6.中国的「安全利益」是一种涵盖式术语，但在这里，它主要指的是流亡藏人明显的反抗中国占领西藏高原政治活动，以及藏族国人跨过喜马拉雅逃至尼泊尔一事。?
7.‘China Ambassador Calls for International Cooperation to help Nepal Fight Maoists’, WikiLeaks, 16 May 2002. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/02KATHMANDU953_a.html.?
8.‘Chinese Ambassador Denies Commercial Weapons Sales to Nepal’, WikiLeaks, 18 November 2005. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05KATHMANDU2516_a.html.?
9.‘Government Restricts Tibetan Refugee Movement’, WikiLeaks, 29 November 2005. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05KATHMANDU2633_a.html. 贾南德拉想在南亚区域合作联盟内和中国往来的企图，进一步疏远了印度当权者。?
10.‘Nepal’s Man in Tibet Discusses Refugees, Arms and Flood Issues’, WikiLeaks, 19 December 2005. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05KATHMANDU2866_a.html.?
11.‘PRC/Nepal: China Encouraged by King’s Speech but Taking a “Wait and see” Approach’, WikiLeaks, 25 April 2006. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06BEIJING7838_a.html.?
12.‘PCR/Nepal: Beijing Assessing How to Engage with Nepal’s Interim Government’, WikiLeaks, 20 June 2006. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06BEIJING13004_a.html.?
13.出处同上。?
14.‘DDG Luo On China-South Asia Developments’, WikiLeaks, 22 September 2006. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06BEIJING20223_a.html.?
15.‘MFA: China Supports Constituent Assembly Election: Will Continue to Intervene on “Core Interest” of Tibet’, WikiLeaks, 14 March 2008. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BEIJING969_a.html.?
16.‘China Tries to Adjust to Nepal’s New Political Landscape’, WikiLeaks, 15 May 2008. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BEIJING1876_a.html.?
17.Bhojraj Bhat, ‘Cheers! Naya Naata’ (‘Cheers to a new relationship’), Nepal Magazine, 3 Asar 2064, 17 June 2007.普拉昌达在一次访问中提到，他也于一九九九年另外写了信给中国总理，而毛主义者则在人民战争开打后试图联系中国。这些尝试也同样没什么结果。?
18.出处同上。?
19.‘Chinese Ambassador Worried about the Maoists’, WikilLeaks, 27 September 2006. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06KATHMANDU2619_a.html.?
20.‘DDG Luo on China-South Asia Developments’, WikiLeaks, 22 September 2006. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06BEIJING20223_a.html.?
21.身为共产主义运动主流分出的旁支，尼泊尔共产党（联合马列）走的路有着顺从王室统治并且同时反对王室的特色。?
22.不过，第一位造访中国的尼泊尔首相是一九五四年的坦卡．普拉萨德．阿查里亚。?
23.Editorial, ‘Prachanda problem’, Indian Express, 26 August 2008. http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/prachanda-problem/353207/0.?
24.Bhojraj Bhaat, ‘Mao ko gharma Prachanda’ (‘Prachanda at Mao’s home’), Nepal Magazine, 22 Bhadra 2065, 7 September 2008.?
25.Saroj Raj Adhikari, ‘Tibet ko Tanav’ (‘Tibet’s Tensions’), Nepal Magazine, 29 Baisakh 2065, 11 May 2008.?
26.‘A new torch controversy: the battle for Everest’, The Independent, 2 May 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-new-torch-controversy-the-battle-for-everest-819737.html.?
27.当北京奥运圣火要抵达圣母峰顶时，尼泊尔已经在该年五月一至十日禁止任何人在那段期间攀爬这座世界最高峰。?
28.然而，有好几名抗议者是以尼泊尔为据点行动的。?
29.‘Calling the Shots’, Economist, 17 March 2012. https://www.economist.com/asia/2012/03/17/calling-the-shots.?
30.从二○○九年开始西藏连续有人自焚抗议中国统治，在这股动荡了西藏高原的浪潮中，有三名住在加德满都的藏人自焚。三人中有两人因此死亡。更多信息可见https://savetibet.org/tibetan-self-immolations/#inexile.?
31.‘MFA: China supports Constituent Assembly Election; Will continue to intervene on “core interest” of Tibet’, Wikileaks, 14 March 2008. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BEIJING969_a.html. 该官员是赵立坚，如今更出名的称号是「战狼」外交官。?
32.Human Rights Watch, ‘Under China’s Shadow: Mistreatment of Tibetans in Nepal’, 2014, p. 6. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nepal0314_ForUpload_2.pdf.?
33.Santosh Acharya and Upendra Pokharel, ‘Andolan Tataune Tayari’ (‘Time to Heat Up the Revolution’), Nepal Magazine, 28 Asar 2066, 12 July 2009.?
34.Chudamani Bhattarai, ‘Seema ma Doot Haru (Ambassadors at the Border)’, Nepal Magazine, 22 Kartik 2066 (8 November 2009) issue. 中国也担心维吾尔和西藏的激进分子在尼泊尔有可能合流。见Santosh Acharya, ‘Uighur ko Dar’ (‘The Fear of Uighurs’), Nepal Magazine, 22 Kartik 2066, 8 November 2009.?
35.‘Exclusive Interview with Nepal’s Deputy Inspector General of Police: “Tibetan Pro-independence Elements” Won’t Be Able to Stir Up Trouble in Nepal’, Huanqiu Shibao, 29 March 2009. 引言出自Human Rights Watch, ‘Under China’s Shadow’, Appendix II, p. 94.?
36.Saferworld, Nepal case study, ‘China and conflict-affected states: Between principle and pragmatism’, January 2012, p. 10. https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/publications/612-china-and-conflict-affected-states.?
37.Human Rights Watch, ‘Under China’s Shadow’, p. 27-32.?
38.Rewati Sapkota, ‘Chinese Rider on Tato Pani’, Himalayan Times, 14 January 2018. https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/chinese-rider-tatopani/.?
39.中国至少从二○一○年开始就一直要求尼泊尔签下引渡条约。见‘Nepal: China pressure but Nepalis say refugee policy hasn’t changed’, Wikileaks, 18 February 2010. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10KATHMANDU144_a.html.?
40.也有人质问，协议是否违反「若有可能遭刑求虐待则禁止驱回难民」的国际法。中国和尼泊尔都已经签署了联合国的《联合国禁止酷刑公约》。?
41.见Saferworld, Nepal case study; Human Rights Watch, ‘Under China’s Shadow’; International Campaign for Tibet, ‘Dangerous Crossing’.?
42.ICT, ‘Dangerous Crossing’, p. 50.?
43.出处同上，pp. 100-102. 另见 Human Rights Watch, ‘Under China’s Shadow’, pp. 68-73.?
44.Ramesh Nath Pande, Kootniti ra Raajniti, p. 660. 另一位前内政部官员也是这么跟我说的。?
45.Yeshe Dorje and Rajani Tamang, ‘Nepalese Journalists Pushed to Avoid Reporting on China, Tibet’, VOA News, 29 June 2019. https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/nepalese-journalists-pushed-avoid-reporting-china-tibet.?
46.从一九九○年开始一直到二○○五年贾南德拉政变为止，新德里都以两大支柱来与尼泊尔推展外交：君主立宪制以及多党民主。政变之后，印度促成了与毛主义者和其他七个主要政党的十二点协议。?
47.Sudheer Sharma, Prayogshala: Nepali Sankraman ma Dilli, Durbar ra Maobadi (‘The Laboratory: Delhi, the Palace and the Maoists during Nepal’s Conflict’), p. 294, Fineprint Books, Kathmandu: 2013.?
48.Mukul Humagain, ‘Chin ko Prastaav’ (China’s Proposal), Nepal Magazine, 2 Chaitra 2065, 15 March 2009. 二○二○年，一位前任驻中国大使强调，考虑到二○一九年习近平访问期间战略关系的升级，需要与中国修订条约。见Leela Mani Paudyal, ‘Sajha Bhavishya ka laagi Sahakarya’ (‘Cooperation for a better future’), Kantipur, 16 Shrawan 2077, 31 July 2020. https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2020/07/31/159616299432512980.html?author=1.?
49.Sudheer Sharma, Prayogshala, p. 293.?
50.Prashant Jha, Battles of the New Republic: A Contemporary History of Nepal, p. 128, New Delhi: Aleph Book Company, 2013引述了某位印度大使馆官员的如此发言。可从Jha此书更详细了解这个微妙的尼泊尔政治转型期。?
51.萨普科塔还会跟我说，在卡特瓦尔退休前三个月开除他是他们这边的另一个错误。?
52.‘India Boosts Ties on Nepal, Keeps as Eye on China’, WikiLeaks, 28 August 2009. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09NEWDELHI1801_a.html.?
53.B. Raman, ‘China wants Prachanda to stay in Nepal’, 4 May 2009. https://www.rediff.com/news/column/guest-b-raman-china-wants-prachanda-to-stay-in-nepal/20090504.htm.?
54.International Crisis Group, ‘Nepal’s Future: In Whose Hands?’, Asia Report no. 173, 13 August 2009, p. 20. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/173-nepal-s-future-in-whose-hands.pdf.?
55.Sudheer Sharma, Prayogshala, p. 314.?
56.卡纳尔担任主席的贾拉．纳特．卡纳尔基金会，就人们所知和中国有密切连系。二○一八年，它和中国国际跨国公司促进会签下了合作备忘录；二○一八年十一月于天津举行的跨国公司见面会上，该基金会代表了尼泊尔。?
57.一份二○一○年的报告声称，印度情报探员找上一名尼泊尔国会议员并威胁他说，如果不投票让普拉昌达下台，他女儿的中央学校（Kendriya Vidyalaya，译注：印度中央政府学校体系，也有设立于加德满都，由大使馆营运）入学许可就会被注销。Siddharth Varadarajan, ‘The Danger in India’s Nepal Policy’, The Hindu, 16 August 2010. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/siddharth-varadarajan/The-danger-in-Indias-Nepal-policy/article13101110.ece.?
58.David Gellner and Mrigendra Bahadur Karki, ‘K.P. Oli’s early life and influences’, The Record, 26 August 2018. https://www.recordnepal.com/perspective/interviews/kp-oli-early-life-and-influences/?
59.Suhasini Haider, ‘Supporter turned antagonist’, The Hindu, 31 May 2020, https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/supporter-turned-antagonist-the-problem-posed-by-oli/article31715944.ece. 有一位分析家跟我说，奥利把冲突时代后尼泊尔社会的保守主义融入主流，来对抗那种日渐主宰普罗大众看法的世俗主义和自由主义的自由理想。?
60.若要更加认识尼泊尔制宪过程中的暴力，可见Human Rights Watch, ‘Like We Are Not Nepali: Protest and Police Crackdown in the Terai Region of Nepal’, October 2015. https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/10/16/we-are-not-nepali/protest-and-police-crackdown-terai-region-nepal.?
61.‘Statement on Situation in Nepal’, Ministry of External Affairs, India, 20 September 2015. https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/25821/Statement+on+the+situation+in+Nepal.?
62.‘Nepal’s Divisive New Constitution: An Existential Crisis’, International Crisis Group, Asia Report Number 276, 4 April 2016, pp. 16-17. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/nepal/nepal%E2%80%99s-divisive-new-constitution-existential-crisis.?
63.出处同上，p. 20.?
64.Sudheer Sharma, Prayogshala, p. 315?
65.Prashant Jha, ‘HT Analysis: Nepal PM Oli’s Departure Marks and Indian Comeback’, Hindustan Times, 24 July 2016. https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/prime-minister-oli-s-departure-marks-indian-comeback-in-nepal/story-SlfKmL3xkCWZDHO0IPDPwI.html.?
66.Zhang Shubin, ‘Will Nepal’s PM repair Ties with China?’ Global Times, 20 March 2017. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1038667.shtml.?
67.Xu Liang, ‘Nepal Risks Missing Chance with China’, Global Times, 19 September 2016. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1007091.shtml.?
68.然而，他不是第一个这样做的人。前中国驻尼泊尔大使杨厚兰，就曾于二○一二年推动这个想法。见http://np.china-embassy.org/eng/EmbassyInfo/asaa/t970295.htm.?
69.CIA Intelligence Report, ‘The International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party’, p. i-vi, December 1971. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/polo-33.pdf.?
70.Neil Thomas, ‘Proselytizing Power: The Party Wants the World to Learn from Its Experiences’, Macro Polo, 22 January 2020. https://macropolo.org/international-liaison-department-ccp/.?
71.‘Xi Jinping: Let the Sense of Community of Common Destiny Take Deep Root in Neighbouring Countries’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, 25 October 2013. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/activities_663312/t1093870.shtml.?
72.Anil Giri, ‘Beijing recalibrating its Nepal policy as political situation unfolds fast’, The Kathmandu Post, 30 December 2020. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/12/30/beijing-recalibrating-its-nepal-policy-as-political-situation-unfolds-fast-in-kathmandu.?
73.‘Xi Jinping Meets with President of Nepali Congress Party Sher Bahadur Deuba’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, 13 October 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1707861.shtml.?
74.‘National Security Strategy of the United States of America’, The White House, Washington, D.C., December 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-1.pdf.?
75.Binod Ghimire, ‘Why the MCC Compact Courted Controversy in Nepal’, Kathmandu Post, 9 January 2020. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/01/09/why-the-mcc-compact-courted-controversy-in-nepal.?
76.‘A Free and Open Indo-Pacific: Advancing a Shared Vision’, Department of State, US Government, 4 November 2019. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Free-and-Open-Indo-Pacific-4Nov2019.pdf.?
77.千年挑战计划的细节可见于此：https://hr.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/ns1zpda2uw3x2odp.pdf. 尼泊尔反对千年挑战计划的人指控，如果计划中有纠纷，会适用纽约的法律。然而，条约没有提及此事。?
78.Akhilesh Upadhyay, ‘In Nepal, how domestic politics is colliding with geopolitics’, Hindustan Times, 23 November 2020. https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/in-nepal-how-domestic-politics-is-colliding-with-geopolitics/story-rn13tL5lzGKnZTWVZ5rGYK.html.?
79.事实上，魏凤和的十一月访问意在强化两边军方关系，很有可能会重启军事援助和训练计划。也有人主张，尼泊尔国内的政治动荡使中国把尼泊尔国军视为该国的一个「永久当权派」。见Kamal Dev Bhattarai, ‘Chiniya Rakshya Mantrile Jangi Addama Dui Ghanta Bitaunu ko Artha’ (‘The meaning behind the Chinese defence minister spending two hours at Nepal Army headquarters’), Online Khabar, 29 November 2020. https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2020/11/912436.?
80.Phanindra Dahal, ‘Wei Fenghe Nepal Bhraman: Chin Nepali sena sanga kasto sambandha chahancha’ (‘Wei Fenghe’s Nepal visit: What sort of relationship does China want with Nepal Army?’), BBC Nepali, 2 December 2020. https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-55134776.?
81.中国大使侯艳琪访谈： ‘China wants trilateral ties involving India also for Nepal’s development’, Online Khabar, 10 November 2020. https://english.onlinekhabar.com/china-wants-trilateral-ties-involving-india-also-for-nepals-development-ambassador-hou.html.?
82.这九个计划是分别是：升级拉苏瓦加迪——加德满都道路；基玛塘——希勒（Hile）道路；从迪帕雅尔（Dipayal）通往中国边界的路；托卡（Tokha）到比德尔（Bidur）的路；加尔契奇（Galchhi）——拉苏瓦加迪——吉隆的四百千伏电缆；吉隆——加德满都铁路；762百万瓦塔穆尔（Tamor）水力发电厂；426百万瓦普科特卡纳利（Phukot Karnali）水力发电厂；以及马丹．班达里技术学院（Madan Bhandari Technical Institute）。?
83.Krishana Prasain, ‘Local traders fear they may miss the winter shopping season too’, The Kathmandu Post, 27 November 2020. https://kathmandupost.com/money/2020/11/27/local-traders-fear-they-may-miss-the-winter-shopping-season-too.?
84.‘Nepal-Chin Seema baare boleko bhandai Humla ka sahayak CDO lai griha ko 24 24-ghante spashtikaran’ (‘Humla assistant CDO asked to submit clarification within 24 hours by Home Ministry for speaking about the Nepal-China border’), Pahilopost, 24 September 2020. https://pahilopost.com/content/20200924112422.html.?
85.Amrit Raj Kaphle, ‘Interview: I feel threatened for my findings that China encroached land in Humla - NC leader Shahi’, Khabarhub, 22 November 2020. https://english.khabarhub.com/2020/22/143664/.?
86.‘Congress lai Chin ko chitthi: Seema samasya samadhan ma BP ko thulo yogdaan cha’ (‘China’s letter to Congress: BP greatly assisted the resolution of any border disputes’), Online Khabar, 5 December 2020. https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2020/12/913456.?
9 有着尼泊尔特色的中国资本主义
位于加德满都高档购物区「都巴马格」（Durbar Marg）的「新知图书」，如果你没特别去找的话就很容易错过。中国最大私营书店在加德满都的经销点，并不存在于观光客的地图坐标上。它开在一个像地下室的空间，从外面看来一点都不起眼。外面墙上有几张布告，多半是在宣传汉语课（通过汉语水平考试的补习课程）。书店内，会先看到摆满中国食品和食材——酱油、水果醋、花椒——的架子，接着在一个角落，会有好几袋中国来的米。接着有好几面书架摆满了汉语和尼泊尔语的书，还有一些英文书。习近平著作《习近平谈治国理政》的汉语、尼泊尔语和英语版位居最显要的大位。这套共两卷（译注：第三卷于二○二○年六月发行，二○二二年此时已有四卷）的习近平二○一二年以来言论集，被称作《毛语录》的文学接班书。有一篇评论说「两卷都强调了一个核心主题：中国准备好要重拾大国声望。它一页又一页地暗示或明白讲：若要达到这一点，它需要稳定、团结，并由一名强而有力的领袖掌权。」1
书店是随着双边关系深化后，中国企业家开始与尼泊尔来往的众多新管道之一。尽管尼泊尔和中国在文化和社会上可能有段距离，但这样的往来替未来的互动创造了一个范本。在我整趟旅程中结识的尼泊尔人里，有些在中国经营的企业或者石油探勘计划中工作，有些离开了中国开发的水力发电公司职位，也有些人则试着在上述这些地方求职。我也结识了把尼泊尔当成家的中国国民，若不是为了工作，就是因为创业冒险精神——来自兰州的面条师傅、来自云南的餐厅老板，以及来自四川的农人。在一场二○一九年末举行的「中国西藏产销会」上，藏族跟汉族的营销代表试图把取自圣母峰下（西藏侧）一条冰河的瓶装矿泉水卖给尼泊尔人们，或是叫卖不动产建设计划，或者就卖各式各样缓和精神或补充精力的草药，就看你当下需要用哪种。
在一个像新知图书这样的地方，中国企图赢得朋友及影响群众的工夫，带有一种极端狂热。这些新空间忠实符合习近平要求的民间交流，让高水平的政治讨论落实于地方层次：方法包括了招揽当地消费者、雇用当地人，并在尼泊尔的环境中提倡中国世界观。虽然说，最能看出这种民间交流的地方，就是旅游业重新定位为中国访客导向，但在观光区巷弄的小本经营店面、新知图书这种更有组织的零售空间，以及在尼泊尔最大的水泥生产公司「红狮希万姆水泥厂」（Hongshi Shivam Cement）等高知名度公司，也同样可以看见这种交流。
尼泊尔的旅游观光导向经济，经常让人想起西方消费主义的符号。但这边是另一回事。中国人经营的生意在运作中纳入了一个「中国」特性，在那些生意中，语言用词（目前）是尼泊尔大众无法触及的，因为一切——从标签、物品到买卖——都是以汉语进行。同样引人注目的，是新知图书这类空间所进行的习近平崇拜输入。以加德满都为据点的智库将《习近平谈治国理政》翻译成尼泊尔语，并「让尼泊尔政治人物、知识分子和政策规画者能够正确理解中国梦、理解其治理方式以及有中国特色的社会主义」。2
二○一四年成立的加德满都新知图书，是昆明新知集团的第七间国际经销点。坐落在众多书架之间的是英语经典，如《艾丽斯梦游仙境》，以及少数几本由中国出版社出版的莎士比亚剧作。有一柜专门放中文辞典。书店的中文班颇受欢迎。我问一个在书店工作的尼泊尔女孩，某一本小学课本适不适合让我从头学中文。她说，课本会让我约略有些了解，但还是要上课不然学不会中文。她为了说明这个论点，开始清楚念出同一个字的各种不同发音。
我继续往里面逛，然后拿起了一本英文与尼泊尔语的双语书籍《中国思想与文化关键概念》（Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture），3以及写给少年并翻译成尼泊尔语的习近平生平。4后面这本是《习近平讲故事》（Narrating China’s Governance）的删减版，在这本演讲节选中，习近平概述了「贯穿历史文化之道」的关键要素，5且每一则都附有评论（译注：原书称「延伸阅读」），替习近平提到的典故提供脉络。每一节都概括描述了「习近平思想」。这里头习近平有讲到杨震这名古代清官的故事，他曾在夜里没人知晓的时候拒收黄金贿礼，提出「四知」作为理由——「天知，地知，我知，你知」（译注：《后汉书》原文为「天知，神知，我知，子知」）——而习近平把这种精神称作「清廉觉悟」，这是他在任期中会反复谈及的主题。文章也提到了中国在鸦片战争之后十九世纪中到二十世纪中的「百年国耻」，当时中国「自给自足的自然经济逐渐解体，工业革命机遇没有抓住」。6在二○一三年中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第三次全体会议上的讲话，习近平把这段时期延伸到了两个世纪，称其为「错失两百年」，归咎于清朝「闭关锁国、夜郎自大」而错过工业革命的利益，并责怪西方让中国成为「半殖民地半封建国家」。7
