见前〈第三章〉),98–111,以及Shushma Malik, ‘An Emperor’s War on Greece: Cassius Dio’s Nero’, in Emperors and Political Culture in Cassius Dio’s Roman History, edited by Davenport and Mallan(见前〈通论〉),158–76。不怀好意的文章指Nero(又名The Digging of the Isthmus),传说是二世纪讽刺作家琉善(Lucian)的作品,但其实几乎不可能是他;Tim Whitmarsh, ‘Greek and Roman in Dialogue: the Pseudo-Lucianic Nero’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 119 (1999), 142–60有巧妙的分析。David Pettegrew, The Isthmus of Corinth: Crossroads of the Mediterranean World (University of Michigan Press, 2016), 166–205追溯现存文献中有关尼罗对于运河的研究。
尼罗那篇将自由授予希腊的演说词,以及得到的响应,译文见Sherk, The Roman Empire from Augustus to Hadrian(见前〈第四章〉),no. 71,希腊与原文、英译文可见https://www.judaism-and-rome.org/nero-and-freedom-greece。Plutarch, Flamininus 10提到以前宣布希腊解放的事情。日耳曼尼库斯造访埃及,讨论见Tacitus, Annals 2, 59–61,近年来,Benjamin Kelly, ‘Tacitus, Germanicus and the Kings of Egypt’, Classical Quarterly 60 (2010), 221–37对此有一番剖析。Cassius Dio 54, 7提到神像吐血;有一篇据说是普鲁塔克写的文章,Sayings of Romans, ‘Caesar Augustus’ 13提到奥古斯都对雅典人相当愤怒。奥古斯都弄坏亚历山大鼻子的事情,记录在Cassius Dio 51, 16。
伊丽莎白时代的小贵族指的是亨利.李爵士(Sir Henry Lee),他在一封日期押在一六〇〇年六月十三日、寄给劳勃.塞西尔(Robert Cecil)的信上拒绝女王巡幸,只不过他以前其实曾接待过女王(或许就是因为这样,所以后来才会拒绝)。Sue Simpson, Sir Henry Lee (1533–1611): Elizabethan Courtier (Ashgate, 2014)讨论了这几次巡幸(与拒绝)。Cassius Dio 78, 9批评卡拉卡拉的要求。J. David Thomas and W. Clarysse, ‘A Projected Visit of Severus Alexander to Egypt’, Ancient Society 8 (1977), 195–207以及Peter Van Minnen and Joshua D. Sosin, ‘Imperial Pork: Preparations for a Visit of Severus Alexander and Iulia Mamaea to Egypt’, Ancient Society 27 (1996), 171–81探讨了亚历山大.塞维鲁斯预计将到访的文献。关于帕诺城莎草卷宗,Roger Rees, Diocletian and the Tetrarchy (Edinburgh UP, 2004), 33–6有很实用的介绍,以及简洁的翻译,no. 21。原件发表在T. C. Skeat, Papyri from Panopolis in the Chester Beatty Library Dublin (Chester Beatty Monographs 1, 1964);关于皇帝即将巡幸的文件,在第一卷。
J. B. Campbell, The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BC to AD 235 (Oxford UP, 1984)全面探讨了皇帝的军事角色。「生灵涂炭的战争」见Twelfth Book of Sibylline Oracles (lines 19–23);古代文学中这种不可谓不常见的文类,以及前述的特定段落,David Potter, Prophets and Emperors: Human and Divine Authority from Augustus to Theodosius (Harvard UP, 1994), 71–97, 99–110, 137–45 (esp. 140–1)有一番讨论。Sibylline Oracles有一份历史悠久,但不尽然不可信的一本,可以在在线找到:https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/sib/index.htm。特定军事行动的背景,可以在前面〈通论〉部分的通史找到。个别皇帝的参战与否,除了在古代的传记中提到之外,还有以下的一些出处。Tacitus, Annals 1, 11记录了奥古斯都给提比留的建议。David Cherry, ‘Frontier Zones’, in The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, edited by Scheidel et al.(见前〈第六章〉),720–40探讨疆界的流动。关于哈德良长城的功能,Richard Hingley, Hadrian’s Wall: A Life (Oxford UP, 2012), 298–9有相关论辩的梗概。朱庇特「无止境的帝国」预言出自Virgil, Aeneid 1, 279。对于以弗所的大安敦宁祭坛(Great Antonine Altar at Ephesus),Roland R. R. Smith在Great Antonine Altar at Ephesus in ‘The Greek East Under Rome’, in A Companion to Roman Art, edited by Barbara E. Borg (Blackwell, 2015), 471–95 (esp. 476–7)有清楚说明。「大战略」一词,借自Edward N. Luttwak曾经很有影响力的书The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century CE to the Third (revised ed., Johns Hopkins UP, 2016, originally published, 1979)。不列颠在罗马人的想象(以及政局)中扮演的角色,David Braund, Ruling Roman Britain: Kings, Queens, Governors and Emperors from Julius Caesar to Agricola (Routledge, 1996)有深入讨论。Cassius Dio 60, 19–22提到是次入侵,包括部队的犹疑、打气喊话、克劳狄乌斯与大象的驰援。塔西陀对不列颠「罗马化」的现实评估,见氏着Agricola 21。Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History 16, 10提到公元三五七年,皇帝君士坦提乌斯二世(Constantius II)第一次造访罗马时,备受图拉真广场所震慑。Bennett, Trajan Optimus Princeps(见前〈第二章〉),183–204回顾了图拉真的帕提亚行动。Cassius Dio 68, 17–33从头到尾道尽了这场军事行动,连同其动机──这也是战争细节的主要证据。
Pliny, Speech of Praise 15把图拉真标榜为弟兄;金口狄欧的牧羊人比喻,见Discourse 1, 28。弗吉尔勾勒的、阿克提乌姆海战中的奥古斯都,见Aeneid 8, 678–81; Strauss, The War that Made the Roman Empire(见前〈第一章〉),183–6说明了实情。图拉真急就章做绷带与塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯带头喝脏水的故事,见Cassius Dio 68, 8 and 75, 2;卡拉卡拉正面、尚武的特质,见Herodian, History 4, 7。哈德良在兰巴埃西斯对部队演说的全文翻译,可见Michael P. Speidel, Emperor Hadrian’s speeches to the African Army – a new Text (R·misch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum, 2006)。凯旋式的演变历史与仪式(包括假人版本),我在The Roman Triumph(见前〈第一章〉)有深入讨论细节。尼罗的仪式见Cassius Dio 62, 20,以及苏埃托尼乌斯的相应段落(Nero 25)。罗马讽刺作家佩尔西乌斯(Persius)在Satires 6, 43–7挖苦卡利古拉之妻替所谓的战俘订制戏服。Domitian’s fake triumph is criticised by Pliny, Speech of Praise 16, Tacitus, Agricola 39以及Cassius Dio 67, 7(提到从库房拿东西用)批评图密善的假凯旋式。Imperial History, Hadrian 6提到在图拉真离世后进行的仪式。
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参观景点:哈德良在雅典兴建的许多大型建筑现今仍能看到。哈德良图书馆遗迹(蒙纳斯提拉奇广场〔Monastiraki Square〕附近)天天开放,但需要一点想象力才能感受原有的辉煌。至于奥林帕斯宙斯神庙(就在卫城东边)的巨柱,即便你没有选择付钱买门票靠近看,也绝对不可能错过;哈德良门(或者说拱门)就在街边。