[25]Poe to Eveleth, Feb. 29, 1848, in Ostrom, 2:650.
[26]Poe to Maria Clemm,July 7,1849,in Ostrom,2:452,andTPL,814.
[27]Thomas Kuhn,The Essential Tension (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), chap. 3．库恩认为，从1800年到1850年，得益于精密测量和实验的兴起，科学在许多领域中发生了转变；见M.Norton Wise,ed.,The Values of Precision(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1995);David Cahan,ed.,From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences:Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); John Pickstone,Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science,Technology,and Medicine(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001)。
[28]有关美国战前科学的主要资料来源包括：Sally Gregory Kohlstedt,The Formation of the American Scientific Community(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976); Sally Gregory Kohlstedt,“Parlors, Primers, and Public Schooling: Education for Science in Nineteenth-Century America, ”Isis 81, no. 3(1990):424-45;Nathan Reingold,Science,American Style(New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,1991);Hunter Dupree,Science in the Federal Government:A History of Policies and Activities(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1986);Robert V.Bruce,The Launching of American Science, 1846-1876(New York: Knopf, 1987); George H. Daniels,American Science in the Age of Jackson(Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,1994);Britt Rusert,Fugitive Science:Empiricism and Freedom in Early African American Culture(New York:New York University Press,2017);Katherine Pandora,“Popular Science in National and Transnational Perspective:Suggestions from the American Context, ”Isis 100, no. 2(2009): 346-58; Conevery Bolton Valen?ius et al.，“Science in Early America: Print Culture and the Sciences of Territoriality, ”Journal of the Early Republic 36,no.1(2016):73-123;Marc Rothenberg, ed.,The History of Science in the United States:An Encyclopedia(New York:Garland,2001);Joshua Nall,News from Mars: Mass Media and the Forging of a New Astronomy,1860-1910(University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019)。在该时期，美国科学见证了专业精英组织机构的出现(Reingold, Bruce, Daniel, Dupree)，还见证了科学在日常生活中的普及与扩大化(Pandora, Valen?ius, literature on Barnum and “pseudo-science”)。虽然爱伦·坡的生活和工作常常被分开研究，但通过这两者的研究，弄清楚上述两种趋势如何交互影响是有可能的。On previous studies of Poe，见“A Note About Sources” above。
[29]Marie Bonaparte,The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe:A Psycho-analytic Interpretation,trans.John Rodker (London: Imago, 1949).
[30]有关美国通史的主要资料来源包括：Daniel Walker Howe,What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America,1815-1848(New York:Oxford University Press,2007);David S.Reynolds,Waking Giant:America in the Age of Jackson(New York:Harper,2008);Charles Sellers,The Market Revolution:Jacksonian America,1815-1846(New York:Oxford University Press,1991);Sean Wilentz,The Rise of American Democracy:Jefferson to Lincoln (New York:W.W.Norton,2006);Jill Lepore,These Truths:A History of the United States(New York:W.W.Norton,2018);Howard Zinn,A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present (New York: Routledge, 2015); Eric Foner,The Story of American Freedom(New York:W.W.Norton,1999)。
[31]Edgar Allan Poe,“Imitation, ”inTamerlane and Other Poems(Boston:Calvin Thomas,1827),29-30,and LOA, 34; an early “imitation” of Byron.
[32]Allen,Israfel,1:130；这台仪器在位于巴尔的摩友好街的埃德加·爱伦·坡故居博物馆(Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum, Amity Street, Baltimore)展出。
[33]Advertisement for Richmond Academy,Richmond Compiler,Oct.2 and 4,1821,inTPL,48.
[34]现名达达尼尔海峡(Dardanelles)，位于土耳其。英国诗人乔治·戈登·拜伦曾于1810年游泳横渡该海峡。——译者注
[35]Poe,“Dreams, ”inTamerlane and Other Poems,26-27,and LOA,31-32.
[36]即美国第二次独立战争(Second War for Independence)，指美国与英国之间发生于1812—1815年的战争。这是美国独立后的第一次对外战争。——编者注
[37]William Galt's will, probated March 29, 1824, MS, Deed Book 117-B, 99, Circuit Court of the City of Richmond,Va.,Division I,inTPL,63-64.
[38]Norfolk Herald,July 26,1811;AHQ,41-42,inTPL,11.
[39]The page is reproduced in Allen,Israfel,76;on Poe in Allan's firm,see Terence Whalen,Edgar Allan Poe and the Masses:The Political Economy of Literature in Antebellum America(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press, 1999), 23.
[40]Poe,“Evening Star, ”inTamerlane and Other Poems,28-29,and LOA,33-34.
[41]Samuel Mordecai (一名里士满商人和历史学家) to his sister Rachel, Nov. 2, 1811, Jacob Mordecai Papers,Duke University Library,inTPL,13。
[42]Richmond Enquirer,Nov.29,1811,inTPL,13.
[43]David Leverenz,“Poe and Gentry Virginia, ”inThe American Face of Edgar Allan Poe, ed. Shawn Rosenheim and Stephen Rachman (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 210-236．对于弗吉尼亚州的奴隶制，莱韦伦茨的想法也在不断改变。19世纪20年代，该州立法机关就代表权问题展开了激烈争论：使用哪一次人口普查结果，奴隶是否也算入其中（增加奴隶所有者的投票权），以及废除奴隶制的各种计划，包括再次殖民于1822年建立的利比里亚。
[44]“Medicinal Springs of Virginia in the 19th Century, ” Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/springs/introessay/.
[45]尤金·L．迪迪埃汇总了几个曾于1812—1815年间在白硫黄温泉镇见过爱伦·坡的里士满居民的回忆，inLife of Edgar A.Poe(New York:W.J.Widdleton,1877),28,inTPL,18。
[46]David S. Reynolds, Beneath the American Renaissance:The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville(New York:Oxford University Press,2011);Teresa A.Goddu,Gothic America:Narrative,History,and Nation(New York:Columbia University Press,1997).
[47]Midori Takagi,Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction: Slavery in Richmond Virginia, 1782-1865 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000).
[48]James H.Whitty,“Memoir, ”inThe Complete Poems of Edgar Allan Poe,ed.James H.Whitty(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1911),xxii,n2;Allen,Israfel,1:196-197.
[49]Susan A.T.Weiss,“The Allan Home, ”inHome Life of Poe(New York:Broadway,1907),18.On Poe and cultures of the African diaspora, see Thomas Bledsoe and Thomas Mabbott，“Poe and Armistead Gordon, ”Phylon 7,no.4(1946):355-357;Joan Dayan,“Amorous Bondage:Poe,Ladies,and Slaves, ”American Literature 66,no.2(1994):239-273;Colin Dayan,“Legal Terrors, ”Representations 92,no.1(2005):42-80; Yvonne P. Chireau,Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
[50]Poe,Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque(Philadelphia:Lea and Blanchard,1840),5.
[51]Sophia A.Rosenfeld,Common Sense:A Political History(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press, 2011).
[52]I. Bernard Cohen,Science and the Founding Fathers: Science in the Political Thought of Jefferson, Franklin,Adams,and Madison(New York:W.W.Norton,1995);Tom Shachtman,Gentlemen Scientists and Revolutionaries:The Founding Fathers in the Age of Enlightenment(New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
[53]原始形式的电容器，用以储存静电电荷。——译者注
[54]James Delbourgo,A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders:Electricity and Enlightenment in Early America (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,2006);Susan Scott Parrish,American Curiosity:Cultures of Natural History in the Colonial British Atlantic World(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press，2006);Andrew J.Lewis,A Democracy of Facts:Natural History in the Early Republic(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).
[55]Jefferson in Russell Blaine Nye,The Cultural Life of the New Nation,1776-1830(New York:Harper&Row, 1960), 100.
[56]Franklin to Samuel Cooper,May 1,1777,inThe Writings of Benjamin Franklin,ed.Albert Henry Smyth, 10 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1905-7), 7:56.
[57]Thomas Paine,The Rights of Man(London:J.S.Jordan,1791),quoted in Nye,Cultural Life,66.
[58]I.Bernard Cohen,“Science and the Growth of the American Republic, ”Review of Politics 38,no.3(July 1976): 365.
[59]John F.Kasson,Civilizing the Machine:Technology and Republican Values in America,1776-1900(New York: Grossman, 1976).
[60]Brooke Hindle,The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America,1735-1789(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1956).
[61]James Gilreath and Douglas L.Wilson,eds.,Thomas Jefferson's Library:A Catalogue with Entries in His Own Order(Washington,D.C.:Library of Congress,1989),119,cited in Robert J.Scholnick,Poe's“Eureka,” Erasmus Darwin, and Discourses of Radical Science in Britain and America, 1770-1850 (Lewiston,N.Y.:Edwin Mellen Press,2018);David N.Stamos,Edgar Allan Poe,“Eureka,”and Scientific Imagination(Albany:State University of New York Press,2017),131-132.
[62]伊拉斯谟斯·达尔文是英国医学家、植物学家、诗人，也是英国著名博物学家查尔斯·达尔文的祖父。——编者注
[63]Jefferson to Thomas Cooper,Oct.7,1814,inThe Writings of Thomas Jefferson,ed.H.A.Washington,9 vols., new ed. (Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Maury, 1853-1854; Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 6:390.
[64]Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon,Histoire naturelle, 36 vols. (Paris: Royal, 1749-1788), 11:103-104, quoted in Lee Alan Dugatkin，“Buffon, Jefferson, and the Theory of New World Degeneracy, ”Evolution:Education and Outreach 12,no.1(2019):2;J.C.Greene,American Science in the Age of Jefferson(Ames:Iowa State University Press,1984).
[65]Jefferson,Notes on the State of Virginia(Richmond:J.W.Randolph,1853),149.
[66]Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson, 19 Aug. 1791, Founders Online.
[67]Jefferson to William Short, Sept. 8, 1823, Jefferson Papers, Founders Online, National Archives，见Peter S. Onuf,Jefferson's Empire:The Language of American Nationhood(Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press, 2000)。
[68]该起事件又名“切萨皮克-豹事件”(Chesapeake-Leopard Affair)，有两艘战舰牵涉其中，一艘为美国军舰“切萨皮克”(Chesapeake)号，另一艘则为英国皇家海军舰艇“豹”(Leopard)号；见James Fenimore Cooper,History of the Navy of the United States of America(New York:Stringer&Townsend, 1839)。
[69]Letters of Dr.Thomas Massie of Richmond,in“Richmond During the War of 1812(Continued), ”Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,April 1900,406-418.
[70]Allan to Ellis,Sept.21,1815,Ellis-Allan Papers,Library of Congress,inTPL,26.
[71]J.Gerald Kennedy,“The Realm of Dream and Memory:Poe's England, ”inPoe and Place,ed.Philip Edward Phillips (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 71-96.
[72]Allan to Ellis,Oct.30,1815,Ellis-Allan Papers,inTPL,26.
[73]Catherine Poitiaux,May 18,1816,in Killis Campbell,“New Notes on Poe's Early Years, ”Dial,Feb.17, 1916,144,inTPL,30.
[74]Allan to General John H. Cocke, Feb. 3, 1817, E. V. Valentine Collection, Valentine Museum, Richmond;AHQ, 70-71.
[75]意在与“滑铁卢”(Waterloo)相呼应。——编者注
[76]For a panorama of the“age of‘the spirit of the age, '”，见James Chandler,England in 1819:The Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999)。
[77]Allan to William Galt Jr., Nov. 12, 1818, William Galt Jr. Papers, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University,inTPL,39.
[78]这段话的原文只有句末一个句号。为方便读者理解，本书译者在这里加上了标点符号。——译者注
[79]Frances K. Allan to John Allan, Oct. 15, 1818, Valentine Collection; AHQ, 78.
[80]Peter J.Manning,“Childe Harold in the Marketplace:From Romaunt to Handbook, ”Modern Language Quarterly 52,no.2(1991):170-190.
[81]William Elijah Hunter,“Poe and His English Schoolmaster, ”Athenaeum,Oct.19,1878,496-497;AHQ, 71.
[82]Poe“, William Wilson, ”Gift for 1840,issued about Oct.1839,229-253.
[83]Hunter，“Poe and His English Schoolmaster”; AHQ, 71.
[84]Allan to William Erwin[Ewing],March 21,1818,Ellis-Allan Papers,inTPL,36.
[85]John Allan to Charles Ellis,27 July 1820,Library of Congress,Ellis-Allan Papers,TPL,45.
[86]Clarke to E. L. Didier, April 16, 1876, Autograph MS, Harvard College Library; AHQ, 83.
[87]Thomas H.Ellis,“Edgar Allan Poe, ”Richmond Standard,May 7,1881,2;AHQ,82.
[88]Kenneth Silverman,Edgar A.Poe:Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance(New York:HarperCollins, 1991), 125-126. On Henry's life and relations with Poe, see Her-vey Allen and Thomas Mabbott, eds.,Poe's Brother: The Poems of William Henry Leonard Poe (New York: George H. Doran, 1926), 21;Richard Kopley,introduction toThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket,ed.Richard Kopley (New York: Penguin Classics, 1999), ix-xxix.
[89]Colonel John T.L.Preston,“Some Reminiscences of Edgar A.Poe as a Schoolboy, ”inEdgar Allan Poe:A Memorial Volume,ed.Sara S.Rice(Baltimore:Turnbull Brothers,1877),40-41;AHQ,85.
[90]Allan to Henry Poe,Nov.1,1824,Ellis-Allan Papers,inTPL,61-62.
[91]Albert J.Lubell,“Poe and A.W.Schlegel, ”Journal of English and Germanic Philology 52,no.1(1953):1-12; Sean Moreland and Devin Zane Shaw，“ ‘As Urged by Schelling': Coleridge, Poe, and the Schellingian Refrain, ”EAPR 13,no.2(2012):50-80.
[92]Poe，“The Lake, ” in LOA, 37.
[93]Maria Clemm to Sarah Helen Whitman, April 14, 1859, Lilly Collection, Indiana University; AHQ, 86.
[94]Sarah Elmira Royster, in Edward V. Valentine，“Conversation with Mrs. Shelton at Mr. Smith's corner 8th and Leigh Streets, Nov. 19, 1875”; AHQ, 91.
[95]Virginius Dabney,Richmond:The Story of a City,rev.ed.(Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press, 1990), 104-106.
[96]Howe,What Hath God Wrought,91-124.
[97]Auguste Levasseur,Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825;or,Journal of Travels in the United States,2 vols. (New York: Clayton and Van Norden, 1829), 2:14.
[98]John Quincy Adams,“First Annual Message(Dec.6,1825), ”inA Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents,ed.James D.Richardson(Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1897),vol.2,pt. 2,299-317;Marlana Portolano,“John Quincy Adams's Rhetorical Crusade for Astronomy, ”Isis 91,no.3 (2000): 480-503.
[99]Poe speaks of the kaleidoscope's effect in “The Philosophy of Furniture, ” a humorous article published inBurton's Gentleman's Magazine,May 1840,243-245.On magic lantern shows,see X.Theodore Barber,“Phantasmagorical Wonders: The Magic Lantern Ghost Show in Nineteenth-Century America, ”Film History 3,no.2(1989):73-86;Jeremy Brooker,The Temple of Minerva.Magic and the Magic Lantern at the Royal Polytechnic Institution, London 1837-1901(The Magic Lantern Society, London, 2013);works by Morus and Wells cited below.
[100]American Lyceum,with the Proceedings of the Conference Held in N.Y.,May 4,1831,to Organize the National Department of the Institution(Boston:Hiram Tupper,1831),4.On the lyceum movement, s e e Carl Bode,The American Lyceum:Town Meeting of the Mind(New York:Oxford University Press,1956);Kohlstedt,Formation of the American Scientific Community,8;Kohlstedt,“Parlors,Primers,and Public Schooling”;Donald Zochert,“Science and the Common Man in Ante-bellum America, ”Isis 65,no.4 (1974): 448-473.
[101]William H.Allen,An Address Before the Cuvierian Society of the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut,July 31,1838(New York:Cuvierian Society,1838),13,quoted in Kohlstedt,Formation of the American Scientific Community,17;Kent P.Ljungquist,“Lectures and the Lyceum Movement, ”inThe Oxford Handbook of Transcendentalism,ed.Joel Myerson,Sandra Harbert Petrulionis,and Laura Dassow Walls (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 330-47.
[102]Laura Dassow Walls,The Passage to Cosmos:Alexander von Humboldt and the Shaping of America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Mary Louise Pratt,Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation(New York:Routledge,2007);Andrea Wulf,The Invention of Nature:Alexander von Humboldt's New World(New York:Vintage,2016);Ingo Schwarz,“Alexander von Humboldt's Visit to Washington and Philadelphia, ”Northeastern Naturalist 8 (2001): 43-56; Michael Dettelbach,“The Face of Nature: Precise Measurement, Mapping, and Sensibility in the Work of Alexander von Humboldt, ”Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 30,no.4(1999):473-504.
