[219]Douglass,Narrative,38,quoted in Kennedy“, Trust No Man, ”231.
[220]Douglass,Narrative,43.
[221]Rusert,Fugitive Science,13-14,124-28.
[222]Whitty，“Memoir, ” xix-lxxxvi.
[223]Charles Rosenberg.The Cholera Years:The United States in 1832,1849,and 1866(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1962)．近年来对坡和医学之关联的研究已经超越了对（他声称的）精神病理学的关注，转向了坡对医学作品的改编，以及他对医学写作基础和局限性的思考。For instance, Dana Medoro,“Introduction:Edgar Allan Poe and Nineteenth-Century Medicine, ”PS 50,no.1(2017):2-11;Cristina Pérez,“Edgar Allan Poe,MD:Medical Fiction and the Birth of Modern Medicine, ”Trespassing Journal 4(Fall 2014):64-65;Emily Gowen,“A Global Sickness, ”EAPR 20,no.2(2019):269-88.
[224]Weiss,Home Life of Poe,62-63,inTPL,127.
[225]Robert T.P.Allen,a West Point classmate,in“Edgar Allan Poe, ”Scribner's Monthly,Nov.1875,143,inTPL,141.
[226]Lambert Wilmer,“Recollections of Edgar A. Poe, ”Baltimore Daily Commercial, May 23, 1866, reproduced in Lambert Wilmer,Merlin,Baltimore,1827;Together with Recollections of Edgar A.Poe, ed. Thomas Ollive Mabbott (New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1941); AHQ, 197．之后，威尔默就以爱伦·坡与莎拉·埃尔迈拉·罗伊斯特之间受挫的恋情为原型，创作了一部剧。
[227]Michael L.Allen,Poe and the British Magazine Tradition(New York:Oxford University Press,1969).
[228]Wilmer,“Recollections of Edgar A.Poe”;AHQ,198,inTPL,125-26.
[229]Poe to Allan, Oct. 16, 1831, in Ostrom, 1:67-68.
[230]Poe to Allan, Nov. 18, 1831, in Ostrom 1:47.
[231]Lawrence G.Wroth,“Poe's Baltimore, ”Johns Hopkins Alumni Magazine,June 2,1929,4;AHQ,190.
[232]Poe to Allan, Dec. 15, 1831, in Ostrom 1:48.
[233]Editorial inBaltimore Saturday Visiter,Aug.4,1832;AHQ,195.
[234]Poe to Joseph T. and Edwin Buckingham, May 4, 1833, in Ostrom, 1:77, in AHQ, 199.
[235]Alexander Hammond's extensive work, including “Edgar Allan Poe's Tales of the Folio Club: The Evolution of a Lost Book, ”inPoe at Work: Seven Textual Studies, ed. Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV (Baltimore: Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1976), 13-43.
[236]Michael J.S.Williams,A World of Words:Language and Displacement in the Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1988), 49-53.
[237]Edward Copeland,The Silver Fork Novel:Fashionable Fiction in the Age of Reform(Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press, 2012); Alexander Hammond，“The Folio Club Collection and the Silver Fork School:Perspectives on Poe's Framestory in Recent Scholarship, ”EAPR19,no.2(2018):153-76.
[238]Alexander Hammond,“Poe's‘Lionizing'and the Design ofTales of the Folio Club, ”ESQ 18,no.3(1972):154-65. On Poe and literary fame, see Leon Jackson，“ ‘The Rage for Lions': Edgar Allan Poe and the Culture of Celebrity, ”inPoe and the Remapping of Antebellum Print Culture,ed.J.Gerald Kennedy and Jerome J. McGann (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), 37-61.
[239]Poe，“Lionizing, ” LOA, 213.
[240]Ken Alder,Engineering the Revolution: Arms and Enlightenment in France, 1763-1815 (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2010);Merritt Roe Smith,Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology:The Challenge of Change(Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1977).
[241]John Edward Semmes,John H.B.Latrobe and His Times,1803-1891(Baltimore:Norman,Remington, 1917).
[242]Latrobe to Charles Chauncey Burr, Dec. 7, 1852, quoted in Jay B. Hubbell,The South in American Literature,1607-1900(Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1954),837-39,inTPL,132.
[243]“Reminiscences of Poe by John H.B.Latrobe, ”in Rice,Memorial Volume,60,inTPL,133.
[244]Latrobe to Burr,Dec.7,1852,in Hubbell,American Literature,837-39,inTPL,132.
[245]Baltimore Saturday Visiter,Oct.19,1833,1.
[246]Poe to Allan, April 12, 1832, in Ostrom, 1:73-74.
[247]Ellis,“Edgar Allan Poe, ”inTPL,137.
[248]Silverman,Mournful,97-99.
[249]Poe to Kennedy, March 15, 1835, in Ostrom, 1:83-84.
[250]Kennedy,diary entry,Oct.10,1849[shortly after Poe's death],quoted in Woodberry,Life,2:350-51,andTPL,148-49.
[251]étienne Esquirol,Des maladies mentales:Considérées sous les rapports médical,hygiénique et médicolégal,2 vols.(Paris:J.B.Baillière,1838),2:1-130.
[252]Poe,“Berenice, ”SLM,2,no.7,March 1835:333-36.
[253]Poe to White, April 30, 1835, in Ostrom, 1:84-85.
[254]Meredith McGill,American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting,1834-1853(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2007);Jonathan Elmer,Reading at the Social Limit:Affect,Mass Culture,and Edgar Allan Poe(Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1995);Whalen,Poe and the Masses.
[255]AHQ, 209.
[256]Poe to White, June 22, 1835, in Ostrom, 1:93.
[257]这些知名人物包括小说家与散文家卢西恩·迈纳、法学教授纳撒尼尔·贝弗利·塔克、威廉与玛丽学院校长托马斯·罗德里克·杜。AHQ,218;David K.Jackson,Poe and the“Southern Literary Messenger”(Richmond:Dietz,1934);Drew Gilpin Faust,A Sacred Circle:The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South,1840-1860(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1977).
[258]Thomas White,“Publisher's Notice, ”SLM 1,no.1(Aug.1834):2.
[259]Thomas White,“Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society, ”SLM 1,no.3(Nov.1834):123.
[260]Thomas White,“Prospectus of theSouthern Literary Messenger, ”SLM 4,no.1(Jan.1838):ii.
[261]Howe,What Hath God Wrought,423-31.
[262]Kenneth Stampp,The Peculiar Institution:Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South(New York:Knopf,1956).
[263]John Calhoun,from his 1837“Speech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions, ”inThe Works of John C. Calhoun,ed.Richard K.Crallé,6 vols.(New York:D.Appleton,1851-56),2:625-33.
[264]惠伦将其定义为“白人读者可以接受的一种种族主义形式，否则在更确切的奴隶制问题上存在分歧”(Poe and the Masses,112)。从重建时代结束后到进入20世纪以来，爱伦·坡经常被描述为南方游击队和奴隶制的捍卫者，部分原因是认为《鲍尔汀-德莱顿评论》的作者是爱伦·坡。该文章痛批民主，认为其是“暴民统治”和捍卫特权，因为优秀个体总被认为是南方贵族和奴隶制价值观的表达。近些年来，关于爱伦·坡的生平，有了更为丰富的背景信息，详见1995年编辑的合集，The American Face of Edgar Allan Poe(by Rosenheim and Rachman)，书里提到惠伦证实了爱伦·坡并非《鲍尔汀-德莱顿评论》的作者。无论如何，爱伦·坡对民主“暴民”的恶意针对的是杰克逊的追随者，而且可以证实，他的立场及身份认定并不稳定，模棱两可且具有颠覆性。关于爱伦·坡、奴隶制以及种族的重要文章包括：Harry Levin,The Power of Blackness:Hawthorne,Poe,Melville(New York:Knopf,1958);Toni Morrison,Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992);the collection edited by Kennedy and Weissberg,Romancing the Shadow;Goddu,Gothic America;and Joan(Colin)Dayan's works linking Poe's imagery and metaphysics to the legal status of the enslaved and imprisoned,fromFables of Mind:An Inquiry into Poe's Fiction(New York:Oxford University Press,1987)toThe Law Is a White Dog:How Legal Rituals Make and Unmake Persons(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,2013)。
[265]Kennedy,“Trust No Man, ”235;John Miller,“Did Edgar Allan Poe Really Sell a Slave? , ”PS 9,no.2(1976):52-53.
[266]Morrison,Playing in the Dark,32.
[267]“Critical Notices, ”SLM 2, no. 10 (Aug. 1836): 596, review ofIntroductory Lecture to a Course of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy:Delivered in Hampden Sidney College,by John W.Draper.
[268]“Critical Notices, ”SLM 1,no.13(Sept.1835):778.For a helpful survey of Poe's science writing，见Carroll Dee Laverty，“Science and Pseudo-science in the Writings of Edgar Allan Poe” (PhD diss., Duke University, 1951)；见Madeleine B.Stern,“Poe:‘The Mental Temperament'for Phrenologists, ”American Literature 40, no. 2 (1968): 155-63。
[269]Pinakidia是存放在亚历山大古图书馆的石碑的名字。惠伦提及它是为了汇编有用信息（历书、百科全书等等），让内容紧凑且简单可得(Poe and the Masses,26);on the political economy of information，见Richard R.John,Spreading the News:The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009)。
[270]Baron Bielfeld,The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences,Polite Arts,and Belles Lettres,trans.W.Hooper,3 vols.(London:G.Scott,1770).On Poe's erudition,see Burton R.Pollin,ed.,The Collected Writings of Edgar Allan Poe:The Imaginary Voyages, rev. ed. (New York: Gordian Press, 1994); Shaindy Rudoff，“ ‘Written in Stone': Slavery and Authority inThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, ”ATQ 14,no.1(2000):61-82.
[271]Richard P. Benton,“The Tales: 1831-1835, ”inA Companion to Poe Studies, ed. Eric W. Carlson (Westport,Conn.:Greenwood,1996),110-28;Whalen,Poe and the Masses,152.
[272]Poe,on p.580 of the first published version of the story,“Hans Pfaall—A Tale, ”SLM 1,no.2(June 1835):565-80.
[273]Notice of theSLM inRichmond Whig,ca.Aug.1835,inTPL,164.
[274]Meredith Neill Posey,“Notes on‘Hans Pfaall, '”Modern Language Notes 45,no.8(Dec.1930):501-7.
[275]Baltimore Republican,cited onSLM wrapper,May 1835,in Pollin,Collected Writings,1:373.
[276]Maurice S.Lee,“Genre,Science,and‘Hans Pfaall, '”inThe Oxford Handbook of Edgar Allan Poe,ed. J. Gerald Kennedy and Scott Peeples (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 338-50; Lee notes shifts between “verisimilitude and rigamarole” on 347.
[277]Paulding to White,Dec.7,1835,inThe Letters of James Kirke Paulding,ed.Ralph M.Aderman(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1962),170-72,printed in Washington'sDaily National Intelligencer, Dec.18,1835,reprinted inSLM 2,no.2(Jan.1836):138,inTPL,184.
[278]Winchester Republican,reprinted in“Opinions of the Press, ”SLM 1,no.9(Aug.1835),inTPL,168.
[279]From Eastern Virginia,“Letters of Correspondents, ”reprinted on covering papers ofSLM 1,no.9(May 1835),inTPL,156.
[280]Philip Pendleton Cooke,Richmond Compiler,reprinted in“Opinions of the Press”SLM 1,no.13(Sept. 1835),inTPL,173.
[281]On questions about Virginia's youth,see Silverman,Mournful,103,124.
[282]Weiss,Home Life of Poe,85-86;Silverman,Mournful,124.
[283]Poe to Maria Clemm (and Virginia E. Clemm), Aug. 29, 1835, in Ostrom, 1:102-4.
[284]“A dram of spirituous liquor that has mint steeped in it, taken by Virginians of a morning.” John Davis,Travels of Four Years and a Half in the United States of America(Bristol:R.Edwards,1803),379.
[285]Woodberry,Life,2:443,inTPL,168.
[286]White to Lucian Minor,Sept.8,1835,inTPL,167.
[287]White to Poe,Sept.29,1835,inTPL,172.
[288]Poe to Kennedy, Jan. 22, 1836, in Ostrom, 1:120.
[289]AHQ, 252; Poe to Kennedy, Jan. 22, 1836, in Ostrom, 1:122.
[290]西尔弗曼引用了一份间接记录(Frederick W.Coburn,“Poe as Seen by the Brother of‘Annie, '”New England Quarterly 16[1943]:471)，即爱伦·坡单独睡在另一间房，不与弗吉尼亚同床共枕，而且至少有两年时间，“爱伦·坡都未担任起丈夫的角色”，Silverman,Mournful,124．玛丽·波拿巴称，“几位传记作者都认为，爱伦·坡的婚姻从未圆房” (including George Woodberry, Hervey Allen, and Joseph Krutch),Life and Works,78；波拿巴是拿破仑的侄孙女、弗洛伊德的坚定追随者，将爱伦·坡的大部分作品创作归因于“恋母情结”导致的“身体无能”；肯尼斯·西尔弗曼对爱伦·坡的主题、强迫症和不幸也进行了类似的精神分析解释。
[291]See the foundational work of McGill,Culture of Reprinting; Lara Langer Cohen,The Fabrication of American Literature: Fraudulence and Antebellum Print Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,2012);Clare Pettitt,Patent Inventions:Intellectual Property and the Victorian Novel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
[292]Lewis Gaylord Clark,Knickerbocker,Nov.1835,inTPL,176.
[293]“Critical Notices, ”SLM 2,no.1(Dec.1835):54-56.
[294]Theodore S.Fay,New-York Mirror,April 9,1836,inTPL,197.
[295]Joanne B.Freeman,The Field of Blood:Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War(New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018); Leon Jackson，“ ‘Behold Our Literary Mohawk, Poe': Literary Nationalism and the‘Indianation'of Antebellum American Culture, ”ESQ 48,no.1-2(2002):97-133.
[296]“Critical Notices, ”SLM 2,no.10(Aug.1836):600;Willis described literally setting fire to Poe's poem“Fairyland”inThe American Monthly(Nov.1829),inTPL,99.
[297]Review of Drake and Halleck,SLM 2,no.3(April 1836):326-36.
[298]On Poe's aesthetic stances in dialogue with Coleridge, see Barton Levi St. Armand，“ ‘Seemingly Intuitive Leaps':Belief and Unbelief inEureka, ”ATQ 26,no.1(1975):4-15.
[299]Poe,“Peter Snook, ”SLM 2,no.2(Oct.1836):716-32.
[300]Mary Shelley,Frankenstein,ed.D.L.Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf(Peterborough,Ont.:Broadview, 2012); Sean Moreland，“ ‘The Plastic and Prolific Creature': Macranthropic Monstrosity, Good's Lucretius, and Shelley'sFrankenstein, ”Anglistik 30,no.3(2019):27-44.
[301]See such phrenological worksheets asPhrenological Chart by O. Fowler, Practical Phrenologist, Presenting a Synopsis of the Science of Phrenology (Baltimore: John W. Woods, 1836), New-York Historical Society Library.
[302]George Combe,The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects(Boston: Carter and Hendee, 1829); Roger Cooter,The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain(New York:Cambridge University Press,1984).
[303]Poe,review ofThe Manual of Phrenology,SLM 1,no.8(Aug.1835).
[304]Poe,review ofPhrenology,and the Moral Influence of Phrenology,by Mrs.L.Miles,SLM 2,no.3(March 1836): 286-87.
[305]Edward Hungerford,“Poe and Phrenology, ”American Literature 2,no.3(1930):209-31;Stern,“Mental Temperament”; Laverty，“Science and Pseudo-science, ” 99-121.
[306]Barnum quoted in Matthew Goodman,The Sun and the Moon:The Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen,Dueling Journalists,and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York(New York:Basic Books, 2008), 294-95.
[307]Iwan Rhys Morus，“ ‘More the Aspect of Magic Than Anything Natural': The Philosophy of Demonstration, ”inScience in the Marketplace:Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences,ed.Aileen Fyfe and Bernard Lightman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 336-70; Meegan Kennedy，“‘Throes and Struggles . . . Witnessed with Painful Distinctness': The Oxy-hydrogen Microscope, Performing Science,and the Projection of the Moving Image, ”Victorian Studies 62,no.1(2019):85-118;Kentwood D. Wells,“Fleas the Size of Elephants:The Wonders of the Oxyhydrogen Microscope, ”The Magic Lantern Gazette,2/3,no.29(Summer/Fall 2017):3-34.
[308]AHQ, 226.
[309]Poe,“Richard Adams Locke, ”in“The Literati of New York City Part VI, ”Godey's Lady's Book,Oct. 1846, 161.
[310]“Critical Notices, ”SLM 2,no.2(Jan.1836):127-29.
[311]Poe,“Maelzel's Chess-Player, ”SLM 2,no.5(April 1836):318-26.
[312]同上，323。
[313]A similar “epistemology of the hoax” is described in “The Purloined Letter” with an example cribbed from Edmund Burke; S. L. Varnado，“The Case of the Sublime Purloin; or, Burke's Inquiry as the Source of an Anecdote in‘The Purloined Letter, '”Poe Newsletter 1,no.2(1968):27.
[314]David Brewster,Letters onNatural Magic,Addressed to Sir Walter Scott(London:John Murray,1832),7.
[315]Poe，“Maelzel's Chess-Player.”
[316]William Paley,Natural Theology;or,Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity:Collected from the Appearances of Nature(London:J.Faulder,1802);Aileen Fyfe,“Publishing and the Classics:Paley's Natural Theology and the Nineteenth-Century Scientific Canon, ”Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 33,no.4(2002):729-51.
[317]William Whewell,Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Philosophy (London: William Pickering, 1833), 2.
[318]Jonathan R.Topham,“Beyond the‘Common Context':The Production and Reading of theBridgewater Treatises, ”Isis 89,no.2(1998):233-62.
