Chapter 10
Christopher L. Whitton, ‘Seneca, Apocolocyntosis’ in A Companion to the Neronian Age, edited by Emma Buckley and Martin Dinter (Blackwell, 2013), 151–69是这篇小品的绝佳介绍。皇帝临终的情境与遗言,通常可以在相应的古代传记中找到(往往也是重要主题)。退位弄巧成拙的是维特尔利乌斯(Tacitus, Histories 3, 68–70; Suetonius, Vitellius 15)。尤莉亚.多姆娜收到儿子的骨灰后自尽的故事,是Herodian, History 4, 13写的其中一个版本(Barbara Levick, Julia Domna: Syrian Empress (Routledge, 2007), 105–6讨论各版的差异)。共和时代葬礼进行方式的主要文献是Polybius, Histories 6, 53–4(译见Beard et al., Religions of Rome, vol. II 〔见前〈第四章〉〕)no. 9.3,附有Cassius Dio, 75, 4–5对于佩勒蒂那克斯葬礼描述的译文);Harriet I. Flower, ‘Spectacle and Political Culture in the Roman Republic’, in The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, edited by Flower (Cambridge UP, 2004), 331–7讨论葬仪。Cassius Dio 56, 34–43以及Suetonius, Augustus 100描述了奥古斯都的葬礼。Herodian, History 4, 2详述了塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯的葬礼。Eve D’Ambra, ‘The Imperial Funerary Pyre as a Work of Ephemeral Architecture’ and Javier Arce, ‘Roman Imperial Funerals in effigie’探讨了葬礼的不同面向,收入在The Emperor and Rome, edited by Ewald and Nore·a(见前〈第一章〉)289–308 and 309–23。皇帝陵墓是Davies, Death and the Emperor(见前〈第二章〉)的主题。Boatwright, Hadrian and the City of Rome(见前〈第七章〉),161–81以及Opper, Hadrian(见前〈第四章〉)208–16聚焦于哈德良陵墓。皇帝的墓志铭可见Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum(见前〈通论〉)VI, 886 (and 40372)(阿格丽普庇娜)、887(提比留)、992(康茂德)–887与992只剩中世纪传钞手稿;阿格丽普庇娜墓志铭译文可见Emily A. Hemelrijk, Women and Society in the Roman World: A Sourcebook of Inscriptions from the Roman West (Cambridge UP, 2020), 304。
整体而言,皇帝的神格化与皇帝崇拜是现代对罗马帝国研究的重要主题。Beard et al., Religions of Rome, vol. I, 206–10 and 348–63是对这个主题的通论。Simon Price, ‘From Noble Funerals to Divine Cult: the Consecration of Roman Emperors’, in Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, edited by David Cannadine and Price (Cambridge UP, 1987), 56–105是分析皇帝葬礼与神格化仪式的开创之作──还有Price对帝国东部的皇帝崇拜的分析,Rituals and Power(见前〈第九章〉),把这个地区过往对君主的崇拜也考虑进来。Ittai Gradel, Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (Oxford UP, 2004)聚焦在罗马与意大利。塔西陀在Annals 15, 23痛斥女婴克劳狄雅的神格化为奉承谄媚之举。新神升天的目击证词,见Cassius Dio 56, 46 and 59, 11(谈到对德鲁西利尔拉所受之哀荣);两段故事都提到了金钱奖赏。祭献皇帝及其家属(或代皇帝祭献)的行事历,译见Beard et al., Religions of Rome, vol. II, nos. 3.3b and c, 3.4 and 3.5(欧罗巴要塞出土的行事历)。地方行政长官的暗示,铭文译本见Sherk, Rome and the Greek East(见前〈序幕〉),no. 101,在线版连同完整讨论,见https://www.judaism-and-rome.org/augustus%E2%80%99s-birthday-and-calendar-reform-asia。Tacitus, Annals 14, 31主张皇帝崇拜对于布狄卡之乱有其影响(不过,Duncan Fishwick, ‘The Temple of Divus Claudius at Camulodunum’, Britannia 26 (1995), 11–27探讨了这件事仍需商榷的部分)。
对于传统罗马多神信仰特色,实用的概论有Beard et al., Religions of Rome, vols. I and II; John Scheid, The Gods, The State and The Individual: Reflections on Civic Religion in Rome (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015)与J·rg Rüpke, Pantheon: A New History of Roman Religion (Princeton UP, 2018)。我在‘Priesthood in the Roman Republic’, in Pagan Priests: Religion and Power in the Ancient World (Duckworth, 1990), 17–48专门探讨了祭司。部分棘手问题的详细讨论,见S. R. F. Price, Rituals and Power(见前〈第九章〉),207–33以及‘Between Man and God: Sacrifice in the Roman Imperial Cult’, Journal of Roman Studies 70 (1980), 28–43(谈献祭的严格规矩);Price, ‘Gods and Emperors: the Greek Language of the Roman Imperial Cult’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 104 (1984), 79–95(谈术语);D. S. Levene, ‘Defining the Divine in Rome’, in Transactions of the American Philological Association 142 (2012), 41–81(谈人神之间的界线);以及David Wardle, ‘Deus or Divus: The Genesis of Roman Terminology for Deified Emperors’ in Philosophy and Power in Graeco-Roman World, edited by Gillian Clark and Tessa Rajak (Oxford UP, 2002), 181–92(试图确定界线)。我和John Henderson在‘The Emperor’s New Body: Ascension from Rome’, in Parchments of Gender: Deciphering the Bodies of Antiquity, edited by Maria Wyke (Oxford UP, 1998), 191–220探讨封神的别扭视觉形象。
Fik Meijer, Emperors Don’t Die in Bed (Routledge, 2004)是一本大众取向的书,描述了从尤利乌斯.西泽以降每一位皇帝的死。Seneca, Apocolocyntosis 4模仿、讽刺克劳狄乌斯的遗言。Cassius Dio 77, 15 and 17提到塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯的遗言,78, 2是盖塔的遗言。Cassius Dio 56, 30感觉把奥古斯都临死前的这番话诠释得像在嘲笑凡俗。D. Wardle, ‘A Perfect Send-Off: Suetonius and the Dying Art of Augustus (Suet. Aug. 99)’, Mnemosyne 60 (2007), 443–63把他的死视为完美的演出。
* * *
参观景点:目前罗马的奥古斯都陵墓未对外开放,但哈德良陵墓(圣天使城堡)则是有定期开放。
剧终
Epilogue
亚历山大.塞维鲁斯之死,记录在Herodian, History 6, 8–9与Imperial History, Alexander Severus 59–62(主张不列颠是他遇刺的地方)。Kenneth Painter and David Whitehouse, ‘The Discovery of the Vase’, Journal of Glass Studies 32 (1990), 85–102讨论罗马那座可能的亚历山大.塞维鲁斯的坟墓。亚历山大.塞维鲁斯死后一段时间的情势发展,在前面〈通论〉提到的若干叙事性历史书里曾提到。三世纪的「危机」问题(乃至于是不是真有危机)是数十年来学界热议的焦点。Crises and the Roman Empire, edited by Olivier Hekster et al. (Brill, 2007)可以让读者品尝不同的取径与解答。Touraj Daryaae, ‘The Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE)’, in The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, edited by Daryaae (Oxford UP, 2012), 187–207 (esp. 189–90)对沙普尔浮雕的背景有简短说明。Christopher Kelly, ‘Pliny and Pacatus: Past and Present in Imperial Panegyric’ in Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century ad, edited by Johannes Wienand (Oxford UP, 2015), 215–38主张皇帝脱离「吾辈之一员」的风格,其断裂并无一般呈现的那么激烈。关于基督徒的人数,我的说法是根据Keith Hopkins, ‘Christian Number and its Implications’, in Sociological Studies in Roman History, edited by Kelly(见前〈第五章〉),432–80,以及Kate Cooper, 481–7的附录(我也是从这里借来「不要太紧张」的说法)。尼罗对待基督徒的方式,可见Tacitus, Annals 15, 44. Roman Games, edited by Futrell(见前〈第七章〉),160–88,其中也有一些重要的文献,是谈殉道与罗马人对基督徒的反应(里昂教难见176–9)。帝祚短暂的统治者是指德奇乌斯(Decius,公元二四九至五一年治世)。我们不清楚他要求的精确细节,但有些证明个人已经行献祭的证明文件传世(译文见Beard et al., Religions of Rome, vol. II〔见前〈第四章〉〕no. 6.8c)。Kelly, The Roman Empire(见前〈General’), 78–94精准呈现了随着基督教而来的激烈文化与政治变革。
* * *
参观景点:据信为亚历山大.塞维鲁斯及其母的陵墓,也就是今称「谷堆」(Monte del Grano,因其形状而得名)的这个地方,距离库因提利别墅(位于罗马市中心和钱皮诺机场之间)并不远;「谷堆」对外开放,但通常必须预约。无论是不是亚历山大.塞维鲁斯的骨灰坛,波特兰花瓶都是令人赞叹的古代琉璃作品,也是伦敦大英博物馆罗马馆的明星。
图次 List of Illustrations
彩图(Colour plates)
1. 劳伦斯.阿尔玛─塔德玛,《赫利奥加巴卢斯的玫瑰》(The Roses of Heliogabalus, 1888)。Photo: · Whitford Fine Art, London, UK / Bridgeman Images
2. 马努耶尔.多明格斯.桑切斯(Manuel Dominguez Sanchez),《塞涅卡之死》(The Death of Seneca, 1871)。Photo: · Fine Art Images / Bridgeman Images
3. 圆形画:塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯一家人的嵌板,约公元二〇〇年,现藏柏林国家博物馆(Staadliche Museum, Berlin)。Photo: · Bridgeman Images
4. 利薇雅别墅中的花园壁画,公元前二〇年至前三〇年,现藏于罗马国家博物馆马西莫浴场宫(Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, National Museum of Rome)。Photo: · Carlo Bollo / Alamy Stock Photo
5. 绿松石浮雕,利薇雅抱着奥古斯都半胸像的样子(公元十四年至三十七年,绿松石材质)。Photo: · 2023 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. All rights reserved. / Henry Lillie Pierce Fund / Bridgeman Images
6. 意大利游客参观内米船,一九三二年。Photo: · agefotostock / Alamy Stock Photo
7. A.亚拉(A. Ala)临摹的壁画,画中为忒修斯与亚莉阿德妮(Ariadne),原图在古代狩猎之家(House of Caccia Antica)。Photo: · Florilegius / Bridgeman Images
8. 奥古斯都邸松饰之间(Room of the Pine Garlands)的湿壁画。Photo: · DeAgostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence
9. 罗马帕拉丁丘皇宫谒见厅(Royal Audience Hall)重建图。Photo: · Balage Balogh / archaeologyillustrated.com
10. 拼贴画,图为鸽子从花盆中喝水。出自意大利蒂沃利哈德良别墅。Photo: · DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini via Getty Images
11. 宴会场景,出自庞贝坚贞爱人之家(House of Chaste Lovers,)。Photo: · Alessandra Benedetti/Corbis via Getty Images
12. 佩德.塞维林.克罗耶(Peder Severin Kr·yer),《梅萨丽娜》(Messalina)。Photo: · Painters / Alamy Stock Photo
13. 奥古斯都青铜头像,人称「麦罗埃头像」(Meroe Head),是从超过真人大小的青铜雕像上切下的。Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum
14. 纪念币,庆祝图拉真击败帕提亚人,攻占泰西封。Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum
15 & 16. 左:第一拱门的奥古斯都(Augustus of Prima Porta),藏于罗马梵蒂冈博物馆。右:着色重铸品,藏于阿什莫林博物馆(Ashmolean Museum)。Photo: · Azoor Photo / Alamy Stock Photo and · Ashmolean Museum/Heritage Images/Getty Images
17. 法兰西大宝石浮雕(Great Cameo of France),巴黎。Photo: · Pictures from History/ Marie-Lan Nguyen / Bridgeman Images
18. 罗马穿宫(Domus Transitoria)天花板。Photo: Alessandro Serrano/ Photoshot / agefotostock
19. 古风天花板设计,灵感取自穿宫,据信为阿哥斯蒂诺.布鲁尼亚斯(Agostino Brunias)所绘。Photo: · Christie’s Images / Bridgeman Images
20. 拉米阿别苑壁饰,现藏罗马卡比托利欧博物馆保守宫(Palazzo dei Conservatori)。Photo: Roma, Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali
21. 法老形象的奥古斯都,原在丹铎(Dendur)伊西斯神庙(temple of Isis),现经重组藏于纽约大都会博物馆。Photo: Robin Cormack
22. 拼贴画,大战车竞技场(Circus Maximus, Lyon)战车竞速比赛场面,里昂。Photo: · Photo Josse / Bridgeman Images
23. 法尤姆(Fayam)风格年轻男子肖像。Photo: · Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images
24. 镀金青铜孔雀。Photo: · Governorate of The Vatican City State – Directorate of the Vatican Museums
黑白插图(Illustrations)
1. 埃拉加巴卢斯的大理石半身像。Photo: · Bridgeman Images 2
2. 「里昂铭版」(Table of Lyon)。Photo: G. Dagli Orti /· NPL – DeA Picture Library / Bridgeman Images 14
3. 古代糕饼模复制品。Photo: · Budapest History Museum, Aquincum Museum, Budapest, Hungary – Inventory no. 51595 15
4. 耳环,上有塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯头像。Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum 15
5. 俄克喜林库斯莎草纸第三十五号(papyrus Oxyrhynchus 35)细部。Photo: Courtesy of the Penn Museum, image E2749 20
6. 《就是》(Istoé)杂志封面,二〇一九年八月号,第二五九二期。Photo: · Istoé/ Editora Três 22
7. 图密善肖像,约公元九〇年,大理石材质,高二十三又十六分之七吋(五十九点六公分),宽十六又四分之一吋(四十一点三公分)。Photo: Toledo Museum of Art (Toledo, Ohio), Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey, and from Florence Scott Libbey. Bequest in Memory of her Father, Maurice A. Scott, 1990.30 27
8. 图拉真肖像,梵蒂冈博物馆藏。Photo: · Album / Alamy Stock 27
9. 钱币上的尤利乌斯.西泽头像,由马尔库斯.梅特提乌斯(M Mettius)于公元前四十四年发行。Photo: Wikimedia GNU Free Documentation License/ Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com 34
10. 浮雕,阿克提乌姆海战一景,现藏西班牙哥多华(Cordoba)。Photo: · Album / Alamy Stock Photo 36
11. 罗马奥古斯都广场。Photo: · iStock / Getty Images Plus 44
12. 博斯科雷亚莱(Boscoreale)宝藏杯细部,呈现凯旋式中的提比留。Photo: · RMN-Grand Palais /Dist. Photo SCALA, Florence 47
13. 罗马奥古斯都陵墓。Photo: Flickr/ Jamie Heath CC BY-SA 2.0 58
14. 大理石还愿铭文,前奴隶安托尼乌斯(Antonius)献,上有刮除痕迹。Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum 75
15. 金币,上有涅尔瓦的脸像。Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum 79
16. 夏日三椅间,意大利庞贝青春之家(House of the Ephebe)。Photo: · Manuel Cohen/Scala, Florence 87
17. 人称「利薇雅浴场」(Bagni di Livia,实为餐厅)的现况。Photo: Associated Press / Alamy Stock Photo 90
18. 利薇雅浴场重建图,刊于Nero: the Man Behind the Myth (British Museum Press). Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum 91
19. 图密善皇宫大型餐厅遗迹。Photo: · iStock / Getty Images Plus 94
20. 图密善皇宫餐厅重建图。Photo: Courtesy of British School at Rome, Sheila Gibson Archive 95
21. 蒂沃利哈德良别墅卡诺卜餐厅。Photo: · Adam Eastland / Alamy Stock Photo 97
22. 提图斯.阿耶利乌斯.普利米提乌斯的墓碑。Photo: · Governorate of The atican City State – Directorate of the Vatican Museums 103
23. 提贝利乌斯.克劳狄乌斯.佐西穆斯的墓碑。Photo: · Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi 104
24. 斯佩尔隆加用餐区与洞穴。Photo: Flickr · Carole Raddato CC-by-SA-2.0 117
25. 戳瞎波吕斐摩斯(细部),可能是罗马人从希腊化时代的群像复制而来的。斯佩尔隆加。Photo: · DeAgostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence 118
26. 水肺潜水员与尤里西斯(Ulysses)同伴的雕像,地点是那不勒斯巴伊埃克劳狄乌斯宁芙神庙(Nymphaeum of Claudius,已被水淹没)。Photo: · BIOSPHOTO / Alamy Stock Photo 120
27. 公元前五世纪的尼俄伯之子(Niobid)逃跑像,出自萨路尔斯特别苑(horti Sallustiani),今藏哥本哈根。Photo: · Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen / Ole Woldbye 127
28. 提比留卡普里别墅空拍图。Photo: · Gianpiero Chirico 128
29. 教宗若望十三世在夏宫甘多尔福堡,一九六一年八月。Photo: · TopFoto 130
30. 拉米阿别苑的铅制水管。Photo: · Roma – Soprintendenza Speciale di Roma/ Museo Ninfeo – Fondazione Enpam 131
31. 罗马马耶克纳斯讲堂内部。Photo: · Sebastiano Luciano 133
32. 金宫的假想重建图,出自‘Staging Nero’, in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Nero (2017). Photo: Reproduced with permission of the Licensor through PLSclear 139
33. 金宫的八角间。Photo: · Alberto Pizzoli/ Sygma/Sygma via Getty Images 141
34. 金宫湿壁画修复,罗马,二〇一四年。Photo: · Marco Ansaloni/Science Photo Library 142
35. 帕拉丁皇宫内的法尔内塞避暑屋(Casino Farnese)。Photo: · Adam Eastland / Alamy Stock Photo 145
36. 帕拉丁竞技场(Palatine stadium)。Photo: · iStock / Getty Images Plus 151
37. 这段斜坡从罗马广场一路往上到帕拉丁宫。Photo: Associated Press / Alamy Stock Photo 153
38. 帕拉丁宫找到的钉刑涂鸦。Photo: ·Zev Radovan / Alamy Stock Photo 158
39. 左:谬思乌拉尼亚(Muse Urania);右:谬思厄剌托(Muse Erato),现藏马德里普拉多博物馆(Prado)。Photo: · Album / Alamy Stock Photo 164
40. 四尊女像柱排成一排,意大利蒂沃利。Photo: · Mauritius images GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo 166
41. 安提诺乌斯半身像,出土于蒂沃利,现藏巴黎罗浮宫。Photo: Flickr · Carole Raddato CC-by-SA-2.0 167
42. 哈德良别墅地下通道。Photo: Frank Buffetville/ Bridgeman Images 168
43. 哈德良别墅维纳斯神庙,摆了阿芙萝黛蒂像,意大利。Photo: · Moment Open / Getty Images 169
44. 马可.奥里略青铜像,罗马卡比托利欧博物馆。Photo: · Paul Williams / Alamy Stock Photo 175
45. 帕拉丁尼罗皇宫的多座次厕所,罗马帕拉丁山。Photo: · ALBERTO PIZZOLI/AFP via Getty Images 176
46. 利薇雅邸集体墓葬的十八世纪重建图,收录于Antonio Francisco Gorio (1727), Monumentum sive columbarium libertorum Liviae Augustae et Caesarum。Photo: archive.org 185
47. 穆西库斯.斯古尔拉努斯墓志铭。Photo: · Governorate of The Vatican City State – Directorate of the Vatican Museums 187
48. 苏埃托尼乌斯履历铭文残片,出土于阿尔及利亚希波雷吉乌斯(Hippo Regius)遗址。Photos: (Top) from G. B. Townend ‘The Hippo Inscription’, Historia, 61 – public domain; (bottom) Livius.org, with permission 192
49. 押有皇后法乌丝蒂娜头像的钱币。Photo: · agefotostock / Alamy Stock Photo 199
50. 塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯莎草纸。Photo: Columbia Rare Book and Manuscript Library 224
51. 土耳其阿芙萝黛西雅「档案墙」局部。Photo: ·2007 King’s College London 230
52. 废除征用运输纪念青铜币,涅尔瓦统治时发行。Photo: · Classical Numismatic Group, LLC https://www.cngcoins.com 234
53. 尤利乌斯.克拉斯西奇阿努斯(Julius Classicianus)墓碑。Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum 237
54. 罗马陶片山导沟。Photo: · Whitney Jones 244
55. 瓦金.菲尼克斯(Joaquin Phoenix)在《神鬼战士》扮演康茂德。Photo: · Maximum Film / Alamy Stock Photo 254
56. 康茂德海克力士扮相半身像,罗马卡比托利欧博物馆。Photo: · Viktor Onyshchenko / Alamy Stock Photo 254
57. 罗马大竞技场大台与部分修复的沙场。Photo: · imageBROKER/ Getty Images 258
58. 从罗马帕拉丁皇宫往大战车竞技场望去。Photo: · Moment/ Getty Images 269
59. Obelisk originally from Circus Maximus, now situated in Piazza del Popolo, Rome. Photo: · Mauritius images GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo 270
60. 罗马马尔克勒卢斯剧院外观。Photo: · Apostolis Giontzis /Shutterstock 277
61. 哈德良狩猎场景的浮雕,罗马君士坦丁凯旋门。Photo: Carole Raddato/Following Hadrian 283
62. 埃及卢克索外的门农巨像。Photo: · Bildagentur- online/Universal Images Group via Getty Images 289
63. 尤莉亚.巴尔比尔拉所建斐洛帕普波斯纪念碑,雅典。Photo: · Archivio J. Lange / · NPL – DeA Picture Library / Bridgeman Images 290
64. Detail of Balbilla’s poetry, inscribed on the left foot of the Colossus. Photo: · Jackie Ellis / Alamy Stock Photo 291
65. 奥林匹斯宙斯神庙遗迹,雅典。Photo: · Classic Image / Alamy Stock Photo 297
66. 雅典哈德良门。Photo: · Robin Cormack 298
67. 哈德良戎装像,土耳其安塔利亚(Antalya)。Photo: ·Paul Williams / Alamy Stock Photo 307
68. 图拉真柱(公元一一三年完成)一景,罗马。Photo: · JAUBERT French Collection / Alamy Stock Photo 308
69. 马可.奥里略柱一景,罗马。Photo: · Andrea Izzotti / Alamy Stock Photo 309
70. 以弗所纪念碑一景,土耳其塞尔丘克。Photo: · Azoor Photo Collection / Alamy Stock Photo 310
71. 尼罗发行的青铜币。Photo: · The Trustees of the British Museum 323
72. 十八名皇帝:提比留(· DeAgostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence);卡利古拉(· Prisma Archivo / Alamy);克劳狄乌斯(·INTERFOTO / Alamy Stock Photo);尼罗(· Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive / Corbis);维斯帕先(· Prisma/Universal Images Group via Getty Images);提图斯(· Anderson / Alinari via Getty Images);图密善(Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio);涅尔瓦(· DEA/G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini / Getty Images);图拉真(· Album / Alamy Stock Photo);哈德良(·Paul Williams / Alamy Stock Photo);安敦宁.庇护(· Bibi Saint-Pol);马可.奥里略(· DEA / G. Nimatallah / De Agostini / Getty Images);卢奇乌斯.乌耶鲁斯(· Album / Alamy Stock Photo);康茂德(· Viktor Onyshchenko / Alamy Stock Photo);塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁斯(· 360b / Alamy Stock Photo);卡拉卡拉(· Lanmas / Alamy Stock Photo);埃拉加巴卢斯(·Bridgeman Images);亚历山大.塞维鲁斯(· Peter Horree / Alamy Stock Photo)329