1. Gregory VII, Register, I.1, p. 1.
2. Ibid., I.25, p. 30.
3. 此处参见U-R. Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia, 1988); G. Tellenbach, The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century (Cambridge, 1993); H. Cowdrey, Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford, 1998).
4. Gregory VII, Register, III.6, p. 181; III.10a, pp. 192–3.
5. Hugh of Flavigny, II, p. 458; Lampert, Annales, pp. 258, 264–5; Berthold, p. 284; Bonizo of Sutri, Liber, 8, p. 609.
6. Gregory VII, Register, VII.14, pp. 342–4.
7. Benzo of Alba, Ad Henricum, VI, Preface, p. 502.
8. C. Erdmann (ed.), Die Briefe Heinrichs IV (Leipzig, 1937), 18, p. 28.
9. P. Kehr, 'Due documenti pontifici illustranti la storia di Roma negli ultimi anni del secolo XI', Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria 23 (1900), pp. 277–83.
10. Bernold of Constance, p. 508.
11. 乌尔班二世引入了这样一种可能性：前往西班牙作战的骑士都能够借此赎罪。这对潜在的十字军战士可以获得的精神奖赏将产生非常重要的影响。但是，教皇对在西班牙作战提出的这种奖赏对欧洲的骑士阶层整体上没有产生太大影响。参见 J. von Pflugk-Hartung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1880–8), 2, pp. 142–3; Urban II, Epistolae et Privilegia, in Patrologia Latina 151, cols. 288, 302–3, 332–3. Also A. Becker, Papst Urban II, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1964–88), 1, pp. 246ff.
12. F. Liebermann, 'Lanfranc and the antipope', English Historical Review 16 (1901), pp. 330–2.
13. P. Kehr, 'Papsturkunden in Rom: Erster Bericht', Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen, Phil-hist. Kl. (1900), pp. 148–9.
14. 只有给克莱芒三世的回信留存了下来。A. Pavlov, 'Otryvki grecheskago teksta kanonicheskikh otvetov russkago mitropolita Ioanna II', Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, 22.5 (1873), pp. 169–86.
15. 帝国继承人通常在出生时或出生后不久就会被加冕为共治皇帝，因此固定格式中会出现两个人的名号。De Cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae libri duo, ed. J. Reiske, 2 vols. (Bonn, 1829–30), 48, vol. 2, pp. 686–92; 46, vol. 2, p. 679.
16. C. Will, Acta et scripta quae de controversiis Ecclesiae Graecae et Latinae (Leipzig, 1861), pp. 150–4.
17. J. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Concilium Amplissima Collectio, 31 vols. (Florence, 1759–98), 20, cols. 507–8; Gregory VII, Register, VI.5b, p. 281. 阿莱克修斯遭受绝罚在Bernold of Constance, pp. 479–80中被提到。
18. William of Apulia, IV, p. 230; cf. Anna Komnene, I.13, p. 40.
19. 此处最可靠的资料出自大公会议上达成的教令、教皇送往佛兰德斯、托斯卡纳和西班牙的六封信，以及当时人们对乌尔班二世在克莱蒙会议后在法兰西各地的传道动员所留下的记述，例如1096年2月在昂热。 Somerville, Councils of Urban II, pp. 74, 124; Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, pp. 136, 137–8; W. Wiederhold, 'Papsturkunden in Florenz', Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen, Phil-hist. Kl. (1901), pp. 313–14; P. Kehr, Papsturkunden in Spanien. I Katalonien (Berlin, 1926), pp. 287–8; L. Halphen and R. Poupardin, Chronique des comtes d'Anjou et des seigneurs d'Amboise (Paris, 1913), pp. 237–8.
20. Geoffrey Malaterra, IV.13, p. 92; W. Holtzmann, 'Die Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II im Jahre 1089', Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 28 (1928), pp. 60–2.
21. Anna Komnene, V.9, p. 151.
22. Holtzmann, 'Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II', pp. 60–2.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., pp. 62–4.
25. Theophylact of Ohrid, Peri egkalountai Latinon, in P. Gautier (ed. and tr.), Theophylacti Achridensis Opera (Thessaloniki, 1980), p. 249.
26. Ibid., pp. 251–61.
27. Ibid., pp. 271–9.
28. H. Seyffert (ed.), Benzo von Alba. Sieben Bücher an Kaiser Heinrich IV (Hanover, 1996), I.14–17, pp. 140–54.
29. Geoffrey Malaterra, IV.13, pp. 92–3.
30. R. Somerville, Pope Urban II, the Collectio Britannica, and the Council of Melfi (1089) (Oxford, 1996), pp. 175–80.
31. 他的评论见于写给君士坦丁堡牧首尼古拉三世的一封信中。Holtzmann, 'Union-s-verhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II', pp. 64–7.
32. Thus Becker, Papst Urban II, 2, pp. 80ff.
33. Ibid., p. 60.
34. Ibid., pp. 59–60.
35. Pavlov, 'Otryvki grecheskago teksta', pp. 169–86.
36. Anna Komnene, IV.1, p. 109.
37. E.g. Regii neapolitani archivi: monumenta edita ac illustrata, 6 vols. (Naples, 1845–61) 5, no. 457, pp. 146–7; no. 458, pp. 148–52; no. 462, pp. 157–9; no. 467, pp. 174–8; Codice Diplomatico Barese, 6 vols. (Bari, 1897–1902), 3, no. 24, pp. 39–40; no. 35, p. 41; no. 36, p. 42; no. 27, p. 43; no. 28, pp. 44–5; no. 29, pp. 45–6; no. 30, pp. 46–7; D. Morea (ed.), Il chartularium del monastero (Montecassino, 1892), p. 136.
38. Bernold of Constance, pp. 470–80.
39. G. Spata, Le pergamene greche esistenti nel grande archivio di Palermo (Palermo, 1861), pp. 163–6, 173–5, 179–82; S. Cusa, I diplomi greci ed arabi di Sicilia pubblicati nel testo originale, 2 vols. (Palermo, 1868–82), 2, p. 391.
40. Bernold of Constance, p. 483; Anna Komnene, VIII.5, p. 224.
41. F. Sisic (ed.), Letopis Popa Dukljanina (Belgrade, 1928), pp. 413–16; P. Frankopan, 'Co-operation between Constantinople and Rome before the First Crusade: A study of the convergence of interests in Croatia in the late 11th Century', Crusades 3 (2004), pp. 1–13.
42. Fulcher of Chartres, I.5.xi, p. 71.
43. Bernold of Constance, pp. 458, 462.
44. Herrand of Halberstadt, Epistola de causa Heinrici regis, MGH Libelli, 2, p. 288.
45. MGH Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum, 2 vols. (Hanover, 1893), 1, p. 564; Bernold of Constance, p. 520.
46. Bernold of Constance, p. 520.
47. Geoffrey Malaterra, IV.23, p. 101; Bernold of Constance, p. 463.
48. 关于皮亚琴察大公会议的情形，参见R. Somerville, Pope Urban II's Council of Piacenza (Oxford, 2011).
