[374]Spectator,Oct.27,1838,quoted in Burton R.Pollin,“Poe'sNarrative of Arthur Gordon Pym and the Contemporary Reviewers, ”Studies in American Fiction 2(Spring 1974):53-54,inTPL,257.
[375]Gentleman's Magazine,Nov.1838,quoted in Pollin,“Contemporary Reviewers, ”47-49,inTPL,258. Burton R. Pollin，“Poe ‘Viewed and Reviewed': An Annotated Checklist of Contemporaneous Notices, ”PS 13,no.1(1980):21.
[376]Alexander's Weekly Messenger,Aug.22,1838,inTPL,254.
[377]Family Magazine,Sept.1838,quoted in Pollin,“Contemporary Reviewers, ”46,inTPL,254.
[378]William E.Burton inBurton's Gentleman's Magazine,Sept.1838,inTPL,254.
[379]这是一段摘选自美国诗人的讽刺史诗论述，以笔名“拉万特”(Lavante)于1847年发表在The Poets and Poetry of America:A Satire(Philadelphia:William S.Young,1847);1887年，纽约的本杰明和贝尔将它重印时，根据（不确定的）推测为其署名为“爱伦·坡”。
[380]Nathaniel P.Willis,“Pencillings by the Way, ”New-York Mirror,Nov.12,1831,58;Nicholas B.Wainwright,“The Age of Nicholas Biddle,1825-1841, ”inPhiladelphia:A 300-Year History,ed.Russell F. Weigley, Nicholas B. Wainwright, and Edwin Wolf II (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982).
[381]James Russell Lowell,“Our Contributors:Edgar Allan Poe, ”Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine, Feb. 1845, 49-53．正如本章所示，正是因为这种分散性，改革者就以普遍理由为美国科学寻求一个国家框架。
[382]For a comparison of the scientific life of post-Revolutionary Philadelphia, Boston, and New York，见Simon Baatz,“‘Squinting at Silliman':Scientific Periodicals in the Early American Republic,1810-1833, ”Isis 82, no. 2 (1991): 223-44: “总而言之，在19世纪上半叶，费城是美国科学和医学的中心。”(225)
[383]Bruce Laurie,Working People of Philadelphia,1800-1850(Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1980).
[384]Bruce Sinclair,Philadelphia's Philosopher Mechanics:A History of the Franklin Institute,1824-1865 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); on comparable (and overlapping, as in the case of Saxton, see below)circuits in London,see Iwan Rhys Morus,Frankenstein's Children:Electricity,Exhibition,and Experiment in Early-Nineteenth-Century London(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1998).
[385]Henry to Bache,Oct.28,1839,inThe Papers of Joseph Henry,ed.Marc Rothenberg and Nathan Reingold, 12 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972-2012), 4:119-20.
[386]This visit is condensed from“Henry's Notes on a Trip to Philadelphia,December 5-7,1834, ”in Papers of Joseph Henry,2:288-95;Albert E.Moyer,Joseph Henry:The Rise of an American Scientist(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 187-90.
[387]William Dunlap(playwright),diary entry,Oct.8,1832,in Thomas Coulson,Joseph Henry,His Life and Wo r k(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1950),94.
[388]Silliman in Moyer,Joseph Henry,130-31.
[389]Torrey in同上，130。
[390]Henry to Elias Loomis,1841,Papers of Joseph Henry,5:29;Julia Grummitt,“Joseph Henry and Sam Parker, ”Princeton&Slavery,slavery.princeton.edu.
[391]On the importance of theological authors—including the Princeton theologian Charles Hodge—in setting the terms for the reception of science,see Walter H.Conser,God and the Natural World:Religion and Science in Antebellum America(Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1993).
[392]Moyer,Joseph Henry,187-90;Papers of Joseph Henry,2:288-95.
[393]David Kaser,Messrs.Carey&Lea of Philadelphia:Study in the History of the Book-trade(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957).
[394]1835年，梅尔策尔的自动装置在第五街和板栗街的美国博物馆展出：“这些零件搭建得如此精巧，其整体安排也都暴露在观众面前，甚至迫使观众相信，它们是对自然的正确模仿，它们的各种动作只是机械的结果，不需要任何牵桥搭线……这就是布鲁斯特在信中盛赞的同一个自动装置。”见McAllister playbill collection, Library Company of Philadelphia。
[395]Moyer,Joseph Henry,197.
[396]“Henry's Notes, ” 288-95.
[397]Henry in Moyer,Joseph Henry,189.
[398]Bache would later publishObservations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory at Girard College,3 vols.(Washington,D.C.:Gales and Seaton,1840-47);John Cawood,“The Magnetic Crusade:Science and Politics in Early Victorian Britain, ”Isis 70,no.4(1979):493-518;Diane Greco Josefowicz,“Experience,Pedagogy,and the Study of Terrestrial Magnetism, ”Perspectives on Science 13,no.4(2005):452-94; Jenny Bulstrode，“The Eye of the Needle: Magnetic Survey and the Compass of Capital in the Age of Revolution and Reform” (PhD diss., University of Cambridge, 2020).
[399]Alexander Dallas Bache's Eulogy of James P. Espy,Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,1859(Washington,D.C.:Thomas Ford,1860),109,quoted in Merle M.Odgers,Alexander Dallas Bache:Scientist and Educator,1806-1867(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1947), 152.
[400]Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,48-50.
[401]同上，74。
[402]Bache to Henry,May 28,1839,inPapers of Joseph Henry,4:224-26.
[403]Bache's affinities to the Whigs are rightly emphasized in Hugh Richard Slotten,Patronage,Practice,and the Culture of American Science:Alexander Dallas Bache and the U.S.Coast Survey(Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press, 1994), 15-17, though the political dynasty to which Bache belonged included Democrats, and his own eventual success in Washington depended on avoiding party conflict; Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,27-66.
[404]Bache to George Mifflin Dallas, Jan. 27, 1833, George Mifflin Dallas Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania,quoted in Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,98.
[405]英寸，英美制长度单位，1英寸等于1/12英尺，合2.54厘米。——编者注
[406]英尺，英美制长度单位，1英尺等于12英寸，合0.3048米。——编者注
[407]盎司，英美制质量或重量单位，1盎司等于1/16磅，合28.3495克。——编者注
[408]磅，英美制质量或重量单位，1磅等于16盎司，合0.4536千克。——编者注
[409]Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,85.
[410]同上，78。
[411]“General Report on the Explosions of Steam Boilers, ”in Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,87.On French steam engine regulations,which served as a model for Bache，见Jean-Baptiste Fressoz,L'apocalypse Joyeuse (Paris: L'Univers Historique/Seuil, 2012)。
[412]比德尔先准备好了第一版的手稿，随后交给了詹姆斯·艾伦，确保能够顺利出版，尽管只有艾伦的名字刊登在上面，但第一版被称为“比德尔-艾伦版”，见Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Nicholas Biddle,History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark,ed. Paul Allen (Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep, 1814)。
[413]Biddle in Howe,What Hath God Wrought,391；见Thomas Payne Govan,Nicholas Biddle:Nationalist and Public Banker,1786-1844(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1959),253．比德尔的兄弟在一场捍卫银行声誉的决斗中被杀，这证实了银行战争掀起的狂热。
[414]Nicholas Biddle,“The Address, ”North American Magazine,Aug.1833,216,in Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,133.
[415]Alfred Mayer“, Henry as a Discoverer, ”in Moyer,Joseph Henry,213.
[416]“Excerpts from Joseph Henry's European Diary, ”April 18, 1837, inScience in Nineteenth-Century America:A Documentary History,ed.Nathan Reingold(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980),80.
[417]Henry in Moyer,Joseph Henry,219.
[418]同上，214。
[419]Jack Morrell and Arnold Thackray,Gentlemen of Science:Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1981);Laura J.Snyder,The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends Who Transformed Science and Changed the World (New York:Broadway Books, 2011).
[420]Henry in Moyer,Joseph Henry,225-26;Papers of Joseph Henry,5:136-37,158,244-45.
[421]Henry to Bache,in Moyer,Joseph Henry,230.
[422]Bache,“Address on Manufactures”(1842),in Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,195.
[423]Henry to Wheatstone,Feb.27,1846,inPapers of Joseph Henry,6:382-85,in Moyer,Joseph Henry, 237.
[424]Henry to Bache,Aug.8,1838,inJoseph Henry,4:97.
[425]Henry to Vaughan,in Moyer,Joseph Henry,193.
[426]Henry,July 16,1844,in Moyer,Joseph Henry,145.
[427]Henry to M. de la Rive, Nov. 12, 1841, Henry MSS, Smithsonian Institution Archives, in Sally Gregory Kohlstedt，“A Step Toward Scientific Self-Identity in the United States: The Failure of the National Institute,1844, ”Isis 62,no.3(1971):353.
[428]Henry to Bache,Aug.9,1838,in Moyer,Joseph Henry,230.
[429]Combe's vast worldwide following and contacts are examined in James Poskett,Materials of the Mind:Phrenology,Race,and the Global History of Science,1815-1920(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2019).
[430]George Combe,Notes on the United States of North America,During a Phrenological Visit in 1838-9-40,2 vols.(Philadelphia:Carey&Hart,1841),in Ann Fabian,The Skull Collectors:Race,Science,and America's Unburied Dead (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2010),94;Rusert,Fugitive Science, 178-79;William R.Stanton,The Leopard's Spots:Scientific Attitudes Toward Race in America,1815-1859(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1960);George M.Fredrickson,The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (New York:Harper&Row, 1971).
[431]Cameron A.Grant,“George Combe and American Slavery, ”Journal of Negro History 45,no.4(1960):259-69.
[432]Beverly C.Tomek,Pennsylvania Hall:A“Legal Lynching”in the Shadow of the Liberty Bell(New York:Oxford University Press,2014);Samuel Webb,History of Pennsylvania Hall,Which Was Destroyed by a Mob,on the 17th of May,1838(Philadelphia:Samuel Webb,1838).
[433]Webb,History of Pennsylvania Hall,36.
[434]Stephen Jay Gould,The Mismeasure of Man,rev.ed.(New York:W.W.Norton,1996);Gould's critique of Morton's measurements is tempered by Paul Wolf Mitchell in “The Fault in His Seeds: Lost Notes to the Case of Bias in Samuel George Morton's Cranial Race Science, ”PLoS Biology 16, no. 10 (2018), e2007008, while recognizing the bias intrinsic to Morton's work.
[435]Frederick Douglass,“The Claims of the Negro,Ethnologically Considered, ”inThe Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One:Speeches,Debates,and Interviews,ed.John W.Blassingame and John R.McKivigan, 5 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979-92), 2:497-525; Rusert,Fugitive Science，126-31.
[436]Mitchell，“Fault in His Seeds.”
[437]Robert Benjamin Lewis,Light and Truth, from Ancient and Sacred History (Portland, Maine: D. C. Colesworthy, 1836); Hosea Easton,A Treatise on the Intellectual Character, and Civil and Political Condition of the Colored People of the United States(Boston:Isaac Knapp,1837);discussion in Rusert,Fugitive Science, chaps. 2-3; Stephen G. Hall,A Faithful Account of the Race: African American Historical Writing in Nineteenth-Century America(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2009);Mia Bay,The White Image in the Black Mind:African-American Ideas About White People,1830-1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
[438]Golgotha意译为“骷髅地”，原指耶稣基督受难地，这里指莫顿搜集的头骨的所在地。——译者注
[439]Agassiz to Henri Milne-Edwards, May 1847, inLife, Letters, and Works of Louis Agassiz, ed. Jules Marcou,2 vols.(New York:Macmillan,1895),2:28-29,quoted in Stanton,Leopard's Spots,102n4.
[440]James Pedder's recollections, 1852, inA Catalogue of the Books and Manuscripts of Harry Elkins Widener,comp.A.S.W.Rosenbach,2 vols.(Philadelphia,1918),2:56,inTPL,248.
[441]Benjamin Cohen,Notes from the Ground: Science, Soil, and Society in the American Countryside (New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,2009);Emily Pawley,The Nature of the Future:Agriculture, Science,and Capitalism in the Antebellum North(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2020).
[442]Poe to Paulding,July 19,1838,in Ostrom,1:175,andTPL,248.
[443]Poe to Hiram Haines,April 24,1840,in Ostrom,1:215,andTPL,294.
[444]Andreas Malm,Fossil Capital:The Rise of Steam Power and the Roots of Global Warming (London:Verso, 2016).
[445]Newton Pratt Scudder,The Published Writings of Isaac Lea,LL.D. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1885).
[446]Martin Priestman,The Poetry of Erasmus Darwin:Enlightened Spaces,Romantic Times(Burlington,Vt.:Ashgate, 2013), 110-11.
[447]Lea in Scudder,Writings of Isaac Lea;Isaac Lea,“Description of Six New Species of the Genus Unio, Embracing the Anatomy of the Oviduct of One of Them, Together with Some Anatomical Observations on the Genus, ”Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3,n.s.(1830):259-73.
[448]Simon Baatz，“Philadelphia Patronage: The Institutional Structure of Natural History in the New Republic, 1800-1833, ”Journal of the Early Republic 8, no. 2 (1988): 111-38; Thomas Peter Bennett,“The History of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ”Archives of Natural History 1,no.1(1983):1-14.
[449]Buckland and Lea quoted in Scudder,Writings of Isaac Lea,xiii.
[450]Thomas Wyatt,A Manual of Conchology,According to the System Laid Down by Lamarck,with the Late Improvements by De Blainville(New York:Harper&Brothers,1838).
[451]Thomas Brown,Elements of Conchology(London:Lackington,Allen,1816).
[452]Helen Curry et al.,eds.,Worlds of Natural History(Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press,2018);Londa Schiebinger,Secret Cures of Slaves: People, Plants, and Medicine in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World(Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,2017).
[453]Stephen Jay Gould,“Poe's Greatest Hit, ”Natural History 102,no.7(1993):10-19.
[454]Poe,The Conchologist's First Book:A System of Testaceous Malacology,Arranged Expressly for the Use of Schools(Philadelphia:Haswell,Barrington,and Haswell,1839),3.
[455]Gould，“Poe's Greatest Hit, ” 16.
[456]Poe,Conchologist's First Book,8.
[457]但是，德怀特·托马斯认为，在决定是否出版Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque方面，有可能莱亚“并未发挥重要作用”，in“Poe in Philadelphia, 1838-1844: A Documentary Record, ” 2 vols.(PhD diss.,University of Pennsylvania,1978),833;on connections betweenPym andThe Conchologist's First Book，见J.D.Lilley,“Poe,Movement,and Matter:The Malacological Aesthetics of theNarrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, ”Arizona Quarterly 73,no.4(2017):1-31。
[458]Burton to Poe, May 11, 1839; AHQ, 78.
[459]Burton to Poe,May 30,1839,inTPL,262.
[460]Recollection of the host's son,Horace Wemyss Smith,quoted in Rosenbach,Catalogue,296,inTPL,263.
[461]S.Augustus Mitchell,A System of Modern Geography(Philadelphia:Thomas,Cowperthwait&Co.,1839).
[462]Louis-Céran Lemonnier,A Synopsis of Natural History:Embracing the Natural History of Animals,with Human and General Animal Physiology,Botany,Vegetable Physiology and Geology,trans.Thomas Wyatt (Philadelphia:T.Wardle,1839),reviewed by Poe inBurton's,July 1839,61-62.
[463]Henry Duncan,Sacred Philosophy of the Seasons,Illustrating the Perfection of God in the Phenomena of the Year,2 vols.(1836;Boston:Marsh,Capen,Lyon,and Webb,1839),reviewed by Poe inBurton's,Feb. 1840, 106, and March 1840, 151-52.
[464]Burton's,March,April,May,and July 1840.
[465]Simon Schaffer,“Scientific Discoveries and the End of Natural Philosophy, ”Social Studies of Science 16, no.3(1986):387-420;Cahan,From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences.
[466]Snyder,Philosophical Breakfast Club,2-3;Sydney Ross,“Scientist:The Story of a Word, ”Annals of Science 18,no.2(1962):65-85.
[467]John Tresch,The Romantic Machine: Utopian Science and Technology After Napoleon (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2012), 253-86.
[468]Ernst Cassirer,Kant's Life and Thought(1918;New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1981).
