11 The Athenian (Athens, Ga.), Aug. 17, 1830, 2-3 (“Again and again”); George W. Harkins, “The Choctaw’s Farewell,” New-York Observer (New York, N.Y.), Dec. 31, 1831, 3.
12 John Eaton and John Coffee to the Choctaws, Sept. 18, 1830, CSE, 2:256.
13 “A poem composed by a Choctaw of P.P. Pitchlynn’s party while emigrating last winter to the West,” [1832], 4026.8176, PPP.
14 “Basis of a Treaty to be submitted to the Commissioners of the United States,” Sept. 25, 1830, 4826.29a and b, PPP; Choctaw leaders [anon.] to John Eaton and John Coffee,” Sept. 25, 1830, 4026.3191 (“truly distressing”), PPP.
15 Isaac McCoy to the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives, Dec. 15, 1829, reel 7, frame 255, MP; Comstick et al. to Andrew Jackson, Sept. 22, 1830, PAJ; John P. Bowes, Land Too Good for Indians: Northern Indian Removal (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016), 115- 37 (“the deposit” on 119).
16 Petition of citizens of county of Seneca, Ohio, Dec. 1829, COIA, Petitions, “Various Subjects,” HR21A- G8.2, NA (“useless”); Memorial of the representatives of the Religious Society of Friends in the states of Indiana, Illinois, and the western parts of Ohio, Apr. 8, 1830, PM, Protection of Indians, SEN21A- H3, NA (“insatiable avarice”); Memorial of Inhabitants of New Petersburg, Ohio, Apr. 12, 1830, PM, Protection of Indians, SEN21A-H3, NA; Petition of residents from Claridon, Geauga County, Ohio, Jan. 1831, COIA, Petitions, Feb. 14, 1831, HR21A- G8.2, NA (“it would be manifest”); Stockwell, The Other Trail of Tears, 199.
17 Laurence H. Hauptman, Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 101-90; Mary H. Conable, “A Steady Enemy: The Ogden Land Company and the Seneca Indians” (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 1994), 1- 138; William G. Mayer, “The History of Transportation in the Mohawk Valley,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association 14 (1915): 227; Big Kettle, Seneca White, and Thomson Harris to Andrew Jackson, Jan. 11, 1831, PAJ.
18 Big Kettle, Seneca White, and Thomson Harris to Andrew Jackson, Jan. 11, 1831, PAJ; James Kent, Commentaries on American Law (New York, 1826), 1:6.
19 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 199; C.C. Clay, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama (Tuskaloosa, Ala., 1843), 272, pp. 600- 601; RDC (1830), 6:338- 39; Georgia Journal (Milledgeville, Ga.), June 19, 1830, 3 (“the dearest rights”); Federal Union (Milledgeville, Ga.), Sept. 22, 1831, 1 (“Indian testimony”).
20 Laws of the State of Mississippi Embracing All Acts of a Public Nature from January Session, 1824, to January Session 1838, Inclusive (Jackson, Miss., 1838), 349; John G. Aikin, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing All the Statutes of a Public and General Nature, in Force at the Close of the Session of the General Assembly, in January 1833 (Tuskaloosa, Ala., 1833), 396; Oliver H. Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia (Athens, Ga., 1837), 800, 810; 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 197 (“strolling”).
21 Southern Recorder (Milledgeville, Ga.), Apr. 9, 1827, 3 (“Abstractly”); 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 242 (“said persons”); Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia, 808, 811; D. A. Reese to Lewis Cass, Mar. 10, 1832, CSE 3:253- 56 (“real Indians”); Charles Caldwell, Thoughts on the Original Unity of the Human Race, (New York, 1830), 82 (“hybrid offspring”); The Athenian, Sept. 28, 1830, 2 (“aristocratical half breeds”); John Ridge and Stand Watie to John F. Schermerhorn, Feb. 28, 1836, enclosed in Schermerhorn to Lewis Cass, Feb. 27, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 80, M- 234, NA (“nearly a white man”); Lewis Ross to John Ross, Feb. 23, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA (“motley crew”).
22 Southern Recorder (Milledgeville, Ga.), Apr. 9, 1827, 3 (“Abstractly”); 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 242 (“said persons”); Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia, 808, 811; D. A. Reese to Lewis Cass, Mar. 10, 1832, CSE 3:253- 56 (“real Indians”); Charles Caldwell, Thoughts on the Original Unity of the Human Race, (New York, 1830), 82 (“hybrid offspring”); The Athenian, Sept. 28, 1830, 2 (“aristocratical half breeds”); John Ridge and Stand Watie to John F. Schermerhorn, Feb. 28, 1836, enclosed in Schermerhorn to Lewis Cass, Feb. 27, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 80, M- 234, NA (“nearly a white man”); Lewis Ross to John Ross, Feb. 23, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA (“motley crew”).
23 Commercial Advertiser (New York, N.Y.), Jan. 12, 1831, 2.
24 John Ross, annual message, Oct. 11, 1830, PCJR, 1:201- 3 (“a stamp”); John Ross to Elias Boudinot, Feb. 4, 1831, PCJR, 1:212- 14 (“piercing cold”).
25 Nehah Micco et al. to John H. Eaton, Apr. 8, 1831, CSE, 2:424- 25; “Oto Cho” (Ishtehotopa) et al. to Andrew Jackson, May 28, 1831, PAJ; Opothle Yoholo et al. to the House and Senate, Jan. 24, 1832, COIA, HR22A- G8.2, NA.
26 John H. Eaton to the Red Men of the Muscogee nation, May 16, 1831, CSE, 2:290; Return J. Meigs, extract from journal, Aug. 9, 1834, “Documents Relating to Frauds, &c., in the sale of Indian Reservations of Land,” 24th Cong., 1st sess., S.Doc. 425, serial 445, p. 168 (“degraded”); Andrew Jackson to John Pitchlynn, Aug. 5, 1830 (“I feel conscious”), and Andrew Jackson to William Berkeley Lewis, Aug. 25, 1830 (“I have used”), PAJ.
27 Commercial Advertiser, Jan. 12, 1831, 2.
28 克莱顿日后将对自己在这场审判中扮演的角色表达懊悔，但他的歉意对契罗基人而言来得太晚了。Southern Recorder, Nov. 13, 1830, 2; Augusta Chronicle (Augusta, Ga.), Nov. 17, 1830, 2; The Constitutionalist (Augusta, Ga.), Apr. 2, 1830, 2 (“wandering savages”); Cherokee Phoenix (New Echota, Cherokee Nation), Oct. 1, 1830, 1 (“intermeddling”); Tim Alan Garrison, The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002), 111- 24; “An Act to authorize the survey and disposition of lands,” Dec. 21, 1830, Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia, 561.
29 John Ross to Hugh Montgomery, July 20, 1830, PCJR, 1:194; Commercial Advertiser, Jan. 12, 1831, 2; Vermont Gazette (Bennington, Vt.), Jan. 25, 1831, 1; Robert S. Davis, “State v. George Tassel: States’ Rights and the Cherokee Court Cases, 1827-1830,” Journal of Southern Legal History 12 (2004): 41- 72; Garrison, Legal Ideology of Removal, 122 (“a vast multitude”).
30 Jill Norgren, The Cherokee Cases: The Confrontation of Law and Politics (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1996), 167.
31 John Berrien, “To the Public,” Savannah Georgian (Savannah, Ga.), Aug. 2, 1831, 1-2; Royce Coggins McCrary, Jr., “John MacPherson Berrien of Georgia (1781- 1856)” (Ph.D. diss.: University of Georgia, 1971), 144n174.
32 威廉．沃特在一八二八年担任司法部长时也有提到监护关系，但他也坚称原住民族是「独立的」，「完全由他们自己的法律治理」。William Wirt to the President of the United States, July 28, 1828, and John MacPherson Berrien to the Secretary of War, Dec. 21, 1830, Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1852), 2:133, 402- 4; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.), 22, 44 (1831)。
33 John Ross to the Cherokees, April 14, 1830, PCJR, 1:217; D.A. Reese to George Gilmer, June 8, 1831, LR, OIA, reel 74, M- 234, NA.
34 Jonathan Elliot, Historical Sketches of the Ten Miles Square forming the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C., 1830), 166- 67; Ronald N. Satz, American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975), 165- 66; Viola, Thomas L. McKenney, 95.
35 Elliot, Historical Sketches, 165- 67 (“impressed”); Isaac McCoy to General Noble, [Feb. 2, 1828·], reel 6, frame 268, MP; RDC (1828), vol. 4, 2:1568- 69; “Speech of the Hon R.B. Rhett” Charleston Mercury (Charleston, S.C.), July 13, 1860, 4.
36 John A. Andrew III, From Revivals to Removal: Jeremiah Evarts, the Cherokee Nation, and the Search for the Soul of America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 182; John H. Eaton to John Coffee, Oct. 12, 1830, John Coffee Papers, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University (“Economy in expenditure”); John H. Eaton to Superintendents and Agents of Indian Affairs, Jan. 14, 1831, p. 126, LS, OIA, reel 7, M- 21, NA (“The Indian business”); John H. Eaton to Isaac McCoy, Apr. 13, 1830, CSE, 2:276.
37 Grant Foreman, “An Unpublished report by Captain Bonneville with Introduction and Footnotes,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 10, no. 3 (Sept. 1932): 329- 30; saac McCoy to John H. Eaton, Apr. 1831, CSE, 2:432, 435.
38 M. Stokes to Lewis Cass, Aug. 5, 1833, CSE, 4:495 (“general and correct”); John H. Eaton to John Bell, Jan. 17, 1831, LS, OIA, reel 7, p. 126, M- 21, NA (“each tribe”); John H. Eaton to Isaac McCoy, Apr. 13, 1831, p. 179, LS, OIA, reel 7, M- 21, NA (“We have no satisfactory”); Lewis Cass to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 16, 1832, CSE, 2:768 (“imperfect”); Lewis Cass to M. Stokes, H.L. Ellsworth, and J.F. Schermerhorn, Mar. 18, 1833, CSE, 3:617 (“vague and unsatisfactory”).
39 John H. Eaton to John Coffee, May 16, 1831, CSE, 2:291- 92.
40 John H. Eaton to John Bell, Jan. 17, 1831, LS, OIA, reel 7, p. 126, M- 21, NA; John H. Eaton to Isaac McCoy, Apr. 13, 1831, LS, OIA, reel 7, p. 179, M- 21, NA; Isaac McCoy to the Secretary of War, Aug. 18, 1831, CSE, 2:563; M. Stokes to Lewis Cass, Aug. 5, 1833, CSE, 4:495 (“greatly embarrassed”).
41 Isaac McCoy to the Secretary of War, Aug. 18, 1831, CSE, 2:561- 66; Roley McIntosh et al. to Andrew Jackson, Oct. 21, 1831, PAJ (“ultimate ruin”); RG 77, Civil Works Map File, I.R. 50, NACP; RG 75, Central Map File, Indian Territory, no. 105, NACP.
42 M. Stokes to Lewis Cass, Aug. 5, 1833, CSE, 4:496 (“I am much mistaken” and “incorrect”); D. Kurtz to William Clark, Aug. 13, 1833, CSE, 3:748 (“Upon examining”); Elbert Herring to William Clark, Nov. 29, 1833, CSE, 4:736; Matthew Arbuckle to John H. Eaton, Dec. 11, 1830, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA.
43 Lewis Cass to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 16, 1832, CSE, 2:781.
44 J. Montgomery to John H. Eaton, Mar. 27, 1831, CSE, 2:421- 22 (“perseverance”); “Letter from David Brown,” Essex Register (Salem, Mass.), June 27, 1825, 2; “Journal of Isaac McCoy for the Exploring Expedition of 1828,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 5, no. 3 (1936): 250; Opothle Yoholo et al. to the House and Senate, Jan. 24, 1832, COIA, HR22A- G8.2, NA.
45 Lewis Cass to the Chiefs of the Creek Tribe, Jan. 16, 1832, CSE, 2:742- 43 (“fine country”); John H. Eaton to the Red Men of the Muscogee nation, May 16, 1831, CSE, 2:290 (“altogether favorable”); Copy of a petition by the Principal Men of the Pottawatamis, Ottawas, and Chippewas to Andrew Jackson, Sept. 30, 1835, CGLR, box 2, Chicago, NA (“deceived”); Reply of the Head Chief Hicks to the talk delivered by the Commissioner Col. White, May 5, 1827, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 5, M- 234, NA (“it is bad”); Christina Snyder, Great Crossings: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of Jackson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 131 (“good for nothing”); James Gould et al. to the Chiefs of the Wyandot Nation, Dec. 15, 1831, CSE, 3:165- 68 (“the most abandoned”).
46 Reply of the Head Chief Hicks to the talk delivered by the Commissioner Col. White, May 5, 1827, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 5, M- 234, NA (“Bad Indians”); Levi Colbert to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 23, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA; Charles Dickens, American Notes (London, 1842), 2:95- 100; Snyder, Great Crossings, 131 (“long separated”); John Ross to James C. Martin, Nov. 5, 1837, PCJR, 1:536; David La Vere, Contrary Neighbors: Southern Plains and Removed Indians in Indian Territory (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000).
47 Nehah Micco et al. to John H. Eaton, Apr. 8, 1831, CSE, 2:424- 25; Western Creeks to Andrew Jackson, June 12, 1830, PAJ (“sorrows”); Richard M. Hannum to John Pope, Dec. 13, 1832, CSE, 3:551- 52 (“Young women”); John Dougherty to William Clark, Oct. 29, 1831, CSE, 2:718- 19 (“monstrous”).
48 “Oto Cho” (Ishtehotopa) et al. to Andrew Jackson, May 28, 1831, PAJ (“Some of our people”); Levi Colbert to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 23, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA; Guy B. Braden, “The Colberts and the Chickasaw Nation,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 17, no. 3 (Sept. 1958): 232- 33.
49 Memorial of the Chickasaw Chiefs to the President of the United States, Nov. 22, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA.
50 美国官员声称契卡索族的请愿书背后有白人主导，有些历史学家接受这个说法，但是并无证据支持。契卡索族派了由自己的族人和盟友组成的代表团亲手把信送到华盛顿，但是杰克森政府拒绝跟他们协商。Memorial of the Chickasaw Chiefs to the President of the United States, Nov. 22, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA; James R. Atkinson, Splendid Land, Splendid People: The Chickasaw Indians to Removal (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003), 228-30; Amanda L. Paige, Fuller L. Bumpers, and Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., Chickasaw Removal (Ada, Okla.: Chickasaw Press, 2010), 44- 46.
51 B. Brown to Charles Fisher, May 30, 1830, box 1, folder 3, in the Fisher Family Papers #258, SHC; John Henry Eaton to Andrew Jackson, Sept. 1, 1830, PAJ; Henry Leavenworth to Samuel Preston, Feb. 21, 1830, Henry Leavenworth, Letters to Samuel Preston, Western Americana Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University (“There is a set”).
52 Grant Foreman, Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932), 42; John W. Barriger, Legislative History of the Subsistence Department of the United States Army (Washington, D.C., 1877), 73 (“He will make”); Thomas P. Roberts, Memoirs of John Bannister Gibson (Pittsburgh, 1890), 229 (“was always in order”).
53 Records of the Commissary General of Subsistence, General Correspondence, LR, Entry 10, RG 192, NA; Department of Defense, Selected Manpower Statistics, Fiscal Year 1997 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), 47, table 2- 11.
54 RDC (1830), vol. 6, 2:1070 (“Whoever”); John Eaton to Greenwood LeFlore, May 7, 1831, reel 2, IRW (“We are preparing”); J.H. Hook to Greenwood LeFlore, June 23, 1831, CSE, 1:17 (“promptitude”); James R. Stephenson to George Gibson, Apr. 1, 1831, CSE, 1:852- 53.
PART 3 筹备最好的计划
chapter 5 行动计划
在前往阿肯色河的路上
愿上帝诅咒白人的法律
噢！来吧，和我一起走
噢！来吧，和我一起走
我们在孟斐斯喝了点酒
又再次诅咒老山姆大叔
木已成舟，我们也完了
木已成舟，我们也完了
——一八三一至一八三二年间，一名乔克托人迁移到西部时所写1
吉布森寄宿在杰克森总统的私人医生亨利．亨特（Henry Huntt）的宅邸。从那里，只要走一小段路、穿越白宫的南面草坪，就能抵达位于第十七街和G街交叉口、战争部对面的一栋砖造公寓建筑，总代理办公室就在公寓建筑的二楼，占据了五个房间。对吉布森的五名员工而言，通勤的路程可能就长了点，因为他们必须跨越沟渠、通过满是杂草岩石的路段、穿越空地，最后再爬上楼梯报到上班。这座首都拥有一个宏伟但尚未实现的蓝图，刚好反映了这个扩张中的国家的野心，不过有些访客并不觉得它有什么惊人之处。一个英国游客嘲弄地说：「那七条理论上的大道，虽然可以描绘得出来，但是除了宾夕法尼亚大道之外，其余都空荡荡又荒凉。」只有「几栋寒酸的房子」、海军造船厂的小屋，以及三、四幢「别墅」，让「这个应该要很繁忙壮观的空间」，看起来稍微象样些。2
然而，这座城市肯定在原住民心里留下了不一样的印象。在共和国草创的头五十年，共有一百七十四个原住民代表团来到这座城市，他们分别来自至少五十五个原住民部落，用骑马、乘车、搭船或少数搭火车的方式跋涉数百英里，目的是跟美国总统和国会见面。光是在一八三一年二月这一个月，美国首都就招待了契罗基人、克里克人、夸帕人、易洛魁人（Iroquoi）、温尼巴哥人（Winnebago）、美浓米尼人（Menominee）和斯托克布里奇人（Stockbridge）的代表团。吉布森的员工，可能曾在这座城市到处都有的「公共桌」（public tables）看过他们，或是在美浓米尼酋长非常喜欢、位于亚历山德拉市（Alexandria）的知名酒馆，「盖兹比非常棒的接待室」（very fine parlour at Gadsby's），看见他们饮酒。3这些来自大陆东半部、会说数种语言的原住民代表，他们不可能没注意到自己的家乡和美国首都之间的差异。原住民村落是由几十栋小木屋或甚至更难以永久存在的建筑所组成，后者会因地区不同而使用不同的建材，诸如植物的枝条、泥巴、树皮、兽皮和草席等所建成。这些村庄没有雄伟的大道，没有砖造建筑，更没有官僚。总代理的办公室把这两个互相交缠却又本质完全不同的世界，连结了起来。
