1. 关于在法兰西传唱的歌谣，Orderic Vitalis, X.21, 5, p. 342. 关于歌谣的流传，参见S. Edgington and C. Sweetenham (eds.), The Chanson d'Antioche: An Old-French Account of the First Crusade (Aldershot, 2011).
2. E. de Marneffe (ed.), Cartulaire de l'abbaye d'Afflighem (Louvain, 1894), pp. 19–21.
3. 相关的众多例子，参见 Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, p. 150.
4. E.g. De genere comitum Flandrensium notae Parisienses, MGH, SS, 13, p. 259.
5. Suger of St Denis, p. 38; also see Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 122–3.
6. 据《法兰克人事迹》所言，图索的居伊在安条克做了逃兵，IX,PP.55-56。他与国王结成亲家可能能够解释，为什么在一份立场倾向法兰西王室的文献中，对他的评论是比较富于同情的。Suger of St Denis, p. 36.
7. Guibert of Nogent, VI.11, p. 243.
8. 关于史蒂芬的死，Albert of Aachen, IX.6, p. 644. 关于一首他得到治疗的歌谣，Chanson d'Antioche, pp. 285–6.
9. France, Victory in the East, pp. 141–2.
10. Gilbert of Mons, 27, p. 30. See William of Tyre, I, p. 298; Albert of Aachen, IX.52, p. 716.
11. Orderic Vitalis, X.24, 5, pp. 358–76.
12. Ibid., p. 354.
13. France, 'The Anonymous Gesta Francorum', pp. 39–69 and above all, Rubenstein, 'What is the Gesta Francorum and who was Peter Tudebode？', pp. 179–204.
14. Fulcher of Chartres, I.33. v–xxi, pp. 129–32; Albert of Aachen, VII.6, p. 494.
15. R. Hiestand (ed.), Papsturkunden für Kirchen im Heiligen Lande (G?ttingen, 1985), p. 102; 其他一些相关例子，参见Codice Diplomatico Barese, 5, pp. 83–102.
16. Suger of St Denis, p. 44.
17. Romuald of Salerno, p. 203; Ekkehard of Aura, p. 293; William of Tyre, XI.1, 1, p. 460.
18. Bartulf of Nangis, Gesta Francorum expugnantium Iherusalem, 65, p. 538; Chronica Monasterii Casinensis, IV, p. 493; Suger of St Denis, p. 48; Hiestand, Papsturkunden für Kirchen, p. 7, n. 2; Codice Diplomatico Barese, 5, pp. 79–80.
19. Albert of Aachen, VIII.48, p. 636.
20. 参见，例如，W. Whalen, 'God's Will or Not？ Bohemond's campaign against the Byzantine Empire (1105–1108)', in T. Madden, J. Naus and V. Ryan (eds.) Crusades – Worlds in conflict (Farnham, 2010), pp. 115–23.
21. 关于博希蒙德的巡游，参见L. Russo, 'Il viaggio di Boemundo d'Altavilla in Francia', Archivio storico italiano 603 (2005), pp. 3–42.
22. Orderic Vitalis, XI.12, 6, pp. 70–2.
23. Ibid., p. 70.
24. 可参见W. Holtzmann, 'Zur Geschichte des Investitur-streites', Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ?ltere deutsche Geschichtskunde 50 (1935), pp. 280–2.
25. Orderic Vitalis, XI.12, 6, p. 68; William of Malmesbury, IV.407, p. 736.
26. J. Stevenson (ed.), Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon, 2 vols. (London, 1858), 2, p. 46. 没有资料可以说明派遣使节前往英格兰是在什么时候，或出于什么动机。
27. 例如，Shepard, 'The "muddy road" of Odo Arpin', pp. 11–28.
28. Anna Komnene, XIII.12, p. 385.
29. Ibid., p. 386.
30. Ibid., pp. 392–4.
31. Ibid., p. 387; p. 389.
32. Ibid., p. 392.
33. Ibid.
34. Orderic Vitalis, X.24, 5, p. 356; William of Tyre, VI.23, 1, p. 340.
35. Anna Komnene, XIV.1, p. 397.
36. Anna Komnene, XIII.12, p. 395.
37. Ibid., p. 394.
38. Fulcher of Chartres, I.32, p. 128; Orderic Vitalis, X.12, 5, p. 276.
39. Anna Komnene, XI.7, p. 316; XII.1, pp. 332–3; Orderic Vitalis, X.23, 5, p. 350;X.24, p. 354.
40. Gesta Francorum, I, p. 5.
41. Ibid., p. 6; II, p. 10.
42. Gesta Francorum, II, p. 11.
43. Ibid., p. 17.
44. Raymond of Aguilers, I, pp. 18– 19; II, p. 22.
45. Raymond of Aguilers, II, pp. 26–7.
46. Ibid., p. 23.
47. Gesta Francorum, II, p. 12.
48. Robert the Monk, VII.20, p. 176.
49. Barber and Bate, Letters, p. 20.
50. Ibid., pp. 22–5.
51. Matthew of Edessa, II.114, p. 167. F关于黑山，参见Regulations of Nikon of the Black Mountain, in J. Thomas and A. Constantinides Hero (eds.), Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, 5 vols. (Washington, DC, 2000), pp. 377–424. Also see Typikon of Nikon of the Black Mountain for the Monastery and Hospice of the Mother of God tou Roidiou in ibid., pp. 425–39.
52. Ralph of Caen, 54, p. 80.
53. Raymond of Aguilers, XI, p. 88.
54. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, p. 153.
55. Barber and Bate, Letters, p. 21.
56. Gesta Francorum, X, p. 72; Fulcher of Chartres, I.23.viii, p. 107; cf. Albert of Aachen, V.3, pp. 340–2.
57. Barber and Bate, Letters, pp. 30–3.
58. Ibid., p. 33.
59. Fulcher of Chartres, I.24.i–xiv, pp. 107–12.
60. Raymond of Aguilers, II, p. 23.
61. Ibid., pp. 22–3.
62. Gesta Francorum, X, p. 75.
63. Raymond of Aguilers, X, pp. 74–5.
64. Robert the Monk, VII.20, p. 176; William of Tyre, IX.13, 1, p. 437.
65. Robert the Monk, VI.16, p. 160.
66. Guibert of Nogent, I.5, p. 104.
67. William of Malmesbury, History of the English Kings, ed. R. Thomson, R. Mynors and M. Winterbottom (Oxford, 1999), III.262, pp. 482–4.
68. Roger of Hoveden, Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam (repr. Farnborough, 1970), p. 710.
69. William of Malmesbury, II.225, p. 412.
70. William of Tyre, X.12, 1, p. 467.
71. Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J. Bury, 7 vols. (London, 1909–14) 6, p. 335.
72. Anna Komnene, XIV.2, p. 401.
73. Albert of Aachen, IX.43, p. 696.
74. A. Wharton Epstein, 'The date and significance of the Cathedral of Canosa in Apulia, Southern Italy', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37 (1983), pp. 85–6.
75. M. Ogle and D. Schullian (eds.) Rodulfi Tortarii Carmina (Rome, 1933), pp. 298–316.
76. 参见N. Paul, 'A warlord's wisdom: Literacy and propaganda at the time of the First Crusade', Speculum 85 (2010), pp. 534–66. Another source from this period also reports Bohemond as having got the better of the emperor, rather than the other way round. Narratio Floriacensis, pp. 356–62.
77. Barber and Bate, Letters, pp. 30–3.
78. Gesta Francorum, I, pp. 1–2.
79. Erdmann, Die Briefe Heinrichs IV, pp. 38–9.
80. Ekkehard of Aura, pp. 182–4; Annales Hildesheimensis, MGH, SS, 3, pp. 50–1.
81. Erdmann, Die Briefe Heinrichs IV, pp. 39–40.
82. Patrologia Latina, 163, cols. 108a–c.
83. Erdmann, Die Briefe Heinrichs IV, pp. 39–40.
84. 关于和约, Anna Komnene, IX.3, p. 244, 以及上引，p146。关于阿莱克修斯和乞力赤·阿尔斯兰之间稳定且看似积极的关系，参见Albert of Aachen, IX.34, pp. 680–2.
85. 关于富歇对拜占庭的较柔和态度，参见L. Ní Chléirigh, 'The impact of the First Crusade on Western opinion towards the Byzantine Empire: The Dei Gesta per Francos of Guibert of Nogent and the Historia Hierosolymitana of Fulcher of Chartres', in C. Kostick (ed.), The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories (Abingdon, 2011), pp. 161–88.
86. 阿尔贝特得出了截然不同的结论，注意M. Carrier, 'L'image d'Alexis Ier Comnène selon le chroniqleur Albert d'Aix', Byzantion 78 (2008), pp. 34–65.
87. Anna Komnene, XI.8, p. 320.
88. Anna Komnene, XIV.2, pp. 402–3; Albert of Aachen, XI.4, p. 776.
89. P. Maas, 'Die Musen des Kaisers Alexios I', Byzantinische Zeitschrift 22 (1913), ll. 312–51.
90. H. Hoffmann (ed.), Die Chronik von Montecassino (Hanover, 1980), IV.46, p. 514.
91. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, p. 162.
92. Anna Komnene, XIV.4, p. 411.
93. Anna Komnene, X.2, p. 262.
进一步阅读书目
与其列出一份包罗万象的多达2000多本书和文章的参考文献，我觉得为读者就如何入门提点建议会更加有用，让他们有兴趣大致了解第一次十字军概貌，或这场远征的某些具体方面，我会尽可能给出二手文献的英文版本，但有些时候，列出其他语言的专著和文章似乎不可避免。概论
十字军东征得到了历史学家们的高度关注，在近些年也方兴未艾。Christopher Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), Jonathan Phillips, Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades (London, 2009), 和 Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land (London, 2010) 等重头作品采取了不同的角度来探讨十字军。他们各自都进行了有力的概述，证明研究本领域的学术界健康而积极。十字军史学家中的翘楚是Jonathan Riley-Smith，他的The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading(London, 1986)至今仍为必读书目。他的其他众多概述十字军东征和单独讨论前往耶路撒冷的第一次远征的著作都价值非凡——The First Crusaders 1095-1131 (Cambridge, 1997) 尤其值得一提。John France的Victory in the East (Cambridge, 1994) 提供了关于这场前往耶路撒冷远征的极佳军事史作品。另可参考Thomas Asbridg所著的可读性极强的The First Crusade: A New History (London, 2005)。
为纪念克莱蒙大公会议召开900周年，召开了一系列会议，多部文集收录了会上众多顶尖学者提交的论文。其中最好的是Jonathan Phillips' The First Crusade: Origins and Impact (Manchester, 1997), Michel Balard's Autour de la Première Croisade (Paris, 1996), and Alan Murray's From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies (Turnhout, 1998). 其他值得一提的文集包括Crusade and Settlement, edited by Peter Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), and The Experience of Crusading, edited by Marcus Bull, Norman Housely and Jonathan Phillips, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 2003)。另可参考Thomas Madden精心编选的一批顶尖学者的论文集，The Crusades (Oxford, 2002)。Alan Murray所著的关于第一次十字军东征的文献综述也很有价值。
当代研究拜占庭和阿拉伯的学者却令人惊讶地极少关注这个主题。一个例外是Lonathan Harris清晰而有用的Byzantium and the Crusades (London, 2003)。不容错过的是Paul Magdalino的'The Byzantine background to the First Crusade', in Canadian Institute of Balkan Studies (Toronto, 1996), pp. 3–38。同样地还有Ralph-Johannes Lilie就拜占庭与十字军之间关系展开的精彩研究，该书首先在1981年以德文出版，后有了很好的英译本Byzantium and the Crusader states 1096-1204 (tr. Morris and Ridings, Oxford, 1993)。Carole Hillenbrand的The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh, 1999) 从提供了东方看待西方的视角方面非常有用。
关于第一次十字军东征
Anna Comnena by Georgina Buckler(Oxford, 1929)至今仍是关于《阿莱克修斯纪》的唯一专著，其对该书文本构成的讨论非常出色，但在文本解释方面略逊色。Belfast colloquium on Alexios I中的一篇重要论文非常有必要读，提出了关于其文本构成的艰深问题。James Howard-Johnston收录在Margaret Mullett和Dion Smythe (eds.)的Alexios I Komnenos (Belfast, 1996) 中的文章非常重要，应该与另一本由Thalia Gouma-Peterson编辑的虽然薄但很有价值的文集Anna Komnene and Her Times(New York, 2000)一道阅读。John France's 'Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade', Reading Medieval Studies 10 (1984), pp. 20–38提供了西方十字军对这个文本的观点。
对《阿莱克修斯纪》的编年进行最成功解构的作品是Iakov Liubarskii 的'Zamechaniya k khronologii XI Knigi "Aleksiada" Anny Komninoi', Vizantiiskii Vremennik 24 (1963), pp. 46–56，他探讨了《阿莱克修斯纪》第十一卷中存在的问题。Lilie在Byzantium and the Crusader States一书的附录中肯定并推进了相关研究，pp.46-56。文本其他地方对某些事件时间上的误置，由David Gress-Wright, 'Bogomilism in Constantinople', Byzantion 47 (1977), pp. 163–85; P. Gautier, 'Discours de Théophylacte de Bulgarie', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 20 (1962), esp. pp. 99–103; J. Gouillard, 'L'Abjuration du moine Nil le Calabrais', Travaux et Mémoires 2 (1968), pp. 290–303提出来了。Liubarskii's 'Ob istochnikakh "Aleksiady" Anny Komninoi', Vizantiiskii Vremennik 25 (1965), pp. 99–120仍然是最好的确认安娜·科穆宁娜所使用文献来源的作品，并且也举出了其他一些例子指出《阿莱克修斯纪》在编年上存在错误。我们需要一部全新的重头作品来全面研究安娜·科穆宁娜作品中就事件历史序列存在的种种问题。
西方关于十字军东征的各种叙事文献，比较好的阅读起点是Colin Morris, "The Gesta Francorum as Narrative History", Reading Medieval Studies 19(1993),pp.55-72。不过，更晚近的可见John France's 'The anonymous Gesta Francorum and the Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem of Raymond of Aguilers and the Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere of Peter Tudebode: An analysis of the textual relationship between primary sources for the First Crusade', in J. France and W. Zajac (eds.), The Crusades and their Sources: Essays presented to Bernard Hamilton (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 39–69. 另外可参见France's 'The use of the anonymous Gesta Francorum in the early twelfth-century sources for the First Crusade', in Alan Murray, From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies (Turnhout, 1998). pp. 29–42以及更近期的Jay Rubenstein, 'What is the Gesta Francorum and who was Peter Tudebode？', Revue Mabillon 16 (2005), pp. 179–204.
关于亚琛的阿尔伯特，参见Sue Edgington, 'Albert of Aachen reappraised', in Murray, From Clermont to Jerusalem, pp. 55–67. 另可参见Edgington's 'The First Crusade: Reviewing the evidence', in Phillips, First Crusade, pp. 57–77, and Marc Carrier's 'L'image d'Alexis Ier Comnène selon le chroniqueur Albert d'Aix', Byzantion 78 (2008), pp. 34–65. 参见R. Chazan, 'The Hebrew First Crusade Chronicles', Revue des Etudes Juives 133 (1974), pp. 235–54. 另见Hillenbrand's 'The First Crusade: The Muslim perspective', in Phillips, First Crusade, pp. 130–41.
阿莱克修斯一世写给佛兰德斯的罗贝尔的信件完全被视为伪作，参见Peter Schreiner, 'Der Brief des Alexios I Komnenos an den Grafen Robert von Flandern und das Problem gef?lschter byzantinischer Kaiserschreiben in den westlichen Quellen', and Christian Gastgeber, 'Das Schreiben Alexios I. Komnenos an Robert I. Flandern. Sprachliche Untersuchung', 均收录在Giuseppe de Gregorio and Otto Kresten (eds.), Documenti medievali Greci e Latini: Studi Comparativi (Spoleto, 1998), pp. 111–40, 141–85，不过也可参见Carole Sweetenham, 'Two letters calling Christians on Crusade', in Robert the Monk's History of the First Crusade (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 215–18. 不过这些文章都认为11世纪90年代初期拜占庭帝国在小亚细亚所处的地位是有利而健康的。因此也要注意Michel de Waha, 'La lettre d'Alexis Comnène à Robert Ier le Frison', Byzantion 47 (1977), pp. 113–25.
第一次十字军东征时期的教廷与西欧
对第一次十字军东征前夕的欧洲的研究涌现了诸多出色的作品。关于教廷，H. E. J. Cowdrey's Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford, 1998) and Alfons Becker's magisterial Papst Urban II 1088–99, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1964–88) 为必读作品。 Cowdrey's The Age of Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the Papacy and the Normans in the Eleventh and Early Twelfth Centuries (Oxford, 1983) 很重要，同样的还有Josef Deér's Papsttum und Normannen: Untersuchungen zu ihren lehnsrechtlichen und kirchenpolitischen Beziehungen (Cologne, 1972)。Ian Robinson的The Papacy 1073-1198(Cambridge,1990)提供了关于罗马教廷在这一时期经历的斗争的评述，相当令人信服。该作者的Henry IV of Germany,1056-1106(Cambridge,1999)在讲述欧洲11世纪末遭遇的种种危机上非常出色。Timothy Reuter的文集，由Janet Nelson编纂的Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities(Cambridge, 2006)，以及Karl Leyser，由Reuter编纂的，收录于Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Gregorian Revolution and Beyond(London,1994)所论述的非常发人深省。
Steven Runciman的Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches During the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries(Oxford, 1955)仍能提供关于1054年发生的种种事件的清晰叙述，但Henry Chadwick的East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times Until the Council of Florence (Oxford, 2003) 将大裂教放置在了更为宽广的背景下考量。相关的也值得一看的是Aristeides Papadakis and John Meyendorff, The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071–1453 (New York, 1994) 以及最重要的Axel Bayer's Spaltung der Christenheit: Das sogenannte Morgenl?ndische Schisma von 1054 (Cologne, 2002). Tia Kolbaba的The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins (Urbana, 2000)对我们了解东方和西方教会之间的对抗很有帮助。关于叙任权之争，参见Ute-Renata Blumenthal's The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia, 1988) 以及Gerd Tellenbach, The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century (Cambridge, 1993).
11世纪末的拜占庭帝国
The Oxford History of Byzantium，由Cyril Mango主编（Oxford,2002)以及the Cambridge History of Byzantine Empire,c.500-1492,由Jonathan Shepard主编（Cambridge,2008)提供了关于拜占庭帝国概况的导引，非常清楚，也总能引人深思。Angeliki Laiou's The Economic History of Byzantium, From the Seventh Through the Fifteenth Century, 3 vols. (Washington, DC, 2002) 也很出色，甚至是里程碑式的。
