[469]John F.W.Herschel,A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy(London:Longman, Rees, 1830); Walter F. Cannon,“John Herschel and the Idea of Science, ”Journal of the History of Ideas 22,no.2(1961):215-39;Erna Fiorentini,“Practices of Refined Observation:The Conciliation of Experience and Judgement in John Herschel's Discourse and in His Drawings, ”in Fiorentini,Observing Nature,19-42.
[470]William Whewell,The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences,Founded upon Their History,2 vols.(London:John W. Parker, 1840)．受康德以及自然神学的影响，休厄尔认为一些基本思想是天生就有的。Laura J.Snyder,“William Whewell, ”inThe Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,Spring 2019 ed.,ed. Edward N. Zalta, plato ; Michael Ruse，“Darwin's Debt to Philosophy: An Examination of the Influence of the Philosophical Ideas of John F. W. Herschel and William Whewell on the Development of Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution, ”Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 6,no.2(1975):159-81;William Whewell, review ofA Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy, by John Herschel,Quarterly Review 90(1831):374-407;Snyder,Philosophical Breakfast Club.
[471]George Daniels's landmarkAmerican Science in the Age of Jackson somewhat overstates the Baconianism of the era; the important qualifications in Theodore Dwight Bozeman，“Science and Nineteenth-Century American Culture:A Note on George H.Daniels'Science in the Age of Jackson, ”Isis 63,no.3(1972):397-402. Susan Faye Cannon reframed the era's empiricism within Humboldt's projects of global science in“Humboldtian Science, ”inScience in Culture:The Early Victorian Period(New York:Science History Publications, 1978), 73-110.
[472]Richard R.John,Network Nation:Inventing American Telecommunications(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,2015);Howe,What Hath God Wrought.
[473]William Ellery Channing,The Works of William Ellery Channing,6 vols.(Boston:American Unitarian Association,1903),6:153;Kasson,Civilizing the Machine.
[474]关于贝奇参与绘制地球磁力变化图的项目——被其他美国参与者戏称为“磁力十字军计划”，详见Jansen,Alexander Dallas Bache,163。
[475]A.Hunter Dupree,“Central Scientific Organisation in the United States Government, ”Minerva 1,no.4 (1963):453-69;on the political range of U.S.Humboldtian-isms,Walls,Passage to Cosmos．关于这一时期国际科学竞争的动态——英国、法国和普鲁士都在寻求合作与国家进步之间平衡，详见Charles Babbage,Reflections on the Decline of Science in England,and on Some of Its Causes(London:B. Fellowes, 1830)。
[476]John Tresch,“The Daguerreotype's First Frame:Fran?ois Arago's Moral Economy of Instruments, ”Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 38,no.2(2007):445-76.
[477]Alexander Dallas Bache,“The Daguerreotype Explained, ”United States Gazette(Philadelphia),Sept.25, 1839；见Library Company of Philadelphia，“Catching a Shadow: Daguerreotypes in Philadelphia, 1839-1860”。
[478]William F.Stapp,“Robert Cornelius and the Dawn of Photography, ”inRobert Cornelius:Portraits from the Dawn of Photography,ed.William F.Stapp(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1983), 25-44.
[479]Albert Rung,“Joseph Saxton:Pennsylvania Inventor and Pioneer Photographer,”Pennsylvania History:A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 7,no.3(1940):153-58;Joseph Henry,“Memoir of Joseph Saxton: 1799-1873, ” read before the National Academy, Oct. 4, 1874; Notice on Robert Cornelius,Godey's Lady's Book,April 1840,190;J.F.Goddard,“Application of the Daguerreotype to the Taking of Likenesses from the Life, ”Chemist;or,Reporter of Chemical Discoveries and Improvements 2(May 1841):142-43;both online at Gary W.Ewer,ed.,The Daguerreotype:An Archive of Source Material.
[480]Lewis Gaylord Clark,“The Daguerreotype, ”Knickerbocker,Dec.1839,560-61.
[481]Herschel to William Henry Fox Talbot, May 9, 1839, National Science and Media Museum, Bradford.
[482]Cole to William Althorpe Adams, Feb. 26, 1840, photocopy of manuscript letter provided by the New York State Library, Thomas A. Cole Papers, 1821-1863, SC 10635, box 1, folder 4, Adams, Feb. 26, 1840, Ewer Archive.
[483]机器，特别是摄影，可能在观察方面比人类更为可靠，这一概念对于新兴的客观性科学理想来说非常重要，详见Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison,Objectivity(Cambridge,Mass.:Zone,2007)。
[484]“New Discovery—Engraving,and Burnet's Cartoons, ”Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine,March 1839, 382-91, Ewer Archive．作者将这一技术（自然界通过这一技术构成了自身的持久形象）与查尔斯·巴贝奇的《第九篇布里奇沃特论文》中所表达的思想相比较，后者认为“自世界诞生以来所说出的每一个字都在记录自己，而且仍在说话，并将永远以振动的方式说话”，还将“太阳的伟大事业 ”一样想象为“登记员，并对我们外表留有印象” (见further discussion of Babbage below)。
[485]Benjamin J. McFarland and Thomas Peter Bennett，“The Image of Edgar Allan Poe: A Daguerreotype Linked to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ”Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia(1997):1-32.To Susan Elizabeth Sweeney,the claim that the man at the right is Poe is“tenuous at best”;“The Horror of Taking a Picture in Poe's‘Tell-Tale Heart, '”EAPR 18, no. 2 (2017): 145. “Daguerreotypomanie” was the banner of a famous print by Théodore Maurisset; Roger Watson and Helen Rappaport,Capturing the Light:The Birth of Photography,a True Story of Genius and Rivalry(New York:St.Martin's,2013),161.
[486]Poe,“The Daguerreotype, ”inAlexander's Weekly Messenger, Jan. 15, 1840, 2, and May 6, 1840, 2. Poe added further updates in “A Chapter on Science and Art” in, April 1840, 193: Daguerre's “costly combination of glasses” had been replaced with a single concave “Meniscus” glass; the complicated “dilute nitric acid” had been shown to be unnecessary; a shallower box for developing the plate halved the time of development.
[487]Sarah Kate Gillespie“, John William Draper and the Reception of Early Scientific Photography, ”History of Photography 36,no.3(2012):241-54;John William Draper,“On the Process of the Daguerreotype and Its Application to Taking Portraits from the Life, ”London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 17(1840):217-25.
[488]关于费城科学家和工匠在摄影的化学和商业发展中的核心作用，见the detailed reconstructions in Michelle Smiley，“ ‘An American Sun Shines Brighter': Art, Science, and the American Reinvention of Photography” (PhD diss., Bryn Mawr College, 2020)。
[489]“A Charlatan, ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger,4,no.18,April 1829,2.
[490]Poe,“Enigmatical and Conundrum-ical, ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger,Dec.18,1839,4.
[491]Poe,“Enigmatical, ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger,4,no.3,Jan.15,1840,2.
[492]Poe,“Our Late Puzzles, ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger,Feb.12,1840,p.2.
[493]Poe,“Puzzles Again! ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger,March 25,1840,2.
[494]Poe,“Our Late Puzzles, ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger,Feb.12,1840,2.On Poe and cryptography,see Shawn James Rosenheim,The Cryptographic Imagination:Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
[495]Poe,“Article on Beet-Root, ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger, Dec. 18, 1839, 2; Poe,“Credulity, ”Alexander's Weekly Messenger,May 6,1840,2．其中，坡认为，非常狡猾的人只要被告知真相，就最容易被迷惑和误导：“对一个无赖采取体面的行动，完全是为了使他神秘化，从而麻痹他的最大努力。”
[496]Poe,“The Business Man, ”Burton's,Feb.1840,87-89.
[497]Poe,“Raising the Wind;or,Diddling Considered as One of the Exact Sciences, ”Philadelphia Saturday Courier,Oct.14,1843,1.
[498]Poe,“The Man That Was Used Up: A Tale of the Late Bugaboo and Kickapoo Campaign, ”Burton's Gentleman's Magazine 5,no.2,Aug.1839,66-70.
[499]J. Gerald Kennedy，“‘A Mania for Composition': Poe's Annus Mirabilis and the Violence of Nation-Building, ”American Literary History 17,no.1(2005):1-35;Heather Chacón,“Prosthetic Colonialism:Indian Removal, European Imperialism, and International Trade in Poe's ‘The Man That Was Used Up, '”PS 50,no.1(2017):46-68．就美洲原住民、先前的奴隶以及奴隶主所在边境地区的科学发展，见Cameron B.Strang,Frontiers of Science:Imperialism and Natural Knowledge in the Gulf South Borderlands,1500-1850(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2018)。
[500]坡借鉴了沃尔特·斯科特对E. T. A．霍夫曼的分析，霍夫曼“在他的作品中表现出奇幻或超自然的怪诞，几乎处于精神错乱的边缘，以至于害怕自己幻想出来的生物”，并受制于“多半是幻想而全无理性”的一连串想法(“Novels of Ernest Theodore Hoffmann, ”inThe Miscellaneous Prose Works of Sir Walter Scott[Edinburgh:Robert Cadell,1849],306)。坡可能也受到了迪斯雷里评论的启发：“怪诞是对自然的偏离，是为了产生一种效果，而这种效果是遵守自然所不能产生的”，见“The Continuation of Vivian Grey, ”New Monthly Magazine,April 1827,in Lewis A.Lawson,“Poe's Conception of the Grotesque, ”Mississippi Quarterly 19,no.4(1966):200-205。
[501]Thompson，“Arabesque Design”; Rachman，“Poe, the Arabesque.”大卫·凯特尔认为“阿拉伯式操作”是“感官的融合和理性的泯灭”，是“一种努力，融化人的理性所强加的僵硬模式……”，见The Rationale of Deception in Poe(Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1979),36-37有关历史背景，见Jacob Rama Berman,“Domestic Terror and Poe's Arabesque Interior, ”ESC 31,no.1(2005):128-50。
[502]Louis Fitzgerald Tasistro,New-York Mirror 17,no.26,Dec.28,1839,215.
[503]Robert J.Richards,The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2002);Iain Hamilton Grant,Philosophies of Nature After Schelling (London: Continuum, 2006).
[504]Wordsworth,The Prelude, 68, quoted in Jerome McGann,“Rethinking Romanticism, ”ELH 59, no. 3 (1992): 747.
[505]Richard Holmes,The Age of Wonder:How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science(New York:Vintage,2010).
[506]Cunningham and Jardine,Romanticism and the Sciences; Tresch,Romantic Machine; Branka Arsi?,“Materialist Vitalism or Pathetic Fallacy:The Case of the House of Usher.”Representations 140,no.1 (2017): 121-36.
[507]Georges J.Joyaux,“Victor Cousin and American Transcendentalism, ”French Review 29,no.2(1955):117-30.
[508]Poe,“Morella, ”SLM 1,no.8(April 1835):448-50.In a special issue ofEAPR 13,no.2(2012)on Poe and German idealism，见Sean Moreland, Jonathan Murphy, and Devin Zane Shaw，“ ‘Theory Mad Beyond Redemption': The Post-Kantian Poe, ” 4-6; Moreland and Shaw，“‘As Urged by Schelling, '” 50-80.见John Limon,The Place of Fiction in the Time of Science:A Disciplinary History of American Writing (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2009)。
[509]The quotes in this paragraph and the next are found under the heading，“Study of Nature, ” in “Omniania”inBurton's Gentleman's Magazine 6,no.5,May 1840,235,unsigned but reliably attributed to Poe；这篇文章有一句稍作修改的引言，来自Humphry Davy's “Award of the Copley Medal to the Rev. Dr. Buckland, ”inThe Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy(London:Smith,Elder,and Co.Cornhill,1840), 43-44。戴维的演讲强调了巴克兰的地质学和自然神学的崇高美学意义——这是坡衷心赞同的立场。
[510]Humphry Davy,Six Discourses Delivered Before the Royal Institution(London:John Murray,1827),55.
[511]Georges Cuvier,Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe:et sur les changements qu'elles ont produits dans le règne animal(Paris:E.d'Ocagne,1826);Martin J.S.Rudwick,The Meaning of Fossils:Episodes in the History of Palaeontology(London:Macdonald,1972);Martin J.S.Rudwick,Earth's Deep History:How It Was Discovered and Why It Matters(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2014);David Bates,Enlightenment Aberrations: Error and Revolution in France (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002).
[512]Poe,“Omniana, ”pt.2,Burton's,May 1840,235-36.
[513]John Frost,review inAlexander's Weekly Messenger,Dec.18,1839,inTPL,282.
[514]Anonymous review,New-York Mirror,Dec.28,1839,inTPL,284.
[515]Review inThe Era,Oct.21,1838,in“Three More Contemporary Reviews of Pym, ”PS,December 1976,9, no. 2, 43-44.
[516]Dayan，“Amorous Bondage, ” 260-62.
[517]On the construction of this space(and others)，见Henri Justin,Poe dans le champ du vertige:Des“Contes”à“Eurêka,”l'élaboration des figures de l'espace(Paris:Klincksieck,1991),and on“arabesque reality, ”见Ketterer,Rationale of Deception,as well as Cantalupo on the“anamorphic”in“Ligeia”inPoe and the Visual Arts。理查德·威尔伯认为坡的“闪烁的蜡烛、摇曳的火把和充满变色火焰的炉子 ”的装饰，以及他反复出现的螺旋和旋涡的意象，是“催眠状态”、进入梦境和逃离物质和世俗的象征。Wilbur,“The House of Poe, ”inPoe:A Collection of Critical Essays,ed.Robert Regan(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1967), 98-120.
[518]Poe,“Ligeia, ”Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque(Philadelphia:Lea and Blanchard,1840)1:171-92.
[519]Poe,“The Fall of the House of Usher, ”Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque,75-103.
[520]Scott Peeples,“Poe's‘Constructiveness'and‘The Fall of the House of Usher, '”inThe Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe,ed.Kevin Hayes(Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press,1998), 178-90; Beverley Voloshin,“Explanation in‘The Fall of the House of Usher, '”inCritical Essays on Poe,ed.Eric Carlson(Boston:G.K.Hall,1987),42-52;Katherine Hayles,Chaos Bound:Orderly Disorder in Contemporary Literature and Science(Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1990);Ketterer,“Shudder.”
[521]Barton Levi St.Armand“, Usher Unveiled:Poe and the Metaphysic of Gnosticism, ”PS 5,no.1(1972):1-8;for Wilbur，“When the House of Usher disintegrates or dematerializes at the close of the story, it does so because Roderick Usher has become all soul” (“House of Poe, ” 110).
[522]Sean Moreland,“Ancestral Piles:Poe's Gothic Materials, ”in Kennedy and Peeples,Oxford Handbook, 520-41.
[523]Jonathan Elmer，“Poe and the Avant Garde, ” in Kennedy and Peeples, Oxford Handbook, 700-717; Scott Peeples,The Afterlife of Edgar Allan Poe(Rochester,N.Y.:Camden House,2004).
[524]Originally titled“The Psyche Zenobia, ”American Museum 1,no.3(Nov.1838);retitled“How to Write a Blackwood Article, ”inTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque(1840).
[525]Poe,“The Journal of Julius Rodman(Chapter 3), ”Burton's Gentleman's Magazine 6,no.3,March 1840, 109-13; quote on promotional paper wrapper.
[526]Poe reviewed Astoria with admiration for both the author and the subject in theSLM 3,no.1(Jan.1837):59-68.
[527]On the landscapes at the Philadelphia Academy of the Fine Arts that might have contributed toRodman's visual aesthetics,see Cantalupo,Poe and the Visual Arts,26-29;on Cole,44ff.
[528]Daily Chronicle,May 30,1840;Daily Chronicle,May 21,1840;reprinted inUnited States Gazette,inTPL,297.
[529]Poe to Burton,June 1,1840,inTPL,299.
[530]Poe,“The Man of the Crowd, ”Burton's Gentleman's Magazine,7,no.6,Dec.1840,267-70.
[531]On the “kaleidoscopic” visual effects of “The Man of the Crowd” (and other tales of Poe), see Susan Elizabeth Sweeney，“The Magnifying Glass: Spectacular Distance in Poe's ‘Man of the Crowd' and Beyond, ” PS 36, no. 1 (2003): 3-17; Tom Gunning，“From the Kaleidoscope to the X-Ray: Urban Spectatorship,Poe,Benjamin,and Traffic in Souls(1913), ”Wide Angle 19,no.4(1997):25-61.
[532]Poe,“Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, ”Daily Chronicle,Sept.11,1840,3.
[533]Willis Gaylord Clark,Philadelphia Gazette,June 4,1840,inTPL,298-99.
[534]Graham,Saturday Evening Post,June 5,1840,inTPL,299.
[535]Hopkinson to Poe,Jan.25,1841,inTPL,318.
[536]Daily Chronicle,Sept.14,1840,inTPL,307.
[537]Thomas,Poe in Philadelphia,805-8,inTPL,284.
[538]Poe to Joseph E. Snodgrass, April 1, 1841, in Ostrom, 1:263-64.
[539]United States Gazette,May 21,1840,inTPL,296;Claude Richard,“Poe and‘Young America, '”Studies in Bibliography 21(1968):25-58;McGill,Culture of Reprinting;David A.Long,“Poe's Political Identity:A Mummy Unswathed.”PS 23,no.1(1990):1-22.
