[754]On Wilkes's trial and his clashes with the onboard “scientifics, ” see D. Graham Burnett，“Hydrographic Discipline among the Navigators, ”inThe Imperial Map:Cartography and the Mastery of Empire,ed. James R. Akerman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 185-259; Philbrick,Sea of Glory;Stanton,Exploring Expedition.
[755]Jane Walsh,“From the Ends of the Earth:The United States Exploring Expedition Collections, ”inThe United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Digital Collection 2004; Antony Adler，“From the Pacific to the Patent Office: The US Exploring Expedition and the Origins of America's First National Museum, ”Journal of the History of Collections 23,no.1(2011):49-74;Curtis Hinsley,Savages and Scientists:The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology,1846-1910(Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution,1981).
[756]Poe,review ofA Brief Account,164-65.
[757]“United States Exploring Expedition, ”American Journal of Science and Arts 44(1843):399;Adler“, From the Pacific to the Patent Office, ” 69, who attributes the article to G. S. Silliman.
[758]Hinsley,Savages and Scientists,17-20.
[759]Poe,review ofA Brief Account,165.《美国科学与艺术杂志》的文章同样得出结论：“J.N．雷诺兹先生被抛在身后，不过，尽管他的努力没有得到回报，但是他有幸陪同探险队，并为其增添了荣誉，他的杰出功绩仍不会被其同胞遗忘或漠视” (408)。
[760]Poe to Lowell,March 30,1844,in Ostrom,1:432,inTPL,456.
[761]John,Network Nation,chap.2．此文本论述了联邦政府对莫尔斯的慷慨资助以及专利法对发明的激励；专利模型和检查工作与探险队的收藏品在同一栋楼里进行。
[762]Lydia Hart Garrigues,ca.1843,quoted in Mary E.Phillips,Edgar Allan Poe,the Man(Chicago:John C. Winston,1926),827,inTPL,445.
[763]对于这幅肖像，人们有些争议。画家迈克尔·迪斯认为这并非托马斯·萨利的作品，画上的女孩也不是弗吉尼亚·坡[见Michael Deas.The Portraits and Daguerreotypes of Edgar Allan Poe(Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,1989),70]；辛西娅·西里尔认为上述两点都是真实的，并承诺要在以后的一本书中详细讨论这个问题（见其网站“Virginia Clemm Poe:The Myth of Sissy”）；这幅画的主人马里恩·伦德尔博士则已经令人信服地将该画作鉴定为托马斯·萨利的真迹。考虑到它与弗吉尼亚临终肖像的相像程度、萨利与爱伦·坡一家同在里士满的时间巧合，以及认定情况属实的有关证实文件(见Deas,Portraits and Daguerreotypes,88)，我认为这幅肖像的画中人是弗吉尼亚·坡的可信度非常高。——作者注
[764]Poe,“Dream-Land, ”first published inGraham's,June 1844;LOA,79-80.
[765]Poe,unsigned article appearing inNew York Sun,April 13,1844,later anthologized as“The Balloon Hoax”;LOA, 743-55.
[766]关于这次飞行的细节，见哈罗德·比弗等人的讨论，见The Science Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe(Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1976), 371。关于新闻和木刻版画，见Michael Leja，“News Pictures in the Early Years of Mass Visual Culture in New York:Lithographs and the Penny Press, ”inGetting the Picture:The Visual Culture of the News,ed.Jason Hill and Vanessa Schwartz(London:Bloomsbury,2015), 146-54。
[767]Frank M.O'Brien,The Story of“The Sun”:New York,1833-1918(New York:George H.Doran,1918), 146;Hayes,Poe and the Printed Word,xi.
[768]Naomi Miyazawa，“Edgar Allan Poe and Popular Culture in the Age of Journalism: Balloon Hoaxes, Mesmerism, and Phrenology” (PhD diss., University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 2010); Jeffrey A. Savoye,“Meanderings Here and There in Poe's‘Balloon Hoax, '”EAPR 18,no.2(2017):257-62.
[769]Poe,“Doings of Gotham, ”Columbia(Pa.)Spy,May 25,1844,3.
[770]同上。
[771]New York Herald,April 15,1844,inTPL,460.
[772]Philadelphia Saturday Courier,April 20,1844,inTPL,461.
[773]Poe's account of the article's reception is challenged in Beaver,Science Fiction,and Miyazawa,“Poe and Popular Culture, ” 3-4.
[774]Poe to Clemm,April 7,1844,in Ostrom,1:437-38,inTPL,457.
[775]Poe,“Doings of Gotham, ”Columbia(Pa.)Spy,June 15,1844,3.
[776]Among its founders were the physician Samuel Latham Mitchill and politicians including DeWitt Clinton and Rufus King. John Hendley Barnhart，“The First Hundred Years of the New York Academy of Sciences, ”Scientific Monthly 5,no.5(1917):463-75;and Simon Baatz,Knowledge,Culture,and Science in the Metropolis: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1817-1970 (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1990), 1-256, esp. 9-55.
[777]Gillespie,“Reception of Early Scientific Photography”; Kenneth Silverman,Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F.B.Morse(New York:Knopf,2003).
[778]Antonio Blitz,Fifty Years in the Magic Circle(Hartford,Conn.:Belknap and Bliss,1879);James W.Cook,The Arts of Deception:Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press, 2001), 179-81.
[779]Reese,Humbugs of New-York,17-18.
[780]Robert J.Scholnick,“Eureka in Context:Poe,the Newspaper,the Lyceum,and Cosmic Science, ”inPoe Writing/Writing Poe,ed.Richard Kopley and Jana Argersinger(New York:AMS Press,2013),31-50.
[781]Michael Schudson,Discovering the News:A Social History of American Newspapers(New York:Basic Books, 1978); Frank Luther Mott,A History of American Magazines, 1741-1850, vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930).
[782]O'Brien,Story of“The Sun,”132.
[783]Undated handbill(ca.Sept.1835)for a show in Hingham,Mass.,in Cook,Arts of Deception,6n11；见further testimonials inThe Life of Joice Heth,the Nurse of Gen.George Washington,the Father of Our Country, Now Living at the Astonishing Age of 161 Years, and Weighs Only 46 Pounds. Price Six Cents (New York:printed for the publisher,1835),New-York Historical Society;Benjamin Reiss,The Showman and the Slave:Race,Death,and Memory in Barnum's America(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press, 2001).
[784]Barnum quoted in Cook,Arts of Deception,22.
[785]Fabian,Skull Collectors,121-64.
[786]Barnum in Cook,Arts of Deception,82.
[787]Barnum to Kimball,Sept.4,1843,draft of a notice later published in several newspapers,in Cook,Arts of Deception,84.
[788]The episode is discussed in Kenneth Greenberg,Honor and Slavery:Lies,Duels,Noses,Masks,Dressing as a Woman, Gifts, Strangers, Humanitarianism, Death, Slave Rebellions, the Proslavery Argument, Baseball,Hunting,and Gambling in the Old South(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1996),6.
[789]Cook,Arts of Deception,102-3.
[790]关于巴纳姆的“操作美学”，见Neil Harris,Humbug:The Art of P.T.Barnum(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1981):“参展商无需保证真实性；他所要做的就是掌握概率并引起怀疑。相较于确凿无疑，争议更让大众感到兴奋有趣” (23)。
[791]John Rickards Betts,“P.T.Barnum and the Popularization of Natural History, ”Journal of the History of Ideas 20,no.3(1959):353-68.
[792]Poe，“Doings of Gotham, ” May 25, 1844.
[793]从前当地人称这座岛为曼纳哈塔(Mannahatta)。——编者注
[794]Poe,“Doings of Gotham, ”Columbia(Pa.)Spy,June 1,1844,3.
[795]现称为罗斯福岛(Roosevelt Island)。——编者注
[796]Poe,“Doings of Gotham, ”Columbia(Pa.)Spy,June 8,1844,3;on the military frenzy around the Polk campaign，见Kennedy,“Mania for Composition, ”and Howe,What Hath God Wrought,683-90。
[797]Poe，“Doings of Gotham, ” June 1, 1844; Emma Jones Lapsansky，“ ‘Since They Got Those Separate Churches': Afro-Americans and Racism in Jacksonian Philadelphia, ”American Quarterly 32, no. 1 (1980): 54-78; James Brewer Stewart，“The Emergence of Racial Modernity and the Rise of the White North,1790-1840, ”Journal of the Early Republic 18,no.2(1998):181-217.
[798]Poe praised theMirror but lamented that it kept Willis from writing novels and poetry,such as his“Unseen Spirits, ”which Poe called“the best ofall his poems”in“Doings of Gotham, ”Columbia(Pa.)Spy,July 6, 1844,inTPL,466.
[799]Nathaniel Parker Willis,“Letter About Edgar Poe, ”New York Home Journal,Oct.30,1858,2,inTPL, 473.
[800]“Notice of Dr.Draper and theNorth American Review, ”Evening Mirror,Jan.20,1845,2．这篇文章的作者一直存在争议（见eapoe.org），但坡和德雷珀都在弗吉尼亚州时，他俩曾讨论过德雷珀的作品；它还涉及银版照相，谴责波士顿的《北美评论》，详细记载了欧洲科学家对德雷珀作品的接受程度，在某种程度上让人想起了坡的《冯·肯佩伦和他的发现》。
[801]Poe,“The Cincinnati Telescope, ”Evening Mirror,Jan.10,1845.
[802]Willis,“Letter.”In the Oct.10,1844,Mirror，威利斯称坡是为争取国际版权和提高作家报酬而奋斗的伙伴：“我们希望为作家维权行动点亮灯塔，我们没有闲情逸致，成为隐修者彼得。我们庄严地希望埃德加·坡担起狮王的责任——没有人能有他一半说服力！”(inTPL,473-74.)
[803]关于坡对犀利的批评家帕克·本杰明所产生的影响，见Sandra Tomc，“Edgar Allan Poe and His Enemies, ”in Kennedy and Peeples,Oxford Handbook,559-75。
[804]Willis to Poe,ca.1845,in Harrison,Complete Works,17:206,cited in Sandra Tomc“, Poe and His Circle, ”in Hayes,Cambridge Companion,21-41.
[805]Widmer,Young America;Richard,“Poe and‘Young America, '”25-58;Meredith McGill“, Poe,Literary Nationalism,and Authorial Identity, ”in Rosenheim and Rachman,American Face of Edgar Allan Poe, 271-304.
[806]Duyckinck,1845,in Perry Miller,The Raven and the Whale:Poe,Melville,and the New York Literary Scene(New York:Harcourt,Brace,1956),111.
[807]Poe to Frederick W. Thomas, Sept. 12, 1842, in Ostrom, 1:359.
[808]Duyckinck,“Literary Situation of 1845, ”American Whig Review (Feb. 1845), in McGill,Culture of Reprinting,286.
[809]Cornelius Mathews，“An Appeal to American Authors and the American Press in Behalf of an International Copyright, ”Graham's,Sept.1842,122,in McGill,Culture of Reprinting,287.
[810]Kevin J.Hayes,“Poe,the Daguerreotype,and the Autobiographical Act, ”Biography 25,no.3(2002):477-92; Michael Von Cannon，“A Tale of Optics: Poe, Visual Culture, and Antebellum Literary Celebrity, ”PS 47,no.1(2014):36-54，暗示爱伦·坡改变了自己的外貌，以符合银版照相，见Deas,Portraits and Daguerreotypes。
[811]Poe,“Notice of Thingum Bob, ”Evening Mirror,Jan.14,1845,2.
[812]Phineas Taylor Barnum,The Life of P.T.Barnum,Written by Himself(New York:Redfield,1855),345.
[813]Poe,“The Swiss Bell-Ringers, ”Weekly Mirror,Oct.12,1844．在对棋手的陈述中，他认为一台假定的机器实际上是人为控制的，但在这里则不相同，他认为一组假定的人实际上是机器，由一个电“导体”来协调。尽管这篇文章没有署名，但其风格、主题和对梅尔策尔的引用使其“具有坡的特色”(according to Mabbott,Collected Works,3:1118.)。
[814]J·杰拉尔德·肯尼迪发现了坡写作中的这一转变，并探讨了他的故事与庆祝“天定命运”和“盎格鲁-撒克逊文明的进步”之间的复杂联系，特别是在1844年大选前后，在“写作的狂热”中，以及在与坡的同时代人的广泛比较中，在《陌生的国家》(Strange Nation)中。
[815]Richard Waterston,Poem Delivered Before the Mercantile Library Association(Boston:T.R.Marvin, 1845),in Howe,What Hath God Wrought,569．这首诗可能是对伊拉斯谟斯·达尔文的《自然之庙》的第四篇关于棉花和印刷的改写：“在水平线上展开纬线的长度，/ 并使梭子穿过分线。/阿克莱特也是这般教人从棉荚中教导如何剔除/并拉伸植物纤维。”
[816]Poe,“The Thousand and Second Tale of Scheherazade”Godey's Lady's Book, 30, no. 2, Feb. 1845, 61-67.
[817]Poe,“Some Words with a Mummy, ”American Review 1,no.4(April 1845):363-70.
[818]达纳·尼尔森发现了这个故事对莫顿的多基因理论和种族本质主义的讽刺，将科学家们的聚会与更广泛的战前白人男性协会联系起来，详见“The Haunting of White Manhood: Poe, Fraternal Ritual,and Polygenesis, ”American Literature 69,no.3(1997):515-46；见Kennedy,Strange Nation。
[819]The story's title is a biblical phrase,which Charles Babbage had recalled in hisNinth Bridgewater Treatise when imagining a future accusation of a murderous slave trader by “every corporeal atom of his immolated slave”:“And Nathan said to David:Thou art the man.”Charles Babbage,The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise(London:J.Murray,1838),118-19.
[820]Poe,“Thou Art the Man, ”Godey's Lady's Book,29,no.5,Nov.1844,219-24.
[821]“The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether, ”Graham's 28,no.5,Nov.1845,193-200.
[822]这一时期的其他故事描述了噱头十足的装置，且结局令人讶异：“The Premature Burial”(Dollar Newspaper[Philadelphia],July 31,1844)，其中令人印象深刻的是，“划分生与死的界限，最好是朦胧和模糊的”，描述了一种敲钟机制，以防止人们被活埋；in “The Spectacles”，一个近视的人，因为太虚荣而不戴眼镜，爱上了一个年轻漂亮的女人，而这个女人竟然是他70岁的祖母(Dollar Newspaper,March 27,1844)。
[823]Poe,“The Angel of the Odd, ”Columbian Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine (New York), Oct. 1844, 158-61;Ogden,Credulity,129-31.
[824]Poe,“The Mystery of Marie Rogêt, ”inTales (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1845), 151-99. On the doctrine of chances in“Marie Rogêt, ”见Maurice Lee,“Probably Poe, ”American Literature 81,no.2 (2009): 225-52，在这里，坡被描述为原初实用主义者，in contrast with Lee's earlier “Absolute Poe:His System of Transcendental Racism, ”American Literature 75,no.4(2003):751-81。关于这个故事对酷儿研究和拉康（其与德里达一同发起了一代人对《失窃的信》的后结构主义解读）所产生的影响，见Valerie Rohy,“The Calculus of Probabilities, ”in Kennedy and Peeples,Oxford Handbook, 224-35。
[825]坡在《哥谭的事》中已经提出了机会可能是自然结构的基础这一论点，见Letter 6,Columbia (Pa.)Spy,June 29,1844,3。关于拉普拉斯、泊松、高斯等人从18世纪到19世纪在概率方面的变革，详见Ian Hacking,The Taming of Chance(Cambridge,U.K.:Cambridge University Press,1990)—a narrative culminating in C.S.Peirce's cosmology。On Peirce and chance，见Kenneth Laine Ketner,His Glassy Essence:An Autobiography of Charles Sanders Peirce(Nashville:Vanderbilt University Press, 1998);Louis Menand,The Metaphysical Club:A Story of Ideas in America(New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2001)。On Poe and Pragmatism，见Umberto Eco and Thomas Sebeok,eds.,The Sign of Three:Dupin,Holmes,Peirce(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1983)。
[826]Review ofThe Temple of Nature,by Erasmus Darwin,Literary Miscellany 1(1805):284,in Scholnick,Poe's“Eureka, ”57．关于伊拉斯谟斯·达尔文的宇宙论及其对坡的影响，详见Karen Weiser,“Poetry in Reason:The Scientific Poems of Edgar Allan Poe and Erasmus Darwin, ”PS 52,no.1(2019):133-48。
[827]Scholnick,Poe's“Eureka, ”48“; The Life and Discoveries of John Dalton, ”Living Age,April 19,1845.
[828]Sean Moreland,“Beyond‘De Rerum Natura Esqr.':Lucretius,Poe,and John Mason Good, ”EAPR 17, no.1(2016):6-40；关于卢克莱修的作品译本，见Scholnick,Poe's“Eureka, ”44；见Daniel Driskell,“Lucretius and‘the City in the Sea, '”PS 5,no.2(1972):54-55。
[829]Poe,“The Literati of New York City Part II, ”Godey's Lady's Book,June 1846,266-72.
[830]Lee，“Probably Poe.”
[831]Poe,“The Purloined Letter, ”inThe Gift for 1845(Philadelphia:Carey and Hart,1844),41-61．坡在描述“莫格街”中的惠斯特游戏时提到了类似的东西——暗示他破案的部分原因是像（非人类）杀手一样思考，甚至早在梅尔策尔的下国际象棋机器人之前，他就已经像机器人一样思考了。
[832]Kopley,Dupin Mysteries.
[833]Paul A.Harris,“Poe-tic Mathematics:Detecting Topology in‘The Purloined Letter, '”PS 36,no.1(2003):18-31, sees Poe critiquing algebraic analysis in favor of the descriptive geometry taught at West Point.
[834]Procedures detailed by Practical Magnetizer,The History and Philosophy of Animal Magnetism, with Practical Instructions for the Exercise of This Power(Boston:J.N.Bradley,1843),10-14.
[835]Nathaniel Hawthorne,The Blithedale Romance(Boston:Ticknor,Reed and Fields,1852),231;Taylor Stoehr,“Hawthorne and Mesmerism, ”Huntington Library Quarterly 33,no.1(Nov.1969):33-60.
[836]Emerson,inThe Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson,Volume V:1835-1838, ed. Merton M. Sealts Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), 388, in Stoehr,“Hawthorne and Mesmerism, ” 36.
[837]Emerson，“Historic Notes on Life and Letters in New England, ” in Stoehr，“Hawthorne and Mesmerism, ”35.
[838]Bertrand Méheust,Somnambulisme et médiumnité,1784-1930:Le défi du magnétisme animal(Paris:Synthélabo, 1999).
[839]Alison Winter,Mesmerized:Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1998), 163-85．威廉·莫顿在1846年将医用“乙醚”作为麻醉剂进行了相关的实验，受到了著名的赞叹：“先生们！这不是骗人的！”Nathan P.Rice,Trials of a Public Benefactor,as Illustrated in the Discovery of Etherization(New York:Pudney and Russell,1859);thanks to Katja Guenther and Keith Wailoo for tips on antebellum medical history.
[840]David Schmit，“Re-visioning Antebellum American Psychology: The Dissemination of Mesmerism, 1836-1854, ”History of Psychology 8,no.4(2005):403-34;Practical Magnetizer,History and Philosophy of Animal Magnetism,6-10;Emily Odgen,“Beyond Radical Enchantment:Mesmerizing Laborers in the Americas, ”Critical Inquiry 42,no.4(2016):815-41.
[841]American Journal of Science and Arts 33,no.1(Jan.1838):184;John Kearsley Mitchell,“An Essay upon Animal Magnetism,or Vital Induction, ”inFive Essays,ed.Silas Weir Mitchell(Philadelphia:J.B. Lippincott,1859);Frank Podmore,Modern Spiritualism:A History and a Criticism (London:Methuen, 1902), 1:154-78; 234-6.
